Bio and Nanoremediation of Hazardous Environmental Pollutants 1st Edition by Fabian Fernandez Luqueno, Fernando Lopez Valdez, Gabriela Medina Perez 1000954544 9781000954548

Section 1

1 The Jeopardized Soil

1 Introduction

2 Background of the Status of Soil

3 Natural and Anthropogenic Threats to the Soil Quality

3.1 Soil quality

3.2 Land-use changes

3.3 Persistent organic pollutants

3.4 Natural threats

4 Modern Strategies to Recover Polluted or Degraded Soils

4.1 Remotion of metals

4.2 Other strategies

5 Some Final Considerations

6 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

2 Isoproturon Herbicide Interaction with Crops and Biodegradation

1 Introduction

2 Effect of IPU on Crop

2.1 Photosynthesis

2.2 Oxidative stress

3 IPU Resistance in Crop

4 Uptake and Translocation of IPU in Crops

5 Biodegradation of IPU

6 Metabolic Pathways of Isoproturon

7 Factors Affecting Biotransformation of Isoproturon

8 Conclusion

Acknowledgement

References

3 New Paradigm in Algae-based Wastewater Remediation

1 Introduction

2 Need for Treatment of Wastewater

3 Wastewater Composition

4 Sources and Compositions of Different Wastewaters

4.1 Dairy wastewater

4.2 Textile wastewater

4.3 Winery wastewater composition

4.4 Olive mill wastewater composition

4.5 Piggery wastewater

4.6 Tannery wastewater

4.7 Pulp and paper mill wastewater

4.8 Distillery wastewater

4.9 Agricultural and municipal wastewater

5 Role of Diatoms Algae in Wastewater Remediation

6 Nanoremediation of Wastewater—A New Paradigm

7 Challenges in Wastewater Treatment based on Algae

7.1 Harvesting of algal biomass

7.2 Removal of heavy metals

7.3 Removal of emerging contaminants

8 Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

4 Microbial Communities and GHG Emissions from Polluted Agricultural Soils Remediated with Several Amendments

1 Introduction

2 Soil Biodiversity

2.1 Soil microorganisms

3 GHG Emissions and Soil Pollution

4 Emission of GHG During the Remediation of Polluted Soils

4.1 Bioremediation of PAH polluted soils

4.2 CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions from soil irrigated with urban wastewater for maize cultivation

5 Application of Carbon Materials or State of the Art Materials to Reduce GHG Emissions

6 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

5 Agricultural Nanotechnologies to Improve the Crops’ Quality, Increasing their Yields and Remediating Polluted Soils

1 Introduction

2 Uptake, Movement and Accumulation of Nanosized Materials in Plants

2.1 Foliar uptake and transport

2.2 Root uptake and transport

2.3 Accumulation of NP

3 Interactions of NPs on Plants

3.1 Effects on germination

3.2 Effects on roots

3.3 Effects on plant growth

4 The Nanosized Materials Stimulate Some Physiological Changes in Plants

5 Are Agricultural Nanotechnologies the Way to Feed a Hungry and Polluted World?

5.1 The concept of hunger

5.2 Who is responsible for fainting for hunger?

5.3 To feed hunger without polluting the environment

5.4 Science, technology and sustainable development (nanotechnology)

6 Agricultural Nanotechnologies to Decontaminate the Environment and Feeding Humans Worldwide

7 Remediation of Soils by Nanoparticles

8 Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

Section 2

6 Genetically Modified Plants for Phytoremediation Biotechnological Microbial Remediants Enhanced Pedospheric Detoxification Accomplished via Transgenic Plants

1 Introduction

2 Methods

2.1 Searching approach

3 Phytoremediation—An Eco-sustainable Detoxification Approach

4 Categorization of Phytoremediation Processes

5 Dead Phyto-mass

6 Phytoremediation with Transgenic Plants

7 Transgenic Plants: Aspects at Cellular and Molecular Levels

8 Transgenics and Environmental Detoxification: Recent Advances

9 Conclusions and Future Perspectives

Conflict of Interest

References

7 Synthesis and Applications of Transition Metal Oxide Nanoparticles for Bacteria Disinfection and Virus Inactivation in the Environment

