Safety Engineering in the Oil and Gas Industry 1st Edition by Karan Sotoodeh ISBN 9781003387275 1003387276

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ISBN 10: 1003387276
ISBN 13: 9781003387275
Author: Karan Sotoodeh

Safety Engineering in the Oil and Gas Industry 1st Edition Table of contents:

1 An Introduction to the Oil and Gas Industry

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Exploration

1.2.1 Prospecting

1.2.2 Geology

1.2.3 Geophysics

1.2.4 Exploration Drilling

1.3 Drilling

1.4 Production

1.5 Hydrocarbon Production and Processing

1.5.1 Separation Process

1.5.2 Oil Treatment

1.5.3 Gas Treatment

1.5.4 Water Treatment

1.5.5 Oil and Gas Metering

1.6 Hydrocarbon Transportation

1.7 Storage

1.8 Refinery

1.9 Petrochemical Plants

1.10 Questions and Answers

Bibliography

2 Process Chemical Hazards

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Material (Chemical) Hazards

2.2.1 Toxic

2.2.2 Corrosive

2.2.3 Flammable

2.2.4 Explosive

2.2.5 Radioactive

2.2.6 Cryogenic

2.2.7 Reactive

2.2.8 Miscellaneous

2.3 Properties of Gases and Chemicals in the Oil and Gas Industry

2.3.1 Anti-foam

2.3.2 Corrosion Inhibitors

2.3.3 Drilling Mud

2.3.4 Hydrogen

2.3.5 Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)

2.3.6 Mercaptans

2.3.7 Methane

2.3.8 Micro-biocides

2.3.9 Liquid Natural Gas (LNG)

2.3.10 Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG)

2.3.11 Nitrogen

2.3.12 Oxygen

2.3.13 Sea Water

2.3.14 Steam

2.4 Questions and Answers

Bibliography

3 Safety Techniques

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Safety Analysis Methods

3.2.1 Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA)

3.2.2 Event Tree Analysis (ETA)

3.2.3 Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)

3.2.4 Hazard Identification Study (HAZID)

3.2.5 Hazard and Operability Analysis (HAZOP)

3.2.6 Layers of Protective Analysis (LOPA)

3.2.7 Process Hazard Analysis (PHA)

3.2.8 Risk Assessment

3.2.9 Safety Integrity Level (SIL)

3.3 Questions and Answers

Bibliography

4 Safety Engineering and Standards

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Safety Engineering

4.2.1 Hazard Identification and Study

4.2.2 Risk Assessment

4.2.3 Plant Layout

4.2.4 Emergency Shutdown (ESD)

4.2.5 Fire Protection and Firefighting

4.2.6 Fire and Gas Detection

4.2.7 Hazardous Area Classification

4.2.8 Emergency Exit and Evacuation

4.3 Safety Standards and Directive List

4.3.1 American Petroleum Institute (API)

4.3.2 ASME

4.3.3 Equipment for Potentially Explosive Atmospheres ATEX Directive 2014/34/EU

4.3.4 N/EN ISO

4.3.5 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

4.3.6 International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

4.3.7 National Fire protection Association (NFPA)

4.3.8 NORSOK

4.3.9 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

4.4 Questions and Answers

Bibliography

5 Process Safety Engineering and Design

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Process Safety

5.2.1 Process Safety Engineering

5.2.2 Process Safety Design

5.3 Questions and Answers

Bibliography

6 Fire and Explosion

6.1 Fire

6.1.1 Introduction

6.1.2 Fire Terms and Definitions

6.1.3 Fire Stages

6.1.4 Fire Hazards and Causes

6.1.5 Fire Types

6.1.6 Fire Classes

6.1.7 Fire Control

6.2 Explosions

6.2.1 Introduction

6.2.2 Explosion Types

6.2.3 Explosive Compounds

6.2.4 Injuries

6.3 Questions and Answers

Bibliography

7 Personal Protection

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Safety Hazards in the Oil and Gas Industry

