Blood Collection for Healthcare Professionals A Short Course 4th Edition by Di Lorenzo, Marjorie Schaub, Strasinger, Susan King ISBN 9781719645997 171964599X

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ISBN 10: 171964599X
ISBN 13: 9781719645997
Author: Di Lorenzo, Marjorie Schaub, Strasinger, Susan King

Blood Collection for Healthcare Professionals A Short Course 4th Edition Table of contents:

Chapter 1: Introduction to Blood Collection

Learning Objectives

Key Terms

Introduction

Importance of Correct Specimen Collection and Handling

Regulatory Issues

Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)

The Joint Commission

The College of American Pathologists

COLA, Inc.

Legal Considerations

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

Confidentiality

Patient Consent

Informed Consent

Expressed Consent

Implied Consent

Consent for Minors and Incapacitated Patients

Chain of Custody

Safety Precautions and Infection Control

The Chain of Infection

Healthcare–Associated Infections

Bloodborne Pathogens

Personal Protective Equipment

Gloves

Gowns

Masks, Goggles, and Face Shields

Respirators

Sharps Hazards

Specimen Processing

Specimen Aliquot Preparation

Specimen Transport

Postexposure Prophylaxis

Quality Management

Bibliography

Review Questions

For Further Study

Case Studies

Chapter 2: Venipuncture Equipment

Learning Objectives

Key Terms

Introduction

Coagulation and Hemostasis

Stage 1

Stage 2

Stage 3

Stage 4

Types of Blood

Arterial Blood

Venous Blood

Capillary Blood

Types of Blood Samples

Anticoagulants

Organization of Equipment

Phlebotomy Tray

Phlebotomy Workstations

Drawing Stations

Infant Cradle Phlebotomy Station

Blood Collection Systems

Evacuated Tube System (ETS)

Needles

Needle Length

Needle Gauge

Needle Structure

Multisample Needles

Needle Holders

Needle Disposal Systems

Collection Tubes

Principles of Color-Coded Tubes

Anticoagulants

Color-Coded Tubes

Lavender Top

Pink Top

White Top

Light Blue Top

Black Top

Green Top

Green PST

Lime Green Top

Gray Top

Royal Blue Top

Tan Top

Yellow Top

Light Blue/Black Top

Red/Green Top

Orange Top

Gold, Red/Gray, Red Top

Red Top

Clear and Red/Light Gray Top

Order of Draw

Syringe System

Syringes

Syringe Needles

Blood Transfer Devices

Winged Blood Collection Sets

Tourniquets

Vein-Locating Devices

Gloves

Antiseptics

Gauze Pads

Bandages

Additional Supplies

Quality Control

Bibliography

Venipuncture Equipment Selection Exercise

Review Questions

For Further Study

Case Studies

Chapter 3: Venipuncture Techniques

Learning Objectives

Key Terms

Introduction

Blood Collection Procedure

Examine the Requisition Form

Greet the Patient

Patient Refusal

Cultural Diversity

Sleeping Patients

Unconscious Patients

Psychiatric Units

Physicians and Clergy

Family and Visitors

Unavailable Patient

Identify the Patient

Inpatient Identification

Bar-Code Technology

Missing ID Band

Outpatient Identification

Unidentified Emergency Department Patients

Commercial Identification Systems

Identification of Young, Cognitively Impaired, or Patients Who Do Not Speak Your Language

Prepare the Patient

Position the Patient

Select Equipment

Sanitize Hands and Apply Gloves

Apply the Tourniquet

Hemoconcentration

Select the Venipuncture Site

Median Cubital Vein

Cephalic Vein

Basilic Vein

Sites to Avoid

Damaged Veins

Hematoma

Edema

Burns, Scars, and Tattoos

Mastectomy

Obesity

IV Therapy

Heparin and Saline Locks

Vascular Grafts, Fistulas, and Catheters

Cleanse the Site

Assemble Puncture Equipment

Perform the Venipuncture

Examine the Needle

Anchor the Vein

Insert the Needle

Filling the Tubes

Remove the Needle

Disposal of the Contaminated Needle

Label the Tubes

Bandage the Patient’s Arm

Dispose of Used Supplies

Thank the Patient

Transport Specimens to the Laboratory

Specimen Processing

Using a Syringe

Using a Winged Blood Collection Set

Bibliography

Review Questions

For Further Study

Case Studies

Evaluation of Tourniquet Application and Vein Selection

Evaluation of the Venipuncture Technique Using an Evacuated Tube System (ETS)

Evaluation of the Venipuncture Technique Using a Syringe System

Evaluation of the Venipuncture Technique Using a Winged Blood Collection Set

Chapter 4: Preexamination/Preanalytical Variables and Venipuncture Complications

Learning Objectives

Key Terms

Introduction

Preexamination/Preanalytical Variables

Basal State

Diet

Posture

Exercise

Stress

Smoking

Altitude

Age and Sex

Pregnancy

Other Factors Influencing Patient Test Results

Diurnal Variation

Medications

Technical Complications

Failure to Obtain Blood

Needle Position

Bevel Against the Wall of the Vein

Needle Too Deep

Needle Too Shallow

Collapsed Vein

Needle Beside the Vein

Faulty Evacuated Tube

Collection Attempts

Hematomas

Compartment Syndrome

Nerve Injury

Iatrogenic Anemia

Hemolyzed Specimens

Specimen Contamination

Tube Problems

Reflux of Anticoagulant

Partially Filled Tubes

Patient Complications

Fainting (Syncope)

