Cognitive Science An Introduction to the Study of Mind 4th Edition by Jay Friedenberg, Gordon Silverman, Michael James Spivey ISBN 9781544380155 1544380151

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ISBN 10: 1544380151
ISBN 13: 9781544380155
Author: Jay Friedenberg, Gordon Silverman, Michael James Spivey

Cognitive Science An Introduction to the Study of Mind 4th Edition Table of contents:

Chapter 1 • Introduction: Exploring Mental Space

A Brave New World

What Is Cognitive Science?

Representation

Types of Representation

Computation

The Tri-Level Hypothesis

Differing Views of Representation and Computation

The Interdisciplinary Perspective

The Philosophical Approach

➡ Interdisciplinary Crossroads: Science and Philosophy

The Psychological Approach

The Cognitive Approach

The Neuroscience Approach

The Network Approach

The Evolutionary Approach

The Linguistic Approach

The Emotion Approach

The Social Approach

The Artificial Intelligence Approach

The Robotics Approach

The Embodied Ecological Approach

Integrating Approaches

Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 1

Chapter 2 • The Philosophical Approach: Enduring Questions

What Is Philosophy?

Chapter Overview

The Mind–Body Problem: What Is Mind?

Monism

Evaluating the Monist Perspective

Dualism

Substance Dualism

Property Dualism

Evaluating the Dualist Perspective

Functionalism: Are Minds Limited to Brains?

Evaluating the Functionalist Perspective

The Knowledge Acquisition Problem: How Do We Acquire Knowledge?

Evaluating the Knowledge Acquisition Debate

The Mystery of Consciousness: What Is Consciousness and How Does It Operate?

The What-It’s-Like Argument

Mind as an Emergent Property

Evaluating the Emergent View of Mind

Consciousness: One or Many?

Consciousness and Neuroscience

➡ Interdisciplinary Crossroads: Philosophy, Neuroscience, and Binocular Rivalry

Consciousness and Artificial Intelligence

Overall Evaluation of the Philosophical Approach

Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 2

Chapter 3 • The Psychological Approach: A Profusion of Theories

What Is Psychology?

Psychology and the Scientific Method

Intelligence Tests

Mental Atoms, Mental Molecules, and a Periodic Table of the Mind: The Voluntarist Movement

Evaluating the Voluntarist Approach

Structuralism: What the Mind Is

Evaluating the Structuralist Approach

Functionalism: What the Mind Does

Evaluating the Functionalist Approach

The Whole Is Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts: Mental Physics and the Gestalt Movement

➡ Interdisciplinary Crossroads: Gestalt Phenomenology, Experimental Psychology, and Perceptual Grouping

Evaluating the Gestalt Approach

Mini Minds: Mechanism and Psychoanalytic Psychology

Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Approach

Mind as a Black Box: The Behaviorist Approach

Evaluating the Behaviorist Approach

Overall Evaluation of the Psychological Approach

Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 3

Chapter 4 • The Cognitive Approach I: Vision, Pattern Recognition, and Attention

Some History First: The Rise of Cognitive Psychology

The Cognitive Approach: Mind as an Information Processor

Modularity of Mind

Evaluating the Modular Approach

Theories of Vision and Pattern Recognition: How Do We Recognize Objects?

Template Matching Theory

Evaluating Template Matching Theory

Feature Detection Theory

Evaluating Feature Detection Theory

Recognition by Components Theory

Evaluating Recognition by Components Theory

➡ Interdisciplinary Crossroads: Computational Vision and Pattern Recognition

Evaluating Marr’s Computational Approach to Vision

Feature Integration Theory

Evaluating Feature Integration Theory

Theories of Attention: How Do We Pay Attention?

Broadbent’s Filter Model

Evaluating the Filter Model

Treisman’s Attenuation Model

The Deutsch–Norman Memory Selection Model

The Multimode Model of Attention

Kahneman’s Capacity Model of Attention

Evaluating the Capacity Model of Attention

Evaluating the Model-Building Approach

Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 4

Chapter 5 • The Cognitive Approach II: Memory, Imagery, Concepts, and Problem Solving

Types of Memory: How Do We Remember?

Sensory Memory

Working Memory

Scanning Items in Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Memory Models

The Modal Model

Evaluating the Modal Model

The Working Memory Model

Evaluating the Working Memory Model

Visual Imagery: How Do We Imagine?

The Kosslyn and Schwartz Theory of Visual Imagery

Image Structures

Image Processes

Evaluating the Kosslyn and Schwartz Theory

Concepts: How Do We Represent Our Knowledge of Concepts?

Problem Solving: How Do We Solve Problems?

