A Study of the Johannine Symbol of the Good Shepherd Jn 10 1 18 with Particular Reference to Ofo Symbol in Igbo Nigeria 1st Edition by Livinus Maduadichie ISBN 3631796935 9783631796931

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ISBN 10: 3631796935
ISBN 13: 9783631796931
Author: Livinus Maduadichie

A Study of the Johannine Symbol of the Good Shepherd (Jn 10:1-18) with Particular Reference to Ofo Symbol in Igbo Nigeria 1st Edition Table of contents:

1 The Study of Some Literary Devices

Introduction

1.1 Clarification of Terms: Literal and Non-Literal

1.1.1 Literal Language

1.1.2 Non-iteral (Figurative) Language

1.2 The Study of Metaphor

1.2.1 Definition of Metaphor

1.2.2 Understanding the Dynamism of Metaphor

1.2.3 Tenor and Vehicle

1.2.4 Searches for the Understanding of Metaphorical Language: Theories of Metaphor

1.2.4.1 Metaphor as Substitution59

1.2.4.2 Metaphor as Deviation

1.2.4.2.1 The Thesis of the Theory

1.2.4.2.2 Resolving the Problem of Deviation: The Principle of Compatibility

1.2.4.3 Comparison View of Metaphor

1.2.4.4 Metaphor as Categorical Mistake

1.2.4.5 Interaction Theory of Metaphor

1.2.4.6 Metaphor as Resemblance

1.2.4.7 Dead Metaphor

1.2.4.8 Criticisms of Metaphor

1.2.4.8.1 The Negative Impact of Metaphor on Human Language

1.2.4.8.2 The Value of Metaphor

1.2.4.8.3 The Role of Metaphor as Constructive of Social and Organizational Reality

Conclusion

1.3 Explorative Study of the Concept of Symbol

Introduction

1.3.1 Investigation on the Meaning of the Concept of Symbol

1.3.1.1 The Etymological Meaning of the Term Symbol [Sumbolon (Σύμβολον)]

1.3.1.2 The Development of the Understanding of the Concept of Symbol

1.3.1.2.1 The Understanding in the ancient Period

1.3.1.2.2 The Later Development

1.3.1.2.3 Dictionary Perspective of the Concept of Symbol

1.3.1.2.4 Opinion of some Authors about the Concept of Symbol

1.3.1.2.5 Technical View of the Concept of Symbol

1.3.1.2.6 Psychologist View of Symbol

1.3.1.3 More Expositions on the Concept of the Symbol

1.3.1.3.1 Creation of Symbol: Imposition of Meaning on Object

1.3.1.4 The Symbol and Thought

Conclusion

1.3.2 The Characteristics of a Symbol

1.3.2.1 Mysterious Nature of Symbol

1.3.2.2 Analogical Nature of Symbol

1.3.2.3 The Communicative Characteristic of a Symbol

1.3.2.4 The Ambiguous Character of a Symbol

1.3.2.5 The Perceptible Feature of a Symbol

1.3.2.6 An Inherent Power in the Symbol

1.3.2.7 The Symbol as the Property of a Group

Conclusion

1.3.3 The Functions of a Symbol

1.3.3.1 The Role of a Symbol in Didactic Discourse

1.3.3.2 The Symbol and the Humans

1.3.3.2.1 The Symbol: An Aid to the Human Development

1.3.3.2.2 The Symbol as a Proof for the Humanity of the Human Animal

1.3.3.3 Symbol and Communication

1.3.3.3.1 The Symbol as a Means of Communication

1.3.3.3.2 The Emotive Use of the Symbol

1.3.3.3.3 The Demonstrative Use of a Symbol

1.3.3.3.4 The Symbol: An Instrument for the Expansion of a Message

1.3.3.4 The Symbol and the Society

1.3.3.4.1 The Symbol as a powerful Tool in the Hands of the Politicians and the Elites

1.3.3.4.2 The Symbol as the Projection of one’s Opinion in the Society

1.3.3.4.3 The Symbol as the Tool for a Social Change

