Bacterial Diseases of Crop Plants 1st Edition by Suresh Borkar, Rupert Anand Yumlembam 1498755984 9781498755986

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ISBN 10: 1498755984

ISBN 13: 9781498755986

Author: Suresh G. Borkar; Rupert Anand Yumlembam

Food and agriculture is an important component in the development and survival of civilizations. Around half of the world’s population and their economies are influenced by agricultural farm production. Plant diseases take as much as a 30 percent toll of the crop harvest if not managed properly and efficiently. Bacterial diseases of crop plants are important in plant disease scenarios worldwide and are observed on all kinds of cultivated and commercial value plants including cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fruits, vegetables, cash crops, plantation crops, spices, ornamentals and flowering plant, forage crop, forest trees, and lawn grasses. Bacterial diseases are widespread and are difficult to identify and to control. Few pesticides are available for use in control, and many plant pathologists are not well trained in the management of bacterial diseases. Bacterial Diseases of Crop Plants offers concise information on bacterial diseases of crops, proving a valuable asset to students, scientists in industry and academia, farmers, extension workers, and those who deal with crops that are vulnerable to bacterial diseases. The book contains 13 chapters featuring bacterial diseases of individual crops and is illustrated with full color photographs throughout providing amazing characterization of the diseases. It also includes information on bacterial diseases that appear on different crops across the continents, thereby making the content of interest to plant pathologists around the world. Bacterial diseases are of great economic concern, and their importance in overall losses caused by various other pathogens, such as fungi and viruses, is often undermined in developing countries.

Bacterial Diseases of Crop Plants 1st Table of contents:

Chapter 1 Global Overview: Economic Losses due to Bacterial Plant Pathogens and Diseases

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Overview of Losses due to Bacterial Plant Diseases