The General Problem Solver Model

Evaluating the General Problem Solver Model

➡ Interdisciplinary Crossroads: Artificial Intelligence, Problem Solving, and the SOAR Model

Evaluating the SOAR Model

Overall Evaluation of the Cognitive Approach

Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 5

Chapter 6 • The Neuroscience Approach: Mind as Brain

The Neuroscience Perspective

Methodology in Neuroscience

Techniques for the Study of Brain Damage

Evaluating Techniques for the Study of Brain Damage

Brain Recording Methods

Positron Emission Tomography

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetoencephalography

Knife-Edge Scanning Microscope

Brain Stimulation Techniques

Electrode Stimulation

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Optogenetics

The Small Picture: Neuron Anatomy and Physiology

The Big Picture: Brain Anatomy

Directions in the Nervous System

The Cortex

The Split Brain

The Neuroscience of Visual Object Recognition

Visual Agnosias

Apperceptive Agnosia

Associative Agnosia

Face Perception

➡ Interdisciplinary Crossroads: Perceptual Binding and Neural Synchrony

The Neuroscience of Attention

Neural Models of Attention

A Component Process Model

Distributed Network Models

Disorders of Attention

Hemispatial Neglect

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

The Neuroscience of Memory

Learning and Memory

The Hippocampal System

Neural Substrates of Working Memory

Evaluating the Neuroscience of Working Memory

Neural Substrates of Long-Term Memories

The Neuroscience of Executive Function and Problem Solving

Theories of Executive Function

Overall Evaluation of the Neuroscience Approach

Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 6

Chapter 7 • The Network Approach: Mind as a Web

The Network Perspective

Artificial Neural Networks

Characteristics of Artificial Neural Networks

Early Conceptions of Neural Networks

Backpropagation

NETtalk: An Example of a Backpropagation Artificial Neural Network

The Elman Net: An Example of a Simple Recurrent Network

Evaluating the Connectionist Approach

Advantages

Problems and Disadvantages

Semantic Networks: Meaning in the Web

Characteristics of Semantic Networks

A Hierarchical Semantic Network

Evaluating the Hierarchical Semantic Network Model

Evaluating Semantic Networks

Network Science

Centrality

Hierarchical Networks and the Brain

Small-World Networks: It’s a Small World After All

Ordered and Random Connections

Egalitarians and Aristocrats

Neuroscience and Networks

Small-World Networks and Synchrony

Percolation

Percolation and Psychology

The Future of Network Science

Overall Evaluation of the Network Approach

➡ Interdisciplinary Crossroads: Emotions and Networks

Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 7

Chapter 8 • The Evolutionary Approach: Change Over Time

The Evolutionary View

A Little Background: Natural Selection and Genetics

Comparative Cognition

Cognitive Adaptation in Animals

➡ Interdisciplinary Crossroads: Evolutionary Processes and Artificial Life

Comparative Neuroscience

Evaluating the Comparative Approach

Evolutionary Psychology

Evolved Psychological Mechanisms

Evolution and Cognitive Processes

Categorization

Memory

Logical Reasoning

Judgment Under Uncertainty

Language

Behavioral Economics: How We Think About Profit and Loss

Sex Differences in Cognition

Evaluating Evolutionary Psychology

Overall Evaluation of the Evolutionary Approach

Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 8

Chapter 9 • The Linguistic Approach: Language and Cognitive Science

The Linguistic Approach: The Importance of Language

The Nature of Language

Language Processing

Phonology

Morphology

Word Recognition

Syntax

Semantics

Pragmatics

Language Acquisition

Domain-General and Domain-Specific Mechanisms in Language Acquisition

Evaluating Language Acquisition

Language Deprivation

Evaluating Language Deprivation

➡ Interdisciplinary Crossroads: Language, Philosophy, and the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

Evaluating the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

Language Use in Nonhuman Animals

Evaluating Language Use in Nonhuman Animals

Neuroscience and Linguistics: The Wernicke–Geschwind Model

Evaluating the Wernicke–Geschwind Model

Artificial Intelligence and Linguistics: Natural Language Processing

Computer Language Programs and IBM’s Watson

Evaluation of Natural Language Processing

Overall Evaluation of the Linguistic Approach

Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 9

Chapter 10 • The Emotional Approach: Mind as Emotion

Emotion and Cognitive Science

What Is Emotion?