1.3.3.4.4 The Symbol as an Instrument for the Social Unity

Conclusion

Evaluation

2 The Concept of the Johannine Symbol

Introduction

2.1 The Meaning of the Johannine Symbol

2.2 The Mystery and the Johannine Symbol

2.3 The Operational Dynamism of the Johannine Symbol

2.4 The Need for the Use of the Symbol by the Johannine Author

2.5 The Objection to the Symbolic Nature of the Johannine Gospel

2.6 The Symbolic Nature of the Fourth Gospel

2.6.1 The Argument from “I am” Sayings

2.6.2 The Evidences from some Scholars

Conclusion

2.7 The Johannine Σημεiον as Σύμβολον

2.7.1 The Semantic Confusion of the Concept of Sign in Relation to the Johannine Σημεῖον

2.7.2 The “Sign” as the Σημεῖον in Johannine Sense

2.7.2.1 The General Meaning of “Sign” as Σημεῖον

2.7.2.2 The Σημεῖον in the Johannine Writing

2.7.2.3 The Johannine Source of the Concept of Σημεῖον

2.7.2.4 The Phrase ‘Σημεῖα καὶ Τέρατα’ – [God’s] Signs and Wonders

2.7.2.5 The Johannine Sign as Johannine Symbol

Conclusion

2.8 The Examination of the Source of the Johannine Symbol

2.8.1 The Sources of the Johannine Symbolism

2.8.1.1 The Old Testament Influence

2.8.1.2 Judaism as the Source of the Johannine Symbolism

2.8.1.2.1 Re-Interpretation of the Jewish Symbols

2.8.1.2.2 The Context of the Re-Interpretation

2.8.1.2.3 Beyond Jewish Belief

2.8.1.2.4 The Fourth Evangelist as a Revolutionary

2.8.1.3 Philosophical Tradition of the Time

2.8.1.4 The World of the Johannine Author

2.8.1.5 The Prevailing Imagery at the Period of the Composition of the Fourth Gospel

2.8.1.6 The Implication of the Re-Interpretation of the Symbols from Jewish Tradition

Conclusion

2.9 The Types of the Johannine Symbol

2.9.1 The Basic Johannine Symbols

2.9.1.1 The Personal Symbols

2.9.1.2 The Impersonal Symbols

2.9.1.2.1 The Core Symbol

2.9.1.2.2 The Identification of the core Symbol

2.9.1.2.3 The Emergence of the core Symbols

2.9.1.2.4 The Core Symbol and the Reader

2.9.1.3 The Supporting Symbol

2.9.1.3.1 The Identification of the Supporting/Subordinate Symbols

2.9.1.3.2 The Role of the Impersonal Symbols

Conclusion

2.10 The Purpose of the Johannine Symbol

2.10.1 Revelatory Role of the Johannine Symbol

2.10.2 Resolution of the Seemingly Contradictions in the Gospel

2.10.3 Symbol as Medium of Communication of the Transcendent

2.10.4 The Unitive Role of the Johannine Symbol

Conclusion

Evaluation

3 The Exegetical Study of the Symbol of the Good Shepherd as the Paradigm of Johannine Symbolism in the Fourth Gospel

Introduction

3.1 The Interpretation of the Johannine Symbols

3.1.1 The Need for the Interpretation

3.1.2 Discernment of the Symbol in the Text

3.1.2.1 The Symbolic Statement

3.1.2.2 The Symbolic Action

3.1.3 Problem of Interpreting the Johannine Symbol

3.1.3.1 The Problem of Multiple Meanings of the Symbol

3.1.3.2 Historical Problem

3.1.3.3 Ambiguous Feature of Symbols

3.1.4 Gradual Development of the Interpretation of Johannine Symbol

3.1.5 Guideline to authentic Interpretation of Johannine Symbol

Conclusion

3.2 The Basic Elements for the Study of the Text, Jn 10:1–18

3.2.1 Hypothesis about the Division of the Fourth Gospel

3.2.1.1 The Book of Signs

