Architectural Research Methods 2nd Edition by Linda N Groat, David Wang ISBN 0470908556 9780470908556

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ISBN 10: 0470908556
ISBN 13: 9780470908556
Author: Linda N Groat, David Wang

Architectural Research Methods 2nd Edition Table of contents:

Part I The Domain of Architectural Research

Chapter 1 The Scope of This Book

1.1 Introduction: The Audience for This Book

1.1.1 Students in Doctoral and MSc Programs

1.1.2 Faculty Scholars and Researchers

1.1.3 Master’s and Upper‐Level Bachelor’s Students

1.1.4 Architectural and Design Practitioners

1.1.5 All Together Now

1.2 What Is Architectural Research?

1.3 A Conceptual Framework for Situating Methodology in Research: Strategy and Tactics

1.4 What’s New in the New Edition?

1.5 The Book Ahead

1.5.1 Part I: The Domain of Architectural Research

1.5.2 Part II: Strategies for Architectural Research

NOTES

Chapter 2 Does Design Equal Research?

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Defining Design and Research

2.2.1 Design Defined

2.2.2 Defining Research

2.3 The Comparable and Shared Qualities of Designand Research

2.3.1 The Reconstructed Logics of Design and Research

2.3.2 The Logics‐in‐Use in Design and Research

2.3.3 The Scope of Design and Research

2.3.4 Situated Design and Research in Action and Collaboration

2.4 Research, Design, Scholarship, and Scholarship‐in‐Practice

2.5 Conclusion

NOTES

Chapter 3 Systems of Inquiry and Standards of Research Quality

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Frameworks for Understanding Multiple Systems of Inquiry

3.2.1 Early Frameworks in Architectural Research

3.2.2 Some Alternative Frameworks

3.2.3 A Proposed Framework: A Three‐Part Continuum

3.2.4 The Complementary Nature of Research Framed by Diverse Systems of Inquiry

3.3 Measures of Research Quality

3.3.1 Quality Standards within a Postpositivist System of Inquiry

3.3.2. Quality Standards within a Naturalistic System of Inquiry

3.3.3 Quality Standards among Selected Schools of Thought and Disciplines

3.4 Conclusions : Looking Ahead

NOTES

Chapter 4 What’s Your Purpose? From Theory Building to Design Application

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Contextual Purposes

4.2.1 What Are the Motivations for This Research?

4.2.2 Who Is the Audience?

4.2.3 What Is the Potential or Likely Impact of This Research?

4.3 Categories of Theory

4.3.1 Explanatory Theory

4.3.2 Normative Theory

4.3.3 Design‐Polemical Theory

4.4 Multiple Purposes : Theory Building and/or Design Applications?

4.4.1 From Theory to New Theory

4.4.2 From Theory to a New Building in an Architectural Practice

4.4.3 From Theory to Built Environments: Use of Theory in a Design Consultancy

4.4.4 From Theory to Design in Architectural Studio Education

4.5 Conclusion

NOTES

Chapter 5 What’s Your Question? Literature Review and Research Design

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Literature Review Compared to Annotated Bibliography