1.3 Major Bacterial Plant Pathogens Influencing World Agricultural Crop Production

1.3.1 Pseudomonas syringae pathovars

1.3.2 Ralstonia solanacearum

1.3.3 Agrobacterium tumefaciens

1.3.4 Xanthomonas oryzae

1.3.5 Xanthomonas campestris pathovars

1.3.5.1 Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum

1.3.5.2 Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris

1.3.5.3 Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria

1.3.6 Xanthomonas axonopodis

1.3.6.1 Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis

1.3.6.2 Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli

1.3.6.3 Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae

1.3.7 Erwinia amylovora

1.3.8 Xylella fastidiosa

1.3.9 Dickeya (dadantii and solani)

1.3.10 Pectobacterium carotovorum (and Pectobacterium atrosepticum)

References

Suggested Reading

Chapter 2 Bacterial Diseases of Cereal Crops

2.1 Wheat

2.1.1 Black Chaff of Wheat

2.1.2 Basal Glume Rot of Wheat

2.1.3 Bacterial Leaf Blight of Wheat

2.1.4 Yellow Ear Rot of Wheat

2.1.5 Bacterial Mosaic of Wheat

2.1.6 Gumming Disease of Wheat

2.1.7 Bacterial Sheath Rot of Wheat

2.1.8 Stem Melanosis of Wheat

2.1.9 Pink Seed of Wheat

2.2 Rice

2.2.1 Bacterial Leaf Blight of Rice

2.2.2 Bacterial Leaf Streak of Rice

2.2.3 Sheath Brown Rot of Rice

2.3 Maize

2.3.1 Goss’s Bacterial Wilt and Blight of Maize

2.3.2 Stewart’s Disease of Maize

2.3.3 Bacterial Leaf Blight and Stalk Rot of Maize

2.3.4 Xanthomonas Leaf Spot of Maize

2.3.5 Bacterial Stalk and Top Rot of Maize

2.3.6 Holcus Spot of Maize

2.3.7 Burkholderia Leaf Spot of Maize

2.4 Barley

2.4.1 Basal Kernel Blight of Barley

2.4.2 Bacterial Stripe Blight of Barley

2.4.3 Basal Glume Rot of Barley

2.5 Oats

2.5.1 Halo Blight of Oats

2.5.2 Bacterial Stripe Blight of Oats

2.5.3 Bacterial Leaf Stripe of Oats

2.6 Sorghum

2.6.1 Bacterial Leaf Streak of Sorghum

2.6.2 Bacterial Leaf Stripe of Sorghum

2.7 Pearl Millet

2.7.1 Bacterial Spot of Pearl millet

2.7.2 Bacterial Leaf Streak of Pearl Millet

2.7.3 Bacterial Leaf Stripe of Pearl Millet

2.7.4 Pantoea Disease of Pearl Millet

2.8 Minor Millet

2.8.1 Rye

2.8.1.1 Bacterial Streak (Black Chaff) of Rye

2.8.1.2 Bacterial Halo Blight of Rye

2.8.2 Finger Millet

2.8.2.1 Leaf Spot of Finger Millet

2.8.2.2 Bacterial Blight of Finger Millet

References

Suggested Reading

Chapter 3 Bacterial Diseases of Pulse Crops

3.1 Green Gram

3.1.1 Bacterial Blight of Green Gram

3.1.2 Bacterial Brown Spot of Green Gram

3.1.3 Bacterial Wilt of Green Gram

3.2 Black Gram

3.2.1 Bacterial Leaf Blight of Black Gram

3.3 Pigeon Pea

3.3.1 Bacterial Leaf Spot and Stem Canker of Pigeon Pea

3.4 Soybean

3.4.1 Bacterial Blight of Soybean

3.4.2 Bacterial Pustule of Soybean

3.4.3 Bacterial Tan Spot of Soybean

3.4.4 Soybean Wilt

3.4.5 Wildfire of Soybean

3.4.6 Bacterial Blight of Soybean

3.5 Rajma Bean/Kidney Bean/Dry Bean

3.5.1 Bacterial Wilt of Dry Beans

3.5.2 Bacterial Brown Spot of Dry Beans

3.5.3 Halo Blight of Dry Beans

References

Suggested Reading

Chapter 4 Bacterial Diseases of Oilseed Crops

4.1 Groundnut

4.1.1 Bacterial Wilt of Groundnut

4.2 Sesamum

4.2.1 Bacterial Blight of Sesamum

4.2.2 Bacterial Leaf Spot of Sesamum

4.3 Sunflower

4.3.1 Apical Chlorosis of Sunflower

4.3.2 Bacterial Stalk Rot and Head Rot of Sunflower

4.3.3 Bacterial Leaf Spot of Sunflower

4.4 Safflower

4.4.1 Bacterial Leaf Spot and Stem Blight of Safflower

4.5 Mustard

4.5.1 Bacterial Leaf Spot of Mustard

4.5.2 Black Rot of Mustard

4.6 Castor

4.6.1 Bacterial Leaf Spot of Castor

4.7 Oil Palm