1 Introduction

2 Synthesis

2.1 Synthesis of tricobalt tetraoxide

2.2 Synthesis of nickel oxide

2.3 Synthesis of copper oxide

2.4 Synthesis of zinc oxide

2.5 Composites

3 Morphological and Structural Characterization of Nanoparticles

4 Applications for Disinfection

4.1 Tricobalt tetraoxide

4.2 Nickel oxide

4.3 Cupric oxide

4.4 Zinc oxide

4.5 Nanocomposite

5 Disinfection Mechanism

6 Virus Inactivation

7 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

8 Synthesis of Carbon-based Nanomaterials and their use in Nanoremediation

1 Introduction

1.1 Environmental problems

1.2 Environmental remediation approaches

2 Some Carbon-based Nanomaterials

2.1 Carbon-based nanomaterials and applications

2.2 Fullerenes

2.3 Graphene

2.4 Carbon nanotubes

2.5 Carbon nanofibers

3 Properties of Carbon-based Nanomaterials

3.1 Size, shape, and surface area

3.2 Molecular interactions and sorption characteristics

3.3 Electronic, optical, and thermal characteristics

4 Occurrence, Behavior, Fate and Transport of Carbon-based Nanomaterials in the Environment

4.1 Occurrence of carbon-based nanomaterials in the environment

4.2 Behavior, fate and transport of carbon-based nanomaterials in the environment

5 Synthesis of Carbon-based Nanomaterials

5.1 Synthesis of fullerenes and modified fullerenes

5.2 Synthesis of graphene and graphene-based nanomaterials

5.3 Synthesis of carbon nanotubes

5.4 Synthesis of carbon nanofibers

5.5 Challenges and limitations

6 Use of Carbon-based Nanomaterials in Environmental Remediation

6.1 Carbon-based nanomaterials as adsorbents

6.2 Carbon-based nanomaterials for composite filters

6.3 Carbon-based nanomaterials as water treatment membranes

6.4 Carbon-based nanomaterials as antimicrobial agent

6.5 Carbon-based nanomaterials for photocatalytic approaches

7 Toxicity of Carbon-based Nanomaterials

7.1 Toxicity tests in aqueous solutions

7.2 Toxicity tests based on sediment and soil organisms

8 Discussion and future directions

9 Conclusions

References

9 Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials and their use in Bio-and Nanoremediation

1 Introduction

2 Pollution and Environmental Remediation

2.1 General context of environmental pollution in soil and groundwater

2.2 Environmental remediation

3 Green Nanotechnology

3.1 Principles of green chemistry in nanotechnology

3.2 Green synthesis of nanomaterials

4 Green Synthesized Nanomaterials in Bio- and Nanoremediation Processes

4.1 Metallic nanomaterials

4.2 Metal oxide nanomaterials

4.3 Nanocomposites

5 Limitations and Prospects of Green Nanomaterials in Bio or Nanoremediation

6 Conclusions

References

10 Nanoremediation of Hazardous Environmental Pollutants

1 Introduction

2 Application of Nanomaterials for Nanoremediation

2.1 Carbon based nanostructures in nanoremediation

2.2 TiO2 nanostructures in bio and nanoremediation

2.4 Silica nanomaterials

3 Challenges and the Future of Nanoremediation

References

11 Chemical and Biochemical Process Involved in the Degradation of Hazardous Contaminants through Bio and Nanoremediation

1 Introduction

1.1 Nano-bioremediation

1.2 Nanoremediation

1.3 Bioremediation

2 Removal mechanism of nano, Bio and nano-bioremediation

2.1 Removal mechanism of nanoremediation

2.2 Removal mechanism of bioremediation

2.3 Degradation mechanism of nano-bioremediation (NBR)

3 Process Configuration of Integrated Nano-bioremediation (NBR)

3.1 Sequential method

3.2 Concurrent method

4 Bio-Nanoparticles (BNPs)

5 Nanobioremediation Challenges

5.1 Toxicity

5.2 Disposal

5.3 Reusability

5.4 Sustainability

5.5 Stability

6 Conclusions

References

12 Environmental Remediation by Novel Nanomaterials and Fungi with High-degradation Capacity of Hazardous Contaminants

1 Introduction

2 Fungal Degradation of Pollutants

2.1 Fungal remediation of heavy metals

2.2 Fungal enzymes for remediation of organic pollutants

3 Nanomaterials

3.1 Naturally occurring environmental nanoparticles

3.2 Synthetic (or engineered) nanoparticles

4 Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Fungi

4.1 Biosynthesis mechanism

5 Nanoparticles Applied to Remediation

5.1 Use of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles in remediation

5.2 Use of carbon-based nanomaterials in remediation

5.3 Use of nanopolymers in remediation

5.4 Other nanoparticles in bioremediation

5.5 Nanobioremediation

5.6 Nanobiosensors for detection of pollutants

5.7 Nanoparticle toxicity

6 Conclusions, Future Directions and Final Remarks

Acknowledgement

References

13 Nanomaterials and Edible or Nonedible Crops for Dissipate Pollutants Using Nanotechnology to Bioremediate the Environment

1 Introduction

2 Environmental Remediation through Nanotechnologies

3 Synthesis of Novel Materials

3.1 Chemical conventional methods of nanoparticle synthesis

3.2 Green synthesis

3.3 Smart nanomaterials

3.4 Nanohybrids

3.5 Bionanomaterials

3.6 Nanomachines

4 Biotechnologies to Phytoremediate Hazardous Contaminants

5 Novel Materials and Plants Working Together to Dissipate Pollutants

6 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

14 Conducting Polymers Based Nanocomposites for the Environmental Pollutants Detection

1 Introduction

2 History

3 Different Types of Environmental Pollutants

3.1 Hydroquinone

3.2 Catechol

3.3 Resorcinol

3.4 Lead

3.5 Cadmium

3.6 Mercury

3.7 Copper

3.8 Nickel

3.9 Chromates

3.10 Pesticides based pollutants

4 Conducting Polymer-based Composites

4.1 Polyaniline based composites

4.2 Polypyrrole based composites

4.3 Poly (Ethylene dioxythiophene) based composites

4.4 Polythiophene based composites

5 Conclusion with Future Scope

References

Index