5.2.1 Types of Research Questions

5.2.2 What to Do? versus What Is the Case?

5.3 An Interactive Process

5.3.1 Research Questions in Relation to the Literature

5.3.2 Theory in Relation to the Literature (with an Emphasis on Interdisciplinary Linkages)

5.3.3 Methodology in Relation to the Literature

5.3.4 Outcomes in Relation to the Literature

5.4 Conclusion

NOTES

Part II Seven Research Strategies

Chapter 6 Historical Research

6.1 INTRODUCTION

6.2 Traits of Historical Research Old and New

6.3 The Strategy of Historical Research : Historical Narrative

6.3.1 History as Constructed of Narrative Sentences

6.3.2 Historical Narratives in Relation to Literary Constructions

6.3.3 The Role of Imagination and Comprehension in Historical Narratives

6.4 The Strategy of Historical Research : Some Schools of Thought

6.4.1 Positivist Explanations of History: A “Covering Law”

6.4.2 History as the Movement of Absolute Spirit

6.4.3 Structuralist Approaches to History

6.4.4 Poststructuralist Approaches to History

6.5 Tactics in Historical Research

6.5.1 Determinative Evidence

6.5.2 Contextual Evidence

6.5.3 Inferential Evidence

6.5.4 Recollective Evidence

6.6 Case Study in Tactics : “Inca Quarrying and Stonecutting” by Jean‐Pierre Protzen

6.7 Conclusion

NOTES

Chapter 7 Qualitative Research

7.1 Introduction

7.2 The Strategy of Qualitative Research: General Characteristics

7.2.1 An Emphasis on Natural Settings

7.2.2 A Focus on Interpretation and Meaning

7.2.3 A Focus on How the Respondents Make Sense of Their Own Circumstances

7.2.4 The Use of Multiple Tactics

7.2.5 Significance of Inductive Logic

7.2.6 Other Aspects of Qualitative Research Strategy

7.3 Strategy: Four Qualitative Approaches

7.3.1 Ethnography

7.3.2 Phenomenology

7.3.3 Grounded Theory

7.3.4 Integrative Approaches to Qualitative Research

7.4 Tactics : An Overview of Data Collection, Analysis, and Interpretation

7.4.1 The Process

7.4.2 Data Collection

7.4.3 Data Reduction/Coding

7.4.4 Data Display

7.4.5 Drawing Conclusions and Verifying

7.5 Conclusion: Strengths and Weaknesses

NOTES

Chapter 8 Correlational Research

8.1 Introduction

8.2 The Strategy of Correlational Research: General Characteristics

8.2.1 A Focus on Naturally Occurring Patterns

8.2.2 The Measurement of Specific Variables

8.2.3 The Use of Statistics to Clarify Patterns of Relationships

8.3 Strategy: Two Types of Correlational Research

8.3.1 Relationship Studies

8.3.2 Causal Comparative Studies

8.4 Tactics : Collecting Data

8.4.1 Surveys

8.4.2 Observations

8.4.3 Mapping

8.4.4 Sorting

8.4.5 Archives

8.5 Tactics : Reading About and Understanding Multivariate Analyses

8.5.1 Typological Analyses

8.5.2 Multiple Regression

8.5.3 Factor Analysis

8.5.4 Multidimensional Scaling

8.6 Conclusions : Strengths and Weaknesses

NOTES

Chapter 9 Experimental and Quasi‐Experimental Research

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Strategy: General Characteristics of Experimental Research

9.2.1 The Use of a Treatment, or Independent Variable

9.2.2 The Measurement of One or More Outcome Variables

9.2.3 The Designation of a Unit of Assignment

9.2.4 The Use of a Comparison or Control Group

9.2.5 A Focus on Causality

9.3 Strategy: Distinguishing between Experimental and Quasi‐Experimental Research

9.3.1 Random Assignment in Experimental Research

9.3.2 Nonrandom Assignment in Quasi‐Experimental Research

9.4 Diagramming Experimental Research Designs

9.5 Tactics : The Settings, Treatments, and Measures for Experimental Research

9.5.1 Clarifying the Tactics of the Previously Discussed Studies

9.5.2 Environmental Performance of Automated Blinds in Office Buildings: Using a Behavioral Survey P

9.5.3 Occupant Comfort from Air Movement: Using a Lab Setting, Physical Treatments, Instrumentation,

9.5.4 Experimental Monitoring of Thermal Comfort and Simulation of Energy Usage: Using a Purpose‐B

9.6 The Complementary Nature of Experimental Cultures in Design and Research

9.7 Conclusions : Strengths and Weaknesses

NOTES

Chapter 10 Simulation Research

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Current Examples of Simulation Research

10.2.1 Simulation of Complex Human Factors

10.2.2 Simulation in Earlier Stages of Architectural Design Process

10.2.3 Integration of Simulation Software

10.2.4 Real‐Time Simulation

10.2.5 Immersive Building Simulation

10.2.6 Modeling Construction Sequences

10.3 Strategy of Simulation Research

10.3.1 Representation versus Simulation

10.3.2 What Is a Model?

10.3.3 Prediction versus Projection/Pattern

10.3.4 Simulation Research in Relation to Experimental and Correlational Research

10.3.5 Simulation Research in Relation to Qualitative and/or Historical Research

10.3.6 Simulation Research and Theory Building

10.3.7 Simulation without Computers

10.4 Tactical Concerns for Simulation Research

10.4.1 Accuracy of Replication

10.4.2 Limitations of Data Collection

10.4.3 Cost Limitations

10.5 Conclusion

NOTES

Chapter 11 Logical Argumentation

11.1 Introduction

11.2 A Spectrum of Logical Argumentation Typologies

11.3 The Strategic Traits of Logical Argumentation

11.3.1 Paradigmatic Innovation

11.3.2 A Priori Argumentation

11.3.3 Logical Argumentation Frameworks Tend to Be Interdisciplinary

11.3.4 Primary and Secondary Logical Frameworks

11.4 How Does One First Conceive of the Idea for a Logical Framework?

11.5 The Tactics of Logical Argumentation : Defining First Principles and Logical Relations

11.5.1 Defining First Principles

11.5.2 Defining Relationships

11.6 The Tactics of Logical Argumentation : Rhetorical Tactics in Cultural/Discursive Systems

11.6.1 Rhetorical Tactics: Naming

11.6.2 Rhetorical Tactics: Association or Disassociation

11.6.3 Rhetorical Tactics: Analogy

11.6.4 Rhetorical Tactics: Story

11.6.5 Rhetorical Tactics: Graphic Images

11.6.6 Rhetorical Tactics: Appeals to Group Identity

11.6.7 Rhetorical Tactics: Dividing or Integrating

11.6.8 Rhetorical Tactics: Authority

11.7 The Tactics of Logical Argumentation: Categories and Ways to Arrange them

11.7.1 Simple Categories

11.7.2 Cross-Categories

11.7.3 By Spectrum or Spectra

11.7.4 By Adjacency Matrices

11.8 Conclusion

NOTES

Chapter 12 Case Studies and Combined Strategies

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Strategy: General Characteristics of the Case Study

12.2.1 A Focus on Cases in Their Contexts

12.2.2 The Capacity to Explain Causal Links

12.2.3 The Role of Theory Development

12.2.4 Using Multiple Sources of Evidence

12.2.5 Generalizability to Theory

12.2.6 Distinguishing the Case Study

12.3 Strategy: Single or Multiple Cases?

12.3.1 A Multiple‐Case Study: The Public Realm in College Towns

12.3.2 A Multiple Case Study: Life‐Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Low‐Rise Office Buildings

12.4 Case Studies : Strengths and Weaknesses

12.5 Combined Strategies : Integrating Multiple Research Designs

12.5.1 A Combined Strategy: A Two‐Phase Design

12.5.2 A Combined Strategy: A Dominant–Less Dominant Design

12.5.3 A Combined Strategy: Mixed‐Methodology Design

12.6 Combined Strategies : Strengths and Weaknesses

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