4.7.1 Bacterial Bud Rot of Oil Palm

4.8 Olive

4.8.1 Olive Knot

References

Suggested Reading

Chapter 5 Bacterial Diseases of Cash Crops

5.1 Sugarcane

5.1.1 Red Stripe and Top Rot of Sugarcane

5.1.2 Gummosis or Cobb’s Disease of Sugarcane

5.1.3 Sugarcane Leaf Scald

5.1.3.1 Latent Phase

5.1.4 Ratoon Stunting of Sugarcane

5.1.5 Bacterial Mottle of Sugarcane

5.1.6 Mottled Stripe of Sugarcane

5.2 Tobacco

5.2.1 Wildfire of Tobacco

5.2.2 Black Rust of Tobacco

5.2.3 Blackleg and Hallow Stalk of Tobacco

5.2.4 Granville Wilt of Tobacco

References

Suggested Reading

Chapter 6 Bacterial Diseases of Fiber Crops

6.1 Cotton

6.1.1 Bacterial Blight of Cotton

6.2 Jute

6.2.1 Bacterial Leaf Blight of Jute

References

Suggested Reading

Chapter 7 Bacterial Diseases of Fruit Crops

7.1 Apple and Pear

7.1.1 Fire Blight of Apple and Pear

7.1.2 Blossom Blast and Dieback of Pear

7.1.3 Blister Spot of Apple

7.1.4 Crown Gall of Apple and Pear

7.2 Apricot

7.2.1 Bacterial Canker of Apricot

7.2.2 Crown Gall of Apricot

7.2.3 Bacterial Leaf Spot of Apricot

7.3 Sweet Cherry

7.3.1 Bacterial Canker of Sweet Cherry

7.4 Walnut

7.4.1 Bacterial Blight of Walnut

7.4.2 Crown Gall of Walnut

7.4.3 Deep Bark Canker of Walnut

7.4.4 Shallow Bark Canker of Walnut

7.5 Almond

7.5.1 Bacterial Spot of Almond

7.5.2 Almond Leaf Scorch

7.5.3 Bacterial Canker of Almond

7.5.4 Hyperplastic Canker of Almond

7.5.5 Crown Gall of Almond

7.6 Plum

7.6.1 Bacterial Canker of Plum

7.6.2 Bacterial Spot of Plum

7.7 Chestnut

7.7.1 Horse Chestnut Bleeding Canker

7.8 Hazelnut

7.8.1 Bacterial Canker or Decline of Hazelnut

7.8.2 Bacterial Blight in Hazelnut

7.9 Cashew

7.9.1 Bacterial Leaf and Fruit Spot of Cashew Nut

7.10 Grape

7.10.1 Crown Gall of Grapevine

7.10.2 Bacterial Blight of Grapevine

7.10.3 Pierce’s Disease of Grape

7.10.4 Bacterial Leaf Spot of Grapevine

7.10.5 Black Knot of Grapevine

7.11 Mango

7.11.1 Bacterial Blight and Canker of Mango

7.12 Banana

7.12.1 Banana Xanthomonas Wilt

7.12.2 Bacterial Wilt or Moko Disease of Banana

7.12.3 Banana Bugtok Disease

7.12.4 Banana Blood Disease

7.12.5 Rhizome Rot and Tip Over of Banana

7.13 Pomegranate

7.13.1 Bacterial Blight of Pomegranate

7.14 Pineapple

7.14.1 Bacterial Heart Rot of Pineapple

7.15 Guava

7.15.1 Bacteriosis of Guava

7.16 Papaya

7.16.1 Bacterial Canker and Decline of Papaya

7.16.2 Internal Yellowing of Papaya

7.16.3 Purple Stain of Papaya

7.17 Custard Apple

7.17.1 Bacterial Wilt of Custard Apple

7.18 Citrus

7.18.1 Citrus Canker

7.18.2 Citrus Bacterial Blast

7.18.3 Citrus Bacterial Spot

7.19 Orange

7.19.1 Citrus Blast Disease of Orange and Mandarin

7.19.2 Citrus Greening Disease of Oranges

7.20 Raspberry

7.20.1 Fire Blight of Raspberry and Black Berries

7.20.2 Bacterial Blight of Raspberry

7.20.3 Crown Gall and Cane Gall of Raspberry

7.21 Strawberry

7.21.1 Angular Leaf Spot of Strawberry

7.21.2 Bacterial Wilt of Strawberry

7.21.3 Marginal Chlorosis of Strawberry

7.22 Mulberry

7.22.1 Bacterial Blight of Mulberry

7.22.2 Bacterial Wilt of Mulberry

7.23 Avocado

7.23.1 Bacterial Canker of Avocado

7.23.2 Bacterial Blast of Avocado

7.23.3 Crown Gall of Avocado

7.24 Kiwi

7.24.1 Bacterial Canker of Kiwi Fruit

7.25 Watermelon

7.25.1 Bacterial Fruit Blotch of Watermelon

7.25.2 Bacterial Rind Necrosis of Watermelon

7.26 Muskmelon

7.26.1 Bacterial Wilt of Muskmelon

7.27 Passion Fruit

7.27.1 Bacterial Blight of Passion Fruit

7.27.2 Grease Spot of Passion Fruit

References

Suggested Reading

Chapter 8 Bacterial Diseases of Vegetable Crops

