Outsiders at Home The Politics of American Islamophobia 1st editon by Nazita Lajevardi 1108808166 9781108808163

1 A Climate of Muslim American Hostility

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Who Are U.S. Muslims and Why Should We Care? Demographic Considerations

1.3 Religion or Ethnicity? Muslim American Racialization and Panethnicity

1.4 Challenges for Both Approaches

2 Theoretical Framework: The Sociopolitical Positioning of Muslim Americans

2.1 Before 9/11

2.1.1 “Faustian” Pact and Protection with Whiteness

2.1.2 Legal Battles for Naturalization and Subsequent Discrimination

2.1.3 September 11, 2001

2.2 After 9/11

2.2.1 Muslim Americans’ Responses to a Climate of Hostility

3 Introducing the “Muslim American Resentment” Scale

3.1 Background on Attitudes toward Muslim Americans

3.2 Previous Literature on Attitudes toward African Americans and Latinos

3.3 Particularized Attitudes toward Muslim Americans

3.4 Public Attitudes toward Muslim Americans

3.5 MAR and Mass Attitudes: Prospects for Muslim Americans’ Substantive Representation

3.5.1 Exploring the Relationship between MAR and Support for Trump

3.5.2 Exploring the Relationship between MAR and Policy Support

3.5.3 Limiting Immigration from Muslim Countries of Origin

3.6 Implications

4 Muslim American Prospects for Political Incorporation

4.1 Literature on Muslim American Descriptive Representation

4.2 Theory and Expectations

4.2.1 Candidate-Level Characteristics

4.2.2 Voter-Level Characteristics

4.3 Candidate Evaluation Experiment: Study 1

4.3.1 Representing Muslim Identity: Name Labels

4.3.2 Representing Racial Identity: Photographs

4.3.3 Experimental Design

4.3.4 Choice Task: Vote Choice

4.3.5 Choice Task: Likelihood of Winning

4.3.6 Findings: Study 1

4.3.7 Lingering Concerns

4.4 Candidate Evaluation Experiment: Study 2

4.4.1 Experimental Design

4.4.2 MAR and Candidate Evaluation

4.4.3 Findings: Study 2

4.5 Implications

5 The News Media’s Portrayals of Muslim Americans

5.1 The News Media’s Role in Portraying Groups

5.2 Methodology

5.3 Why Muslim Americans?

5.4 Sentiment and Volume of Muslim and Muslim American News Coverage

5.4.1 Asian American News Media Coverage

5.4.2 Black and Latino News Media Coverage

5.5 Implications

6 Improving Mass Attitudes: The Media’s Role in Shaping Group Attitudes and Policy Preferences

6.1 Media Coverage Should Matter for Shaping Mass Attitudes

6.1.1 How Exposure to Negative versus Positive Coverage May Shape Mass Attitudes

6.2 Experimental Design

6.3 June 2016 Study: Experiments 1 and 2

6.4 July 2018 Study: Experiment 3

6.5 Within-Subject Shifts in MAR

6.6 Results: Effects of Exposure to Media Coverage on Individual-Level MAR

6.6.1 Heterogeneous Effects: Within-Subject MAR Shifts by Party

6.7 Effects of Exposure to Media Coverage on Support for Restrictive Policies

6.8 More Evidence from Experiment 3: How Does Exposure to Coverage of Other Groups Affect Individual

6.9 Implications

7 Muslim American Representation: Outsiders in Their Own Country?

7.1 Background and Theory

7.2 Data and Methods

7.2.1 Who Replies?

7.3 Access to Politics for Individuals: Study 1

7.3.1 Experimental Design

7.3.2 Results and Discussion

7.4 Access to Politics for Communities: Study 2

7.4.1 Experimental Design

7.4.2 Results: Study 2

7.5 Implications and Conclusion

8 The Flipside: Muslim American Experiences of Discrimination

8.1 Muslim Americans’ Trust in Government Is Low

8.2 Measurement Limitations

8.3 Are Muslims Aware of Their Positioning in the U.S. Sociopolitical Context?

8.4 How Does Discrimination Affect What U.S. Muslims Do?

8.4.1 Muslim American Responses to an Era of Increased Discrimination

8.4.2 Perceptions of Future Catastrophic Events

8.5 Implications

9 Conclusion

Appendices

Notes

Bibliography

Index