American Corrections 13th Edition by Todd R Clear, Michael D Reisig, George F Cole ISBN 9780357456538 035745653X

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ISBN 10: 035745653X
ISBN 13: 9780357456538
Author: Todd R Clear, Michael D Reisig, George F Cole

American Corrections 13th Edition Table of contents:

Part 1. Correctional Context

Chapter 1. The Corrections System

The Purpose of Corrections

A Systems Framework for Studying Corrections

Goals

Interconnectedness

Environment

Feedback

Complexity

The Corrections System Today

Key Issues in Corrections

Managing the Correctional Organization

Working with People

Upholding Social Values

Summary

Key Terms

For Discussion

For Further Reading

Chapter 2. The Early History of Correctional Thought and Practice

From the Middle Ages to the American Revolution

Galley Slavery

Imprisonment

Transportation

Corporal Punishment and Death

On the Eve of Reform

The Enlightenment and Correctional Reform

Cesare Beccaria and the Classical School

Jeremy Bentham and the “Hedonic Calculus”

John Howard and the Birth of the Penitentiary

What Really Motivated Correctionsal Reform?

Summary

Key Terms

For Discussion

For Further Reading

Chapter 3. The History of Corrections in America

The Colonial Period

The Arrival of the Penitentiary

The Pennsylvania System

The New York (Auburn) System

Debating the Systems

The Development of Prisons in the South and the West

Southern Penology

Western Penology

The Reformatory Movement

Cincinnati, 1870

Elmira Reformatory

Lasting Reforms

The Rise of the Progressives

Individualized Treatment and the Positivist School

Progressive Reforms

The Rise of the Medical Model

From Medical Model to Community Model

The Crime Control Model: The Pendulum Swings Again

The Decline of Rehabilitation

The Emergence of Crime Control

Where Are We Today?

Summary

Key Terms

For Discussion

For Further Reading

Chapter 4. Contemporary Punishment

The Purpose of Corrections

Retribution (Deserved Punishment)

Deterrence

Incapacitation

Rehabilitation

New Approaches to Punishment

Criminal Sanctions: A Mixed Bag?

Forms of the Criminal Sanction

Incarceration

Intermediate Sanctions

Probation

Death

Forms and Goals of Sanctions

The Sentencing Process

The Administrative Context

Attitudes and Values of Judges

The Presentence Report

Sentencing Guidelines

The Future of Sentencing Guidelines

Unjust Punishment

Sentencing Disparities

Wrongful Convictions

Summary

Key Terms

For Discussion

For Further Reading

Chapter 5. The Law of Corrections

The Foundations of Correctional Law

Constitutions

Statutes

Case Law

Regulations

Correctional Law and the U.S. Supreme Court

The End of the Hands-off Policy

Access to the Courts

The Prisoners’ Rights Movement

Constitutional Rights of the Incarcerated

The First Amendment

The Fourth Amendment

The Eighth Amendment

The Fourteenth Amendment

A Change of Judicial Direction

The Impact of the Prisoners’ Rights Movement

Alternatives to Litigation

Grievance Procedures

The Ombudsman

Mediation

Legal Assistance

Law and Community Corrections

Constitutional Rights of People on Probation or Parole

Revocation of Probation and Parole

Law and Correctional Personnel

Civil Service Laws

Liability of Correctional Personnel

Summary

Key Terms

For Discussion

For Further Reading

Chapter 6. The Correctional Client

Selection for the Corrections System

Types of Clients

Situational Clients

Clients with Careers in Crime

Clients Convicted of Sex Crimes

Substance Abusers

Clients with Mental Illnesses

Clients with Developmental Disabilities

Clients with HIV/AIDS

Elderly Clients

Long-Termers

Military Veterans

Classifying People in the Corrections System: Key Issues

Overlap and Ambiguity in Classification

Offense Classifications and Correctional Programming

Behavioral Probabilities

Sociopolitical Pressures

Distinctions in Classification Criteria

Summary

Key Terms

For Discussion

For Further Reading

Part 2. Correctional Practices

Chapter 7. Jails: Detention and Short-Term Incarceration

The Contemporary Jail: Entrance to the System

Origins and Evolution

Population Characteristics

Administration

The Influence of Local Politics

Regional Jails

Pretrial Detention

Special Problems of People Held for Trial

Release from Detention

The Bail Problem and Alternatives

Release on Recognizance

Pretrial Diversion

Conduct During Pretrial Release

Preventive Detention

People Sentenced to Jail

Issues in Jail Management

Legal Liability

Jail Standards

Personnel Matters

Jail Crowding

The Jail Facility

The Future of the Jail

Summary

Key Terms

For Discussion

For Further Reading

Chapter 8. Probation

The History and Development of Probation

Benefit of Clergy

Judicial Reprieve

Recognizance

The Modernization of Probation

The Organization of Probation Today

Should Probation Be Centralized or Decentralized?