8.1 Potato

8.1.1 Bacterial Wilt of Potato

8.1.2 Blackleg of Potato

8.1.3 Bacterial Soft Rot of Potato

8.1.4 Bacterial Ring Rot of Potato

8.1.5 Potato Scab

8.1.6 Dickeya solani Rot of Potato

8.1.7 Zebra Chip Disease of Potato

8.2 Tomato

8.2.1 Bacterial Wilt and Canker of Tomato

8.2.2 Bacterial Speck of Tomato

8.2.3 Bacterial Spot of Tomato

8.2.4 Bacterial Wilt and Southern Wilt of Tomato

8.2.5 Pith Necrosis of Tomato

8.2.6 Leaf Spot of Tomato

8.2.7 Soft Rot of Tomato

8.3 Brinjal

8.3.1 Bacterial Wilt of Brinjal

8.4 Capsicum

8.4.1 Bacterial Spot of Capsicum

8.4.2 Bacterial Wilt of Capsicum

8.4.3 Bacterial Soft Rot of Capsicum

8.4.4 Bacterial Canker of Capsicum

8.4.5 Syringae Seedling Blight and Leaf Spot of Capsicum

8.5 Cauliflower

8.5.1 Bacterial Fasciation of Cauliflower

8.5.2 Bacterial Leaf Spot of Cauliflower

8.5.3 Bacterial Soft Rot of Cauliflower

8.6 Cabbage

8.6.1 Black Rot of Cabbage

8.6.2 Soft Rot of Cabbage

8.6.3 Bacterial Zonate Spot of Cabbage

8.7 Broccoli and Brussels Sprouts

8.7.1 Bacterial Leaf Spot of Brussels Sprouts and Broccoli

8.7.2 Bacterial Soft Rot of Broccoli

8.8 Beans

8.8.1 Common Blight of Beans

8.9 Chili

8.9.1 Bacterial Leaf Spot of Chili

8.10 Pea

8.10.1 Bacterial Blight of Field Pea

8.10.2 Brown Spot of Pea

8.11 Celery

8.11.1 Bacterial Leaf Spot of Celery

8.11.2 Bacterial Blight of Celery

8.11.3 Soft Rot of Celery

8.12 Leek

8.12.1 Bacterial Blight of Leek

8.13 Lettuce

8.13.1 Bacterial Blight of Lettuce

8.14 Parsley

8.14.1 Bacterial Leaf Spot of Parsley

8.15 Cucumber

8.15.1 Bacterial Wilt of Cucumber

8.15.2 Angular Leaf Spot of Cucumber

8.16 Carrot

8.16.1 Bacterial Leaf Blight of Carrot

8.16.2 Bacterial Soft Rot of Carrot

8.16.3 Scab of Carrot

8.17 Sweet Potato

8.17.1 Bacterial Stem and Root Rot of Sweet Potato

8.17.2 Streptomyces Rot of Sweet Potato

8.17.3 Brown Rot or Bacterial Wilt of Sweet Potato

8.18 Raddish

8.18.1 Black Root Rot of Radish

8.18.2 Bacterial Leaf Spot of Radish

8.19 Cucurbits

8.19.1 Angular Leaf Spot of Cucurbits

8.19.2 Bacterial Wilt of Cucurbits

8.19.3 Bacterial Spot of Cucurbits (Pumpkin)

8.20 Sugarbeet

8.20.1 Bacterial Leaf Spots of Sugarbeet

8.20.2 Bacterial Vascular Necrosis and Rot of Sugarbeet

8.20.3 Erwinia Soft Rot of Sugarbeet

8.21 Cluster Bean

8.21.1 Bacterial Blight of Cluster Bean

8.22 Spinach

8.22.1 Bacterial Leaf Spot of Spinach

8.23 Coriander

8.23.1 Bacterial Leaf Spot of Coriander

8.24 Colocasia

8.24.1 Bacterial Soft Rot of Colocasia

8.24.2 Bacterial Leaf Spot of Colocasia

References

Suggested Reading

Chapter 9 Bacterial Diseases in Spice Crops

9.1 Onion

9.1.1 Bacterial Soft Rot in Onion

9.1.2 Onion Sour Skin

9.1.3 Bacterial Leaf Streak and Bulb Rot in Onion

9.1.4 Leaf Blight in Onion

9.1.5 Slippery Skin of Onion

9.1.6 Pantoea Leaf Blight and Center Rot in Onion

9.1.7 Enterobacter Bulb Decay

9.1.8 Bacterial Brown Rot in Onion

9.2 Garlic

9.2.1 Bacterial Soft Rot of Garlic

9.2.2 Bacterial Slippery Skin of Garlic

9.3 Ginger

9.3.1 Bacterial Wilt of Ginger

9.4 Turmeric

9.4.1 Bacterial Wilt of Turmeric

9.5 Black Pepper

9.5.1 Bacterial Leaf Spot in Black Pepper

9.6 Saffron

9.6.1 Bacterial Soft Rot of Saffron

9.7 Clove

9.7.1 Dieback of Clove

9.8 Cardamom

9.8.1 Bacterial Canker of Cardamom

9.9 Betel Vine

9.9.1 Bacterial Leaf Spot of Betel Vine

References

Suggested Reading

Chapter 10 Bacterial Diseases of Flowering Plants and Ornamentals

10.1 Rose

10.1.1 Bacterial Leaf Spot and Blast in Rose

10.1.2 Crown Gall in Rose

10.2 Calla Lily

10.2.1 Bacterial Soft Rot in Calla Lily