7.3 Personal Protection Equipment (PPE)

7.3.1 General Requirements

7.3.2 Quality of PPE

7.3.3 Selection of PPE

7.3.4 Proper Usage of PPE

7.3.5 PPE Standards

7.3.6 PPE Types and Categories

7.4 Questions and Answers

Bibliography

8 Permit to Work

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Types of Work Permits

8.2.1 Hot Work Permit

8.2.2 Cold Work Permit

8.2.3 Pressure Equipment Work Permit

8.2.4 Electrical Work Permit

8.2.5 Hazardous Substances Work Permit

8.2.6 Confined Space Work Permit

8.2.7 Working at Height Permit

8.2.8 Excavation Permit

8.2.9 Heavy Lifting Work Permit

8.3 Work Permit Efficiency, Requirements, and Categories

8.4 Work Permit Procedure

8.5 Work Permit Checklist

8.6 Case Studies

8.7 Questions and Answers

Bibliography

9 Safety Critical Equipment and Elements

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Safety Critical Elements

9.2.1 Emergency ShutDown (ESD) System

9.2.2 Safety Instrumented System (SIS)

9.2.3 Fire and Gas Detection System

9.2.4 Blowdown and Relief System

9.2.5 Corrosion Protection System

9.2.6 Lightning Protection

9.2.7 Escape/Evacuation Routes

9.2.8 Muster Area

9.2.9 Flare Monitoring System

9.2.10 Active and Passive Fire Protection Systems

9.2.11 Emergency Communication System

9.2.13 Hydrocarbon Containment

9.2.14 Tank Bund

9.2.15 Personal Protection Equipment (PPE)

9.3 Questions and Answers

Bibliography

10 Hazardous Area Classification

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Codes, Standards, and Organizations

10.2.1 United States (US)

10.2.2 Canada

10.2.3 Europe

10.2.4 Specific Standards

10.3 Hazardous Area Classification

10.3.1 US/Canadian Standards

10.3.2 European Standards

10.4 Electrical Equipment Protection Selection for Hazardous Areas

10.5 Equipment Marking Based on ATEX

10.6 Questions and Answers

Bibliography

11 Welding

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Welding Processes and Techniques

11.2.1 Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)

11.2.2 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW)

11.2.3 Gas Metal Arc Weld (GMAW)

11.2.4 Gas Welding Types

11.3 Welding Failure

11.4 Welding Defect

11.5 Welding Testing

11.5.1 Visual Testing

11.5.2 Magnetic Particle Test

11.5.3 Liquid Penetration Test

11.5.4 Radiography Test

11.5.5 Ultrasonic Test

11.6 Questions and Answers

Bibliography

12 Corrosion

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Basics of Corrosion

12.3 Types of Corrosion

12.3.1 Internal Corrosion

12.3.2 External Corrosion

12.4 Questions and Answers

Bibliography

13 Safe Storage of Hydrocarbons

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Environmental Issues

13.3 Types of Storage Tanks

13.4 Design Parameters

13.4.1 Pressure and Temperature

13.4.2 Material

13.4.3 Design Loads

13.4.4 Accessories and Design Features

13.5 Questions and Answers

Bibliography

14 Process Control and Instrumentation

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Process Control Importance

14.3 Control Theory Basics

14.3.1 Control Loop

14.4 Process Control Terms

14.4.1 Process Variables

14.4.2 Set Point

14.4.3 Variables

14.4.4 Error

14.4.5 Offset

14.4.6 Load Disturbance

14.4.7 Manual and Automatic Process Control

14.4.8 Closed and Open Control Loop

14.5 Control Loop Devices and Technology

14.5.1 Primary Elements (sensors)

14.5.2 Transducers and Convertors

14.5.3 Transmitters

14.5.4 Signals

14.5.5 Indicators

14.5.6 Recorders

14.5.7 Controllers

14.5.8 Final Control Element

14.6 Questions and Answers

Bibliography

15 Oil and Gas Operation Accidents

15.1 Introduction

15.2 List of Accidents

15.2.1 Piper Alpha, UK, North Sea, 1998

15.2.2 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, USA, 1989

15.2.3 Tanker Truck Accident on the Wiehltal Bridge, Germany, 2004

15.2.4 Philip Disaster, USA, 1989

15.2.5 British Petroleum (BP) Refinery Explosion, USA, 2005

15.2.6 Mina Al-Ahmadi Refinery Explosion, Kuwait, 2000

15.2.7 Explosion of Petrobras 36 Oil Platform, Brazil, 2001

15.2.8 Enchova Central Blowout Oilfield, Brazil, 1984 and 1988

15.2.9 BP Oil Platform Explosion in Gulf of Mexico, USA, 2010

15.2.10 Jaipur Fire, India, 2009

15.3 Questions and Answers

Bibliography

16 Reliability Engineering

16.1 Introduction

16.2 History

16.3 Definitions

16.3.1 Reliability

16.3.2 Failure Rate

16.4 Bath-tub Curve Concept

16.5 Reliability and Unreliability Determination

16.6 System Incidents and Failures

16.6.1 Mean Time To Failure (MTTF)

16.6.2 Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF)

16.6.3 Mean Time To Repair (MTTR)/Repair Rate

16.6.4 Mean Time To Detect Failure (MTTD)

16.7 Questions and Answers

Bibliography

Index

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Tags: Karan Sotoodeh, Safety Engineering, Gas Industry