Who Should Administer Probation?

Should Probation Be Combined with Parole?

The Dual Functions of Probation: Investigation and Supervision

The Investigative Function

The Supervision Function

The Effectiveness of Supervision

Case Management Systems

Evidence-Based Supervision

Specialized Supervision Programs

Performance-Based Supervision

Is Probation Effective Regardless?

Revocation and Termination of Probation

Probation in the Coming Decade

Summary

Key Terms

For Discussion

For Further Reading

Chapter 9. Intermediate Sanctions and Community Corrections

Intermediate Sanctions in Corrections

The Case for Intermediate Sanctions

Unnecessary Imprisonment

Limitations of Probation

Improvements in Justice

Continuum of Sanctions

Problems with Intermediate Sanctions

Selecting Agencies

Selecting People

Widening the Net

Varieties of Intermediate Sanctions

Sanctions Administered by the Judiciary

Community Service and Restitution

Sanctions Administered by Probation Departments

Sanctions Administered by Correctional Departments

Making Intermediate Sanctions Work

Sentencing Issues

Selection Issues

Using Surveillance and Control in Community Corrections

Drug Controls

Electronic Controls

Human Surveillance Controls

Programmatic Controls

The New Correctional Professional

Community Corrections Legislation

Reducing Reliance on Prison

Evaluation of Community Corrections Legislation

The Future of Intermediate Sanctions and Community Corrections

Summary

Key Terms

For Discussion

For Further Reading

Chapter 10. Incarceration

Links to the Past

The Goals of Incarceration

Organization for Incarceration

The Federal Bureau of Prisons

State Prison Systems

The Design and Classification of Prisons

Today’s Designs

The Location of Prisons

The Classification of Prisons

Private Prisons

Who Is in Prison?

The Elderly

People with Mental Illnesses

Military Veterans

Individuals Serving Long-Term Sentences

Summary

Key Terms

For Discussion

For Further Reading

Chapter 11. The Prison Experience

Prison Society

Norms and Values

Prison Subculture: Deprivation or Importation?

Adaptive Roles

The Prison Economy

Violence in Prison

Violence and Inmate Characteristics

Prisoner–Prisoner Violence

Prisoner–Officer Violence

Officer–Prisoner Violence

Ways to Decrease Prison Violence

Summary

Key Terms

For Discussion

For Further Reading

Chapter 12. The Incarceration of Women

Women: The Forgotten Offenders

Historical Perspective

The Incarceration of Women in the United States

The Reformatory Movement

The Post–World War II Years

Women in Prison

Characteristics of Women in Prison

The Subculture of Women’s Prisons

Male Versus Female Subcultures

Issues in the Incarceration of Women

Sexual Misconduct

Educational and Vocational Programs

Medical Services

Mothers and Their Children

Release to the Community

Summary

For Discussion

For Further Reading

Chapter 13. Institutional Management

Formal Organization

The Organizational Structure

The Impact of the Structure

Governing Prisons

The Defects of Total Power

Rewards and Punishments

Gaining Cooperation: Exchange Relationships

Informal Leadership

Discipline in Prison

Leadership: The Crucial Element of Governance

Correctional Officers: The Linchpin of Management

Who Becomes a Correctional Officer?