10.2.2 Bacterial Leaf Blight in Calla Lily

10.3 Carnation

10.3.1 Bacterial Slow Wilt and Stunt in Carnation

10.3.2 Bacterial Wilt in Carnation

10.4 Gladiolus

10.4.1 Bacterial Neck Rot and Scab in Gladiolus

10.4.2 Leaf Spot in Gladiolus

10.5 Anthurium

10.5.1 Bacterial Blight in Anthurium

10.5.2 Bacterial Wilt in Anthurium

10.5.3 Bacterial Leaf Spot in Anthurium

10.6 Tulip

10.6.1 Yellow Pustule and Silvery Streaks in Tulip

10.6.2 Bacterial Leaf and Peduncle Rot in Tulip

10.7 Orchids

10.7.1 Bacterial Leaf Blight in Orchids

10.7.2 Leaf Spot in Orchids

10.7.3 Brown Rot in Orchids

10.8 Chrysanthemum

10.8.1 Bacterial Leaf Spot in Chrysanthemum

10.8.2 Soft Rot and Wilt in Chrysanthemum

10.8.3 Fasciation of Chrysanthemum

10.9 Marigold

10.9.1 Southern Bacterial Wilt in Marigold

10.10 Zinnia

10.10.1 Bacterial Leaf Spot in Zinnia

10.11 Dahlia

10.11.1 Bacterial Wilt in Dahlia

10.11.2 Crown Gall in Dahlia

10.11.3 Bacterial Soft Rot in Dahlia

10.12 Geranium

10.12.1 Bacterial Blight in Geranium

10.12.2 Southern Bacterial Wilt in Geranium

10.12.3 Bacterial Leaf Spot in Geranium

10.13 Gerbera

10.13.1 Bacterial Blight and Leaf Spot in Gerbera

10.14 Bird of Paradise

10.14.1 Bacterial Wilt in Bird of Paradise

10.15 Hibiscus

10.15.1 Bacterial Leaf Spot in Hibiscus

10.16 Hortensia

10.16.1 Bacterial Bud Blight in Hortensia

10.17 Hyacinth

10.17.1 Bacterial Soft Rot in Hyacinth

10.17.2 Yellow Disease in Hyacinth

10.17.3 Internal Browning in Hyacinth

10.18 Ornamental Palm

10.18.1 Bacterial Leaf Blight in Fishtail Palm

References

Suggested Reading

Chapter 11 Bacterial Diseases of Forage Crops

11.1 Alfalfa

11.1.1 Bacterial Leaf Spot in Alfalfa

11.1.2 Bacterial Wilt in Alfalfa

11.1.3 Alfalfa Dwarf

11.1.4 Alfalfa Sprout Rot

11.2 Forage Grasses

11.2.1 Bacterial Blight or Leaf Streak of Forage Grasses

11.2.2 Leaf Blotch of Sudan Grass

11.2.3 Halo Blight of Bromegrass

11.2.4 Bacterial Brown Stripe of Paspalum

11.2.5 Bacterial Wilt of Stylosanthes humilis

References

Suggested Reading

Chapter 12 Bacterial Diseases of Plantation Crops

12.1 Tea

12.1.1 Bacterial Canker in Tea

12.1.2 Bacterial Shoot Blight in Tea

12.1.3 Crown Gall of Tea

12.2 Coffee

12.2.1 Bacterial Blight of Coffee

12.3 Rubber

12.3.1 Crown Gall of Rubber

12.3.2 Xanthomonas Leaf Spot of Rubber

12.4 Areca Nut

12.4.1 Bacterial Leaf Stripe of Areca Nut

12.5 Cassava

12.5.1 Bacterial Blight of Cassava

References

Suggested Reading

Chapter 13 Bacterial Diseases of Forest Trees

13.1 Poplar

13.1.1 Bacterial Leaf Spot and Canker in Poplar

13.1.2 Crown Gall in Poplar

13.2 Teak

13.2.1 Bacterial Wilt of Teak

13.3 Eucalyptus

13.3.1 Bacterial Blight of Eucalyptus

13.3.2 Bacterial Wilt of Eucalyptus

13.4 Bamboo

13.4.1 Bacterial Wilt of Bamboo

13.5 Pine

13.5.1 Stem Canker of Pine

13.6 Neem

13.6.1 Bacterial Wilt of Neem Tree

13.6.2 Bacterial Blight of Neem Tree

13.6.3 Bacterial Leaf Spot of Neem Tree

13.7 Leucaena

13.7.1 Pod Rot of Leucaena

13.8 Casuarina

13.8.1 Bacterial Wilt of Casuarina

13.9 Morus

13.9.1 Leaf Spot of Morus

13.10 Flame of Forest

13.10.1 Leaf Spot of Flame of Forest

13.11 Willow and Alder

13.11.1 Bacterial Twig Blight of Willow

13.11.2 Crown Gall of Willow

13.11.3 Bacterial Leaf Spot and Canker of Willow and Alder

13.12 Oak

13.12.1 Bacterial Leaf Scorch of Oak

13.12.2 Bacterial Wetwood or Slime Flux of Oak

13.13 Elm

13.13.1 Bacterial Leaf Scorch of Elm

13.13.2 Bacterial Wetwood or Slime Flux of Elm

13.14 Wild Cherry

13.14.1 Bacterial Canker of Wild Cherry

13.15 Ash

13.15.1 Bacterial Canker of Ash

