Delivering Collective Redress New Technologies 1st Edition by Christopher Hodges, Stefaan Voet ISBN 150991854X 978-1509918546

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ISBN 10: 150991854X
ISBN 13: 978-1509918546
Author: Christopher Hodges, Stefaan Voet

This book charts the transformative shifts in techniques that seek to deliver collective redress, especially for mass consumer claims in Europe. It shows how traditional approaches of class litigation (old technology) have been eclipsed by the new technology of regulatory redress techniques and consumer ombudsmen.
It describes a series of these techniques, each illustrated by leading examples taken from a 2016 pan-EU research project. It then undertakes a comparative evaluation of each technique against key criteria, such as effective outcomes, speed, and cost. The book reveals major transformations in European legal systems, shows the overriding need to view legal systems from fresh viewpoints, and to devise a new integrated model.

Delivering Collective Redress New Technologies 1st Table of contents:

1. Introduction: The Scope and the Criteria

I. Background and Principal Objective

II. The Techniques

III. Description of the Project and Methodology

IV. Criteria for Evaluation of Mechanisms

V. General Outline of this Book

VI. Major Findings

A. Empirical Findings

B. Changes in the Dispute Resolution Landscape

C. Fundamental Goals of Redress

D. The Objectives for Market Regulation

2. European Policy and Mechanisms for Collective Redress

I. Diverse Approaches and Piecemeal Legislation

II. The Public–Private Split

III. Objectives and Outcomes Replace Mechanisms

IV. Consumer Enforcement

A. The CPC Regulation

B. The Injunctions Directive

C. Small Claims

D. Consumer ADR

V. Consumer Collective Redress: Policy Debates

VI. Commission’s Recommendation on Collective Redress Mechanisms

A. Principles Common to Injunctive and Compensatory Collective Redress

B. Specific Principles Relating to Injunctive Collective Redress

C. Specific Principles Relating to Compensatory Collective Redress

D. Registry of Collective Redress Actions

E. Supervision and 2018 Report

VII. The Political and Technical Conundrum

VIII. Business Concerns on Ineffective Safeguards

IX. Consumer Concerns from Business Scandals

X. Proposals in 2016/17

XI. Competition Damages

A. Courage

B. Directive on Antitrust Damages Actions

XII. Data Protection

XIII. Investors

XIV. Conclusions

3. Collective Actions

I. Introduction

II. Belgium

A. Overview

B. Case Studies

III. Bulgaria

IV. England and Wales

A. Representative Action

B. Group Litigation Order (GLO)

C. Case Studies: GLO

D. The Competition Damages Class Action

E. Early Competition Damages Cases

F. Cases under the 2015 Competition Damages Action

V. Finland

VI. France

A. The Action de Groupe

B. Case Studies: Action de Groupe

C. The Action en Représentation Conjoint

VII. Germany

A. Representative Actions for Cease and Desist Orders

B. Actions for Skimming-off Illegally Gained Profits

C. Case Studies: Actions for Skimming-off Illegally Gained Profits

D. Test Case Proceedings by Consumer Associations

E. Capital Market Test Case Proceedings (KapMuG)

F. Case Studies: Capital Market Test Case Proceedings (KapMuG)

VIII. Italy

A. Class Actions

B. Case Studies: Class Actions

C. Representative Actions

IX. Lithuania

A. Representative Action Aiming to Protect the Public Interest

B. Group Actions

X. The Netherlands

XI. Poland

A. Polish Class Actions Act

B. Scope

C. Standardisation Requirement for Monetary Claims

D. Contingency Fees

E. Other Costs and Funding Issues

F. Security for Costs

G. Proceedings

H. Statistical Information

XII. Sweden

A. Group Actions

B. Case Studies: Group Actions

4. Criminal Compensation: Stand-alone and Consecutive Piggy-back

I. Belgium

A. Partie Civile Technique

B. Special Masters

II. United Kingdom

A. Compensation Orders in Criminal Proceedings

B. Disgorgement of Profits

5. Regulatory Redress

I. Concept

II. The Range of Mechanisms of Regulatory Redress

A. Influence

B. Approval

C. Coercion

III. Examples of the Powers

A. Belgium

B. Denmark

i. The ‘Opt-out’ Class