3.2.1.2 The Book of Glory

3.2.2 The Location of the Text of our Study – Jn 10:1–18

3.2.3 The Context of the Text

3.2.4 The Structure of the Text

3.2.4.1 The Table of the Delineations of different Authors

3.2.4.2 Commentary on the Table (A) of Delineation

3.2.5 The Structure of the Text of our Study

3.2.5.1 Commentary on the Structure of the Text of our Study in Table B

3.2.6 The Literary Unity of the Text

3.2.7 The Background of the Shepherd Discourse

3.2.7.1 The Old Testament Background

3.2.7.1.1 The Table of the verbal Parallels of the Texts of Jn 10 and Ezk. 34 (LXX)

3.2.7.1.2 Commentary on the verbal Parallels of the Texts of John 10 and Ezekiel 34

3.2.7.1.3 The Verbal Parallels of the Texts of Jn 10:1–9 and Num. 27:15–21 (LXX)

3.2.7.1.4 Commentary on the verbal Parallels of the Texts of Jn 10:1–9 and Num. 27:15–21 of Table D

3.2.7.2 The Extra Biblical Background of the Text of Jn 10

3.2.7.3 The Document of the Odes of Solomon

Conclusion

3.3 The Thematic Development of the Narrative of the Sheep-Farming, Jn 10:1–5

3.3.1 The Characterization of the Text155

3.3.2 The Setting of the Sheepfold

3.3.3 The dynamic Development in Verses 1–2: The First Contrast

3.3.4 Primary Images of Thieves and Robbers in Jewish Understanding

3.3.5 The dynamic Development in Verses 3–5: The Second Contrast

3.3.5.1 The Treatment of Verse 3

3.3.5.2 The Relationship between the Shepherd and the Sheep

3.3.5.3 The Treatment of Verses 4–5

3.3.6 The Examination of the Johannine Concept of Παροιμία (Figure of Speech) Verse 6

3.3.6.1 The General Understanding and Application of the Concept of Παροιμία

3.3.6.2 Παροιμία in Johannine Context

Conclusion

Evaluation

3.4 The Exegetical Examination of the Symbol of the Door (Jn 10:7–10)

Introduction

3.4.1 Reading 10:7–10

3.4.2 The Literary Unity of the Symbol of the Door in Verses 7–10

3.4.3 The Treatment of Verse 7

3.4.3.1 The Opening Statement in Verse 7

3.4.3.2 The Symbolic Application of the Narrative of Sheep-Farming

3.4.3.3 The Literal Meaning of “ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ θύρα τῶν προβάτων” (I am the Door of the sheep)

3.4.3.4 The Symbolic Meaning of Verse 7

3.4.3.5 The Variant in Verse 7

3.4.4 The Identity of ‘those who came before me,’ in Verse 8

3.4.4.1 The Variant “πρὸ ἐμοῦ” in Verse 8

3.4.4.2 The Identity of ‘those who came before’ Jesus

3.4.5 The Treatment of Verse 9: “I am the Door” [for the Sheep]

3.4.5.1 Literal Meaning of Verse 9

3.4.5.2 The Symbolic Interpretation of Verse 9

3.4.5.3 The Theme of Salvation in Verse 9

3.4.6 Contrasting Jesus and the Thieves and Robbers (Verse 10)

3.4.6.1 The Contrast between the Thief and Jesus

Conclusion

3.5 The Exegetical Treatment of the Symbol of the Good Shepherd (Jn. 10:11–18)

Introduction

3.5.1 The Basic Concepts of Sheep and Shepherd

3.5.1.1 The Concept of Sheep (Πρóβατον)

3.5.1.2 The Concept of Shepherd (Ποιμήν)

3.5.2 The Exegesis of Verses 11–13

3.5.2.1 Treatment of Verse 11

3.5.2.1.1 The Exegetical Examination of “I am the Good Shepherd,” Verse 11a

3.5.2.1.1.1 The Symbolic Feature of Verse 11a

3.5.2.1.1.2 The Feature of Good Shepherd and Sheep

3.5.2.1.1.3 Shepherding as Metaphor

3.5.2.1.1.4 Ό Καλός (The Good)