Seizures

Petechiae

Allergies

Nausea and Vomiting

Causes of Specimen Rejection

Bibliography

Review Questions

For Further Study

Case Studies

Chapter 5: Special Blood Collection

Learning Objectives

Key Terms

Introduction

Collection Priorities

Fasting Specimens

Timed Specimens

Glucose Tolerance Tests

OGTT Preparation

2-Hour Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

One- and Two-Step Methods for Gestational Diabetes

One-Step Method

Two-Step Method

Lactose Tolerance Test

Diurnal Variation

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

Blood Cultures

Timing of Specimen Collection

Collection Equipment

Blood Culture Anticoagulation

Cleansing the Site

Two-Step Cleansing Procedure

One-Step Cleansing Procedure

Specimen Collection

Arterial Blood Gases

Arterial Puncture Equipment

Arterial Blood Collection Kit

Syringes and Needles

Patient Assessment

Arterial Puncture Sites

Radial Artery

Brachial Artery

Femoral Artery

Modified Allen Test

Preparing the Site

Performing the Puncture

Needle Removal

Removing the Air and Mixing the Specimen

Checking the Site

Completion of the Procedure

Specimen Integrity

Procedural Errors

Arterial Puncture Complications

Arteriospasm

Hematoma Formation

Nerve Damage

Hemorrhage

Infection

Vasovagal Reaction

Thrombus Formation

Accidental Arterial Puncture

Special Specimen Handling Procedures

Cold Agglutinins

Chilled Specimens

Specimens Sensitive to Light

Specimen Storage

Legal (Forensic) Specimens

Blood Alcohol Specimens

Special Patient Populations

Geriatric Population

Physical Factors

Disease States

Physiological Changes

Emotional Factors

Blood Collection

Patient Identification

Equipment Selection

Tourniquet Application

Site Selection

Performing the Venipuncture

Bandages

Additional Considerations

Pediatric Population

Patient/Parent Preparation

Restraints

Equipment Selection

Pain Interventions

Site Selection

Bibliography

Review Questions

For Further Study

Case Studies

Evaluation of the Blood Culture Collection Technique

Evaluation of the Modified Allen Test

Evaluation of the Radial Artery Puncture

Chapter 6: Dermal Puncture

Learning Objectives

Key Terms

Introduction

Indications for Dermal Puncture

Infants and Children

Adults

Tests That Cannot Be Collected by Dermal Puncture

Importance of Correct Collection

Composition of Capillary Blood

Dermal Puncture Equipment

Skin Puncture Devices

Microcollection Containers

Capillary Tubes

Microcollection Tubes

Glass Slides

Heel Warmer

Additional Dermal Puncture Supplies

Dermal Puncture Procedure

Blood Collector Preparation

Patient Identification

Patient Preparation

Patient Position

Site Selection

Heel Puncture Sites

Finger Puncture Sites

Warming the Site

Cleansing the Site

Performing the Puncture

Heel Puncture

Finger Puncture

Puncture Device Position

Puncture Device Disposal

Specimen Collection

Microcollection Tubes

Capillary Tubes

Order of Draw

Bandaging the Patient

Labeling the Specimen

Completion of the Procedure

Special Dermal Collections

Collection of Newborn Bilirubin

Collection of Newborn Screening Tests

Blood Collection

Collection of Capillary Blood Gases

Preparation of Blood Smears

Bibliography

Review Questions

For Further Study

Case Studies

Evaluation of a Finger Puncture for Collection of Capillary Blood

Evaluation of a Heel Puncture for the Collection Capillary Blood

Evaluation of Newborn Filter Card Collection

Evaluation of Capillary Blood Gas Collection by Heel Puncture

Evaluation of Preparing a Blood Smear from a Dermal Puncture

Chapter 7: Point-Of-Care Testing

Learning Objectives

Key Terms

Introduction

Advantages of POCT

Disadvantages of POCT

Phases of Laboratory Testing

Preexamination Phase

Examination Phase

Postexamination Phase

Quality Control

External Controls

Internal Controls

Electronic Controls

Individualized Quality Control Plan

Documentation of QC

Procedures

Common POCT Errors

Safety

POCT Performed Frequently

Glucose Monitoring

Glucose Analyzers

HemoCue® Glucose 201 Analyzer

Abbott Precision XceedPro Analyzer

Glycosylated Hemoglobin/HbA1c

HbA1c Analyzers

Hemoglobin Monitoring

HemoCue® HB 201+ Analyzer

White Blood Cell Count

Blood Coagulation Testing

ProTime® 3 Microcoagulation System

CoaguChek® XS Plus System

HEMOCHRON Signature Elite® Whole Blood Microcoagulation System

Chemistry Multiple Test Panel Monitoring

IRMA TruPoint® Blood Analysis System

i-STAT

epoc® Blood Analysis System

Cholestech LDX® System

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Testing

cobas® Liat® PCR System

Quality Management and Regulatory Compliance

Waived Tests

Moderate Complexity

High Complexity

Provider-Performed Microscopy Procedures

Training and Competency Assessment

POCT Future

Bibliography

Review Questions

For Further Study

Case Studies

Evaluation of Performing a Point-of-Care Test

Chapter 8: Blood Collection from Vascular Access Devices

Learning Objectives

Key Terms

Introduction

Peripheral Access Devices

Introduction

Blood Collection from Peripheral Vascular Access Devices (Peripheral IVs)

Central Venous Catheters

Introduction

Types

Nontunneled, Noncuffed Central Catheter

Tunneled

Implanted Port

Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters (PICC Lines)

Blood Specimen Collection

Bibliography

Review Questions

For Further Study

Case Studies

Evaluation of Peripheral IV Insertion

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Tags: Di Lorenzo, Marjorie Schaub, Strasinger, Susan King, Blood Collection, Healthcare Professionals