13.16 Oleander

13.16.1 Leaf Scorch of Oleander

13.17 Fruit-Bearing Forest Trees

13.17.1 Fire Blight of Fruit-Bearing Forest Trees

13.17.2 Crown Gall of Fruit-Bearing Forest Trees

13.17.3 Bacterial Leaf Spots of Fruits-Bearing Forest Trees

References

Suggested Reading

Chapter 14 Bacterial Diseases of Lawn Grasses

14.1 Turfgrass

14.1.1 Bacterial Wilt in Turfgrass

14.1.2 Bacterial Wilt and Decline of Creeping Bentgrass

Suggested Reading

Chapter 15 Bacterial Pathogens of Phytosanitary Risk in International Trade of Seed and Planting Stock

15.1 Significance of International Trade of Seed and Planting Stocks

15.2 International Agreement on Plant Protection

15.3 World Organizations Dealing with Plant Quarantine Issues

15.3.1 Major Roles and Activities of These Organizations

15.4 Organizational Set Up, Activities, and Quarantine Plant Bacterial Pathogens in Jurisdiction of Organizations

15.4.1 Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission: Asia-Pacific Plant Protection Organization

15.4.2 Caribbean Plant Protection Commission

15.4.3 Comite Regional de Sanidad Vegetal del Cono Sur (COSAVE)

15.4.4 Comunidad Andina (CAN)

15.4.5 European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization

15.4.6 Inter-African Phytosanitary Council

15.4.7 North American Plant Protection Organization

15.4.8 Organization International Regional de Sanidad Agropecuaria

15.4.9 Near East Plant Protection Organization

15.4.10 The European Union

15.4.11 Pacific Plant Protection Organization

References

Suggested Reading

Chapter 16 Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Agreement

16.1 International Plant Protection Convention

16.2 Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures

16.2.1 The WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures

16.2.2 The Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Agreement

16.2.3 Key Features of SPS Agreement

16.2.3.1 Protection or Protectionism

16.2.3.2 Justification of Measures

16.2.3.3 International Standards

16.2.3.4 Adapting to Conditions

16.2.3.5 Alternative Measures

16.2.3.6 Risk Assessment

16.2.3.7 Transparency

16.3 Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement

16.3.1 What Is New in the SPS Agreement?

16.3.2 The Scope and Differences in SPS and TBT Agreement

16.3.3 Transparency in SPS Agreement

16.4 Developing Countries and SPS Agreements

16.4.1 Difficulties Faced by Developing Countries in Implementing the SPS Agreement, Assistance Received, and Special Provisions for Developing Countries

16.5 Principles of SPS Related to International Trade

16.5.1 General Principles

16.5.1.1 Sovereignty

16.5.1.2 Necessity

16.5.1.3 Minimal Impact

16.5.2 Specific Principles

Suggested Reading

Chapter 17 Efforts Made and Success Stories: Management of Bacterial Plant Pathogens

17.1 International Introduction of Bacterial Plant Pathogens

17.2 Stories of Eradication of Bacterial Plant Pathogens

17.2.1 Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri

17.2.2 Xanthomonas campestris pv. visicatoria

17.2.3 Erwinia amylovora

17.2.4 Erwinia pyrifoliae

17.2.5 Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi

17.2.6 Ralstonia solanacearum

17.2.7 Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus

17.2.8 Xanthomonas arboricola pv. corylina

17.2.9 Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens

17.2.10 Erwinia chrysanthemi (Dickeya chrysanthemi)

17.2.11 Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae

17.2.12 Banana Xanthomonas Wilt

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