China s International Socialization of Political Elites in the Belt and Road Initiative 1st Edition by Theodor Tudoroiu, Amanda R Ramlogan ISBN 9781000177800 1000177807

1 Introduction

2 The international socialization of elites: a theoretical framework

2.1 Political elites and the state-society complex

2.2 International socialization

2.3 Normative power, international order, and rising great powers

2.4 The international socialization of political elites

2.5 Mechanisms and conditions of international socialization

2.6 Theoretical and methodological sensitive issues

Elites and society

Measuring the degree of socialization

High-level bureaucrats

3 China and the Belt and Road Initiative

3.1 The rise of new China

3.2 International order and Chinese foreign policy

3.3 China as a socializing normative power

3.4 China’s contact zones with less powerful actors

Development assistance

Tied aid

3.5 The Belt and Road Initiative

Regions, corridors, and regionalism

Implementation mechanisms

3.6 The BRI as globalization with Chinese characteristics

Institutionalization: ambiguity vs. flexibility

Globalization from below

3.7 BRI challenges and set-backs

Chinese responses

The coming anti-BRI crusade

3.8 The socialization of BRI elites

4 The voluntaristic leader: China and the elites of Tanzania

4.1 Africa as ‘China’s Second Continent’

4.2 Communist China and socialist Tanzania

4.3 Post-2005 Tanzania as China’s comprehensive cooperative partner

4.4 Impact and perception of China’s presence in Tanzania

China’s image among the Tanzanian public

4.5 China’s geostrategic interest in Tanzania

The Bagamoyo Port

4.6 China’s socialization of the Tanzanian political elites

Socialization of political elites

4.7 Setbacks and ambiguity

The Magufuli presidency

4.8 The authoritarian connection

4.9 The value of Tanzania as a case study

5 Prestige projects: China and the elites of Trinidad and Tobago

5.1 China in the Caribbean

5.2 China in Trinidad and Tobago

Trade, development, tourism, and development assistance

The evolution of the bilateral relationship

Chinese soft power

China’s perception in Trinidad and Tobago

5.3 Trinidad and China’s three conditionalities

China’s political conditionality: no Taiwan, no Tibet, no Tiananmen Square

China’s economic conditionality: tied aid and secretive agreements

China’s social conditionality

5.4 The socialization of Trinidad’s elites

6 Debt trapped: China and the elites of Sri Lanka

6.1 The historical evolution of the Sino-Sri Lankan relations

Of nâgas and admirals

From independence to 2005

6.2 The 2005–2015 Sino-Sri Lankan partnership

China’s interest in Sri Lanka

The Sino-Sri Lankan comprehensive cooperative partnership

Trade

Infrastructure projects

Vanity projects and white elephants

China’s soft power crusade

Military cooperation

Mirroring China’s political norms

6.3 The rise and fall of authoritarianism in Sri Lanka

President Rajapaksa’s authoritarian construct

The regime’s end, with a Chinese twist

6.4 Partnership without socialization

6.5 How to set up a Chinese debt trap

The Hambantota port debt-equity swap agreement and its consequences

6.6 China’s geostrategic interest in Sri Lanka

6.7 The peculiarities of China’s socialization process in Sri Lanka

7 Leftists and profiteers: China and the elites of Argentina

7.1 The development of the Sino-Argentinean relationship

Argentina and the BRI

China and Latin America

China and Argentina under Peronist administrations

China and Argentina under President Macri

7.2 Argentinean society’s perception of the Chinese presence

7.3 Reprimarization and dependency

7.4 Incomplete socialization

8 The unexpected importance of values: China and the elites of New Zealand

8.1 The New Zealand-US-China relationship

The evolution of the New Zealand-United States relationship

The evolution of the New Zealand-China relationship

A small state playing the China card

First signs of trouble

The China reset

An ambiguous relationship

8.2 United front work and international socialization

The Chinese socialization of political elites

The unexpected importance of values

9 A savior with an interest in ports: China and the elites of Greece

9.1 China and the European Union

9.2 The Sino-Greek relations before 2015

9.3 The Chinese socialization of the radical Left

The anti-Chinese radical leftists

Socialization

Persistent anti-capitalism

9.4 The Greek Right’s tightrope

9.5 Uncertain future

10 Analysis and conclusion

10.1 The features of Chinese socialization

10.2 Socialization processes, instruments, and actors

Processes and micro-processes

Instruments

Chinese agents and their effectiveness

10.3 China’s norms, power, and international order

The reception of Chinese norms

Conditionality and assistentialist mentality

Normative power China and its international order

Reciprocal socialization

10.4 Problems of Chinese socialization

Negative consequences at society level

Effects on the socialization of elites

American balancing

10.5 The world has changed

Index