3.5.2.1.1.4.1 The Import of the definite Article Ό (THE) in the Good Shepherd

3.5.2.1.1.4.2 The Nuances of Ό ΚΑΛΌΣ (THE GOOD)

3.5.2.1.1.4.3 ΚΑΛΌΣ and ἈΓΑΘΌΣ

3.5.2.1.1.4.4 ΚΑΛΌΣ in the Context of OT and NT

3.5.2.1.1.4.5 The Significance of καλός in Shepherd Discourse

3.5.2.1.1.5 The Designation of Jesus as the Good Shepherd

3.5.2.1.2 The Good Shepherd lays down His Life for the Sheep, Verse 11b

3.5.2.1.2.1 The Climax of the Text

3.5.2.1.2.2 The Influence of OT on “…τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ τίθησιν ὑπέρ ….”480

3.5.2.1.2.3 The Role of τίθημι in the Text

3.5.2.1.2.4 The Verb τίθησιν

3.5.2.1.2.5 The Washing of the Feet of the Disciples: The τίθησιν Connection

3.5.2.1.2.6 The Tense of the Verb τίθησιν

Conclusion

3.5.3 The Hireling: Verses 12–13

3.5.3.1 The hired Hand: His Reaction on Sighting the Wolf

3.5.3.2 The Consequence of the Reaction

3.5.3.3 The Hireling as Contrasting Figure

3.5.3.4 The Identity of the Hireling

3.5.3.5 Analysis about the Hireling

3.5.4 The Treatment of the Mutual Knowledge, Verses 14–15

3.5.4.1 The Reciprocal Knowledge in Verses 14–15

3.5.4.2 The “Hearing” and “Knowing” of the Voice in John’s Theological Concept

3.5.4.3 The Source of the Johannine Idea of Knowledge

3.5.4.4 The Implication of the Mutual Knowledge in Relation to the Audience

3.5.4.5 The Import of καθώς in Verse 15

Conclusion

3.5.5 The Identity of the “Other Sheep that do not belong to this Fold” (ἄλλα πρόβατα ἃ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τῆς αὐλῆς), Verse 16

3.5.5.1 The Present Fold: The Fold of Israel

3.5.5.2 The Identification of the “Other Sheep” (ἄλλα πρόβατα) outside the Fold

Conclusion

3.5.6 The Climax of the Shepherd Discourse: The Death and Resurrection in the Context of the Power of Jesus and the Command of the Father (vv. 17–18)