Role Characteristics

Job Assignments

Problems with the Officer’s Role

Job Stress and Burnout

Boundary Violations

Use of Force

Collective Bargaining

Summary

Key Terms

For Discussion

For Further Reading

Chapter 14. Institutional Programs

Managing Time

Constraints of Security

The Principle of Least Eligibility

Classification

The Classification Process

Objective Classification Systems

Rehabilitative Programs

Psychological Programs

Behavior Therapy

Social Therapy

Educational and Vocational Programs

Substance Abuse Programs

Sex Offender Programs

Religious Programs

The Rediscovery of Correctional Rehabilitation

Prison Medical Services

Prison Industry

The Contract Labor, Piece Price, and Lease Systems

The Public Account System

The State-Use System

The Public Works and Ways System

Prison Industry Historically and Today

Prison Maintenance Programs

Recreational Programs

Prison Programming Reconsidered

Summary

Key Terms

For Discussion

For Further Reading

Chapter 15. Release from Incarceration

Release from One Part of the System to Another

Origins of Parole

Release Mechanisms

Discretionary Release

Mandatory Release

Probation Release

Other Conditional Release

Expiration Release

The Organization of Releasing Authorities

Consolidated versus Autonomous

Field Services

Full Time Versus Part Time

Appointment

The Decision to Release

The Discretionary Release Process

Structuring Parole Decisions

The Impact of Release Mechanisms

Release to the Community

Summary

Key Terms

For Discussion

For Further Reading

Chapter 16. Making It: Supervision in the Community

Overview of the Postrelease Function

Community Supervision

Revocation

The Structure of Community Supervision

Agents of Community Supervision

The Community Supervision Bureaucracy

Residential Programs

The Experience of Postrelease Life

The Strangeness of Reentry

Supervision and Surveillance

The Problem of Unmet Personal Needs

Barriers to Success

Expungement and Pardon

The Person on Parole as “Dangerous”

The Elements of Successful Reentry

Postrelease Supervision

How Effective Is Postrelease Supervision?

What Are Postrelease Supervision’s Prospects?

Summary

Key Terms

For Discussion

For Further Reading

Chapter 17. Corrections for Juveniles

The Problem of Youth Crime

The History of Juvenile Corrections

Juvenile Corrections: English Antecedents

Juvenile Corrections in the United States

Why Treat Juveniles and Adults Differently

Juveniles Are Young and May Easily Change

Differences Between Adults and Juveniles, in Perspective

The Problem of Serious Delinquency

Sanctioning Juveniles

Overview of the Juvenile Justice System

Disposition of Juveniles

The Special Problem of Gangs

The Future of Juvenile Justice

Summary

Key Terms

For Discussion

For Further Reading

Part 3. Correctional Issues and Perspectives

Chapter 18. Incarceration Trends

Explaining Prison Population Trends

Increased Arrests and More Likely Incarceration

Tougher Sentencing

Prison Construction

The War on Drugs

State and Local Politics

Public Policy Trends

Dealing with Overcrowded Prisons

The Null Strategy

The Construction Strategy

Intermediate Sanctions

Prison Population Reduction

The Impact of Prison Crowding

Does Incarceration Pay?

Summary

Key Terms

For Discussion

For Further Reading

Chapter 19. Race, Ethnicity, and Corrections

Race in the Correctional Context

The Concepts of Race and Ethnicity

Visions of Race and Punishment

Differential Criminality

A Racist Criminal Justice System

A Racist Society

Which Is It: Race or Racism?

The Significance of Race and Punishment

Summary

Key Terms

For Discussion

For Further Reading

Chapter 20. The Death Penalty

The Debate Over Capital Punishment

The Death Penalty in America

Death Row Population

Public Opinion

The Death Penalty and the Constitution

Key U.S. Supreme Court Decisions

Continuing Legal Issues

Individuals on Death Row

Who Is on Death Row?

Where Was the Crime Committed?

Who Was the Prosecutor?

Was Race a Factor?

A Continuing Debate

Summary

For Discussion

For Further Reading

Chapter 21. Immigration and Justice

Illegal Immigration

Immigration History

Types of Immigrants Under the Law

The Immigration Justice System

Policing

Courts

Corrections

Issues in Immigration Justice

Immigration and Crime

Immigration and Terrorism

Children and Families of Undocumented Immigrants

Cooperation with Local Justice Authorities

Summary

Key Terms

For Discussion

For Further Reading

Chapter 22. Community Justice

The Need for a New Approach

Definition of Community Justice

A Philosophy of Justice

A Strategy of Justice

Justice Programs

How Community Justice Differs from Criminal Justice

Neighborhoods

Problem Solving

Restoration

Justice Reinvestment

Overview of Differences

Arguments for Community Justice

Crime and Crime Problems are Local

Crime Fighting Too Often Damages the Quality of Life

Proactive Rather than Reactive Strategies are Needed

Problems of Community Justice

Impingement on Individual Rights

Social Inequality

Increasing Criminal Justice Costs

The Future of Community Justice

Summary

Key Terms

For Discussion

For Further Reading

Chapter 23. American Corrections: Looking Forward

American Corrections Today

Five Correctional Dilemmas

Mission

Methods

Structure

Personnel

Costs

Four Current Trends in the U.S. Corrections System

Evidence-Based Practice

Techno-Corrections

Falling Crime Rates

Professionalization

Three Challenges for the Future of Corrections

Reinvigorate a New Correctional Leadership

Refocus Our Investments in What Works

Reclaim the Moral and Ethical High Road

Changing Corrections: A Final View

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