Theories of Emotion

Basic Emotions

Emotions, Evolution, and Psychological Disorders

Disgust

Fear

Anger

Sadness

Happiness

Emotions and Neuroscience

The Chemical and Electrical Basis of Emotional Computation

Hot and Cold: Emotion–Cognition Interactions

Emotion and Perception/Attention

Emotion and Memory

Emotion, Mood, and Memory

Emotion and Decision Making

Emotions and Reasoning by Analogy

Emotions and Artificial Intelligence: Affective Computing

➡ Interdisciplinary Crossroads: Emotion, Robotics, and the Kismet Project

Overall Evaluation of the Emotional Approach

Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 10

Chapter 11 • The Social Approach: Mind as Society

Social Cognition

Social Cognitive Neuroscience

Topics in Social Cognitive Neuroscience

Evolution

Attention

Mirror Neurons

Social Cognition as the Brain’s Default State

Is Social Cognitive Neuroscience Special?

Advantages of the Social Cognitive Neuroscience Approach

Theory of Mind

ToM and Neuroscience

Autism

Autism and ToM

Other Social Cognitive Disorders

Attitudes

Cognitive Dissonance

Attitudes and Cognitive Processes

Perception

Attention

Interpretation

Learning

Memory

Attitudes and Neuroscience

Impressions

The Dual-Process Model of Impression Formation

Attribution

Attribution Biases

Attribution and Cognitive Processes

Attribution and Neuroscience

➡ Interdisciplinary Crossroads: Game Theory and the Prisoner’s Dilemma

Stereotypes

Stereotypes and Cognitive Processes

Ingroups and Outgroups

Automatic Stereotyping

Stereotyping and Neuroscience

Prejudice

The Stereotype Content Model of Prejudice

Overall Evaluation of the Social Approach

Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 11

Chapter 12 • The Artificial Intelligence Approach I: The Computer as a Cognitive Agent

Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence

Defining AI

Practical AI

Introduction

AI Implementation (“Hardware”)

Information and Intelligent Agents

Logic, Classical and Fuzzy

Reasoning Modalities

The Legacies of Turing and Zadeh

Turing’s State Variable Approach

Fuzzy Problem Solving

Intelligent Agents That Think, Learn, and Make Decisions

Fundamental Concepts of the IA

Basic Models

Machine Learning and the Data Sciences

The Trial-and-Error Learning Method

A Simple Algorithmic Method (Regression Line Algorithm)

Data Clustering

Reconsideration of Data Sources

Deep Learning (DL)

DL Software

Learning Experiences

Artificial General Intelligence

AGI Problems

Reverse Engineering the Brain

Methodologies

The “Organic Brain” and Wetware

Assessment of AI and AGI

Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 12

Chapter 13 • The Artificial Intelligence Approach II: Embedded Intelligence and Robotics

Mechanical Beginnings

Embodied Cognitive Science

The Design of Intelligent Robots as “Biologically Inspired”

The Importance of Biology

Robotic Embodied Intelligence

Defining and Describing a Robot

The Intelligent Agent Paradigm

Properties of an Autonomous Entity

Environments of Intelligent Agents

A Simple yet “Sophisticated” Robot

Evolutionary Embodiments: The Merger of Human Cognitive Behavior, Biology, and Intelligent Agents

Challenges to DL and Its Algorithms

Emerging Tools

Evolutionary Learning Algorithms and Intelligent Agents

Evolutionary Computation

The Evolutionary Mutation Process

Robotic EA Examples

Robotic Embodiments

Robotic Realizations

Cooperating Intelligent Agents and Swarming

Swarming Robotics

Particle Robots: An Emerging Technology

Embedded Intelligence as an Emotion Machine

Machine–Human Interactions

Brain Waves

The Plasticity of the Human Brain

Machines Can Teach Humans

Overall Evaluation of Embedded Intelligence

Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 13

Chapter 14 • The Embodied Ecological Approach: A Dynamic Future for Cognitive Science?

Embodied and Extended Cognition

Perceptual Symbol Systems and Motor Affordances

Perceptual Simulations

Evaluating Embodied Cognition

Dynamical Systems Theory

Nonlinearity

Predictability

State Space and Trajectories

Attractors

Dynamical Representation

➡ Interdisciplinary Crossroads: Multiple Approaches to Levels of Explanation in Cognitive Science

Dynamical Versus Classical Cognitive Science

The Continuity of Mind

Modularity Versus Distribularity

Component-Dominant Versus Interaction-Dominant Dynamics

Internalism Versus Externalism

Amodal Versus Modal Representations

Feed-Forward Versus Recurrent Pathways

Evaluating the Dynamical Perspective

Ecological and Extended Cognition

Ecological Perception

Sensorimotor Interaction

Extended Cognition

Evaluating Ecological and Extended Cognition

Integrating Cognitive Science

Integration Across Disciplines

Integration Across Levels of Description

Integration Across Methodologies

Integration Across Cultural Differences

The Benefits of Cognitive Science

The Future

Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 14

Glossary

References

Index

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Tags: Jay Friedenberg, Gordon Silverman, Michael James Spivey, Cognitive Science, Mind