3.5.6.1 The Climax of the Shepherd Discourse

3.5.6.2 The Unity of vv. 17–18 with the Rest of the Pericope

3.5.6.3 The Literary Background of the Text of Verse 17–18

3.5.6.4 Jesus receives the Command (ἐντολή) from the Father

3.5.6.5 The Power (ἐξουσία) of Jesus

3.5.6.6 The Cross and the Crucifixion611 as the Choice of Jesus

3.5.6.7 The Resurrection of Jesus (Verse 18b)

3.5.6.8 The Post-Resurrection Identity of Jesus

Conclusion

4 The Exegetical Analysis of the Ofo Ritual Symbol

Introduction

4.1 The Cultural Context of the Ofo Ritual Symbol

4.1.1 The Geographical Location of Igboland

4.1.2 The Igbo Language

4.1.3 The Igbo Cultural Heritage

4.1.4 The Concept of Worldview

4.1.5 The Religious Attitude of the Igbo People

4.1.6 The Traditional Igbo Cosmology: The Igbo Perception of Reality (Igbo Worldview)

4.1.6.1 The Need of Locating the Ofo Ritual Symbol

4.1.6.2 Perception of Life in the Traditional Igbo Worldview

4.1.6.3 The Traditional Igbo Perception of Reality (Igbo Worldview)

4.1.6.4 Speculation on the Hierarchical Order of the Spiritual Beings

4.1.6.5 The Earth-Deity – (The Earth-Goddess)

4.1.6.6 The Earth-Mother as the Queen of the Underworld

4.1.6.7 Ancestors77 as Ambassadors/Intermediaries

4.1.6.8 Man: The Centre of the Cosmos

4.1.6.9 The Transcendence of the Divinity and the entire Supernatural Realm

4.1.6.10 The Traditional Igbo Perception of Reality as a Religious Cosmology

4.1.7 The Religious Symbols

4.1.7.1 The General Notion of the Religious Symbol

4.1.7.2 The Symbolism in African/Igbo Traditional World

4.1.7.3 Some Igbo Ritual Symbols

4.1.7.3.1 Nzu

4.1.7.3.2 The Ikenga

Conclusion

4.2 The Exegetical Analysis of the Ofo Ritual Symbol

Introduction

4.2.1 The Terminology of Ofo

4.2.1.1 Explanation of Ofo as a Plant/Tree

4.2.1.1.1 The Concept of Ofo as Plant/Tree

4.2.1.1.2 Origin of Ofo

4.2.1.1.3 The Features of Ofo

4.2.1.2 Examination of Ofo as Ritual Symbol

4.2.1.2.1 The Concept of Ofo as a Ritual Symbol

4.2.1.2.2 The Making of the cultic Ofo Symbol

4.2.1.2.3 The Invoking of Power into Ofo

4.2.2 The Types of Ofo

4.2.2.1 Classifications of Ofo

4.2.2.1.1 Personal Ofo Ritual Symbol

4.2.2.1.2 The Hereditary Lineage Ofo

4.2.2.1.2.1 The Lineage Ofo250

4.2.2.1.2.2 Origin of Lineage Ofo

4.2.2.1.2.3 Inheriting of Lineage Ofo

4.2.2.1.2.4 The Power of the Lineage Ofo

4.2.2.1.3 Titular Ofo269

4.2.2.1.4 The Institutional and Professional Ofo274

4.2.2.1.5 Women and Ofo

4.2.3 The Interpretation of  Ofo

4.2.3.1 Conceptual Meaning of   Ofo

4.2.3.2 The Symbolization Ability of the Traditional Igbo

4.2.3.3 Unifying Role of Ofo

4.2.3.4 Ofo as a Symbol of the Social Norms

4.2.3.5 Ofo: Symbol of Natural Bond of Unity

4.2.3.6 The Central Place of the Ofo in Igbo Traditional Religion

4.2.3.7 Ofo in the Traditional Wisdom Genre (Ofo Concept in the Formulation of Igbo Names)

4.2.3.8 Ofo as the Material Realization in the Ancestral Distribution of Power and Authority

4.2.4 The Significance of Ofo Ritual Symbol

4.2.4.1 Ofo as a Medium of Communication

4.2.4.1.1 Ofo as the Symbol of Ontological Relationship

4.2.4.1.2 The Example of the Traditional Morning Prayer

4.2.4.2 Ofo in the Offering of Sacrifice

4.2.4.3 Sealing of a Covenant with Ofo

4.2.4.4 Ofo in the Dispensation of Justice

4.2.4.5 Ofo in Decision-Making and its Implication

4.2.4.6 Announcing the Decision

4.2.4.7 Ofo and Swearing an Oath

4.2.4.8 Ofo as an Aid in Recovering a stolen Item

4.2.4.9 The Anthropomorphic Use of Ofo Ritual Symbol

4.2.4.10 Magico-Religious Use of   Ofo

Conclusion

5 The Reading of the Johannine Symbol of the Good Shepherd in the Context and Hermeneutical Perspective of Igbo with Particular Reference to Ofo: an Igbo Ritual Symbol

