Critical thinking about research psychology and related fields 2nd Edition by Julian Meltzoff, Harris Cooper ISBN 9781433827976 1433827972

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ISBN 10: 1433827972
ISBN 13: 9781433827976
Author: Julian Meltzoff, Harris Cooper

This second edition of a classic text gives students what they need to apply critical reasoning when reading behavioral science research. It begins with a thorough overview of the research process, focusing on how to assess whether the conclusions drawn in a behavioral science report are warranted by the methods used in the research. The book then provides fictional research articles with built-in flaws so readers can practice their critical thinking skills.

Critical thinking about research psychology and related fields 2nd Edition Table of contents:

I

Principles of Critical Thinking

 1. Seeking Trustworthy Knowledge

Methods of Seeking Knowledge

What Critical Reading Requires

 2. Research Questions and Hypotheses

Types of Research Questions

Hypotheses

What is Causation?

Necessary and Sufficient Causes

A Working Definition of Causation

Causality and Experiments

Unsubstantiated Claims of Causation

Multiple Correlation and Causation

Consistency Between the Parts of a Scientific Investigation

Summary

 3. Research Variables and Strategies

Variable Definitions in Research

Conceptual and Operational Definitions

Experimental and Measured Variables

Establishing Levels of the Independent or Predictor Variable

Time Sequencing of Measurements

Longitudinal Versus Cross-Sectional Studies

Real-Life Versus Analogue-Simulated Situations

Settings

Generalizability in the Context of Variables, Timing, Realism, and Settings

Summary

 4. The Sample

Sample Characteristics

Target and Accessible Populations

Representativeness of the Sample

Different Methods for Drawing Samples

Sample Bias

Sample Size

Assignment to Treatment Groups

Summary

 5. Confounding Variables and Their Control

Participant Variables

Experimenter Variables

Stimulus, Procedural, and Situational Variables

Instrumentation (Apparatus and Raters)

Placebo Effects

Nuisance Variables

Summary

 6. Research Designs and Threats to Internal Validity

Classification of Threats to Internal Validity

Preexperimental Designs

Quasi-Experimental Designs

True Experimental Designs

Single-Case Designs

Summary

 7. Manipulation and Measurement Validity

The Independent or Predictor Variable

The Dependent Variable

Reliability

Validity

Influence of Measurement on the Dependent Variable

Types of Measurement Data

Measurement Scales

Raters and Judges

Summary

 8. Data Analysis, Discussion, and Conclusions

Levels of Measurement and Their Appropriate Analysis

Distributed Versus Categorical Variables

Assumptions

Degrees of Freedom

Statistic Selection and Presentation

Computation

Multiple Dependent Variables and Type I Error

Planned Comparisons and Post Hoc Tests

Testing for Group Equivalence at Pretest

Change Scores

Effect Sizes

Power

Graphs

Summary

 9. Inferences, Conclusions, and the Research Report

Drawing Inferences From the Data

Statistical Significance, Generality, and Practical or Clinical Significance

Interpreting Effect Sizes

The Research Report

Summary

10. Research Syntheses and Meta-Analysis

The Stages of Research Synthesis

The Elements of Meta-Analysis

Summary

11. Research Ethics

Protection of Human Participants

Conducting and Reporting Research

Other Ways to Manipulate Results

Plagiarism

Duplicate Publication

Summary

II

Critical Thinking Using Practice Articles

Practice Article 1. Use of Counselor “Street Talk” to Stimulate Self-Disclosure of Inner-City Youths

Practice Article 2. Treatment of Flying Phobia: Comparative Efficacy of Two Behavioral Methods

Practice Article 3. The Effect of Divorce on Sons’ Aggression

Practice Article 4. Dyslexia in Fifth-Grade Girls: Personality and Perceptual Factors

Practice Article 5. Time Estimation: Effect of Depression and Pleasantness or Unpleasantness of an Experience

Practice Article 6. Bossiness in Firstborn Girls

Practice Article 7. Effect of Context Upon Accuracy of Recall of Affective Experiences

Practice Article 8. The Effects of Medication and Cognitive Behavior Therapy on Insomnia

Practice Article 9. Midlife Crises of Men at Age 50

Practice Article 10. Effect of Job Stress and Stress Management on Low Back Pain

Practice Article 11. Evaluation of Health Maintenance Organizations

Practice Article 12. Effects of Jury Selection Consultation on Trial Outcome

Practice Article 13. Contingency Reinforcement in the Treatment of Talking Aloud to Self: A Single-Case Study

Practice Article 14. The Effect of Race of Examiner on IQ Scores of American Indians

Practice Article 15. Social Effects of Tax Deadline

Practice Article 16. Comparative Effectiveness of Teacher Management Styles in a Fifth-Grade Classroom

Practice Article 17. Age Differences in Gullibility: A Meta-Analysis

EPILOGUE

GLOSSARY

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