5.1 The African Method of Intercultural Biblical Exegesis and the Inculturation Biblical Hermeneutics

Introduction

5.1.1 Inculturation Theology

5.1.2 A Brief History of African Theology

5.1.3 Intercultural Biblical Exegesis and Inculturation Biblical Hermeneutics

5.1.4 Imperative for African Hermeneutics

5.1.5 The African and Western Approaches to Biblical Scholarship

5.1.6 Critic of African Biblical Hermeneutics

5.1.7 Caveat over the Application of the Method of Intercultural Exegesis

5.1.8 The Objective of Discussion on the African Method of Exegesis: The Ofo Ritual Symbol Connection

5.2 The Reading of the Symbol of the Door (Jn 10:7–10)

Introduction

5.2.1 Salvation in Igbo Religious Thought

5.2.1.1 The Eternal Life for the Traditional Igbo: Ancestors and the Ancestral World

5.2.1.2 Death as the Gateway to Ancestorhood

5.2.1.3 Performing the Funeral Rites

5.2.1.4 The Eternal Life in Igbo Traditional Thought: Existence of Heaven (in the Underworld)

5.2.1.5 The African/Igbo Perception of Heaven (Ancestral/Spirit-World)

5.2.1.6 Salvation in African/Igbo Traditional Religion

5.3 Reading of the Symbol of the Door (Jn 10:7–10) in the Context of Ofo

Introduction

5.3.1 Jesus, the Symbol of the Door and the Symbol of Ofo as Means of Salvation

5.3.1.1 The Intersection of Christian and the Traditional Igbo Perspectives of Salvation

5.3.1.2 The Role of the Symbols of the Door and Ofo

5.3.1.3 The Theme of Healing

5.3.1.4 The Symbols of the Door and Ofo as Means of Salvation in Picture

5.2.1.4.1 The Tabulation of the Symbol of the Door as Means of Salvation in Relation to Ofo Symbol

5.2.1.4.2 The Summary of Table

5.3.1.4.3 The Explanation of the Table

5.3.1.4.4 Key to the Understanding of the Groups in the Table

Conclusion

5.4 Reading of the Symbol of the Good Shepherd (Jn 10:11–18) in the Context of Ofo

Introduction

5.4.1 The Symbols of the Good Shepherd and Ofo Ritual Stick as Connecting Link to the Transcendental Sphere

5.4.2 Ofo as Instrument of Hierophany

5.4.3 Acquisition of the Knowledge of the Transcendence

5.4.4 Common Belief in God

5.4.5 The Theme of Natural Bond of Unity

5.4.6 Instruments for the Communication of the Divine Message

5.4.7 The Theme of Love

5.4.8 Instruments of Revelation

5.4.9 The Creation and Resolution of Conflicts

5.4.10 Conceptualization, Codification and Integration of Values and Norms

5.4.11 The Mediatory Role

5.4.12 The Corollary of the Re-Interpretation of the Symbols

Conclusion

5.5 The General Evaluation

Introduction

5.5.1 Literary Devices

5.5.1.1 Metaphor

5.5.1.2 Symbol

5.5.2 Method of Literary Criticism: Approach to Biblical Hermeneutics

5.5.3 The Concept of Johannine Symbol

5.5.4 The Identification of Johannine Symbol

5.5.5 The Hypothesis of the Division of the Fourth Gospel

5.5.6 The Cultural Background of the Shepherd Discourse of Jn 10

5.5.7 The thematic Development of the Narrative of the Sheep-Farming (vv.1–5)

5.5.8 The Development of Verses 1–5

5.5.9 The Exegesis of Verses 11–18

5.5.9.1 The Symbolic Nature of the Shepherd Discourse

5.5.9.2 The Concepts of καλός and ἀγαθός in Johannine Context

5.5.9.3 The Place of the Verb τίθημι in Verse 11b

5.5.9.4 The Notion of the “Other Sheep” in Verse 16

5.5.9.5 The Highlight of Verses 17–18

5.5.9.6 The Johannine Perspective of Jesus’ Resurrection

5.5.10 The Ofo Ritual Symbol

5.5.11 Inculturating the Elements of the Cultural Values in Igbo Ecclesial Community

5.5.11.1 The Reality of Inculturation

5.5.11.2 Inculturation of Ofo Ritual Symbol

5.5.11.3 Anticipation of Conflict arising from the Inculturation

5.5.11.4 Imperative of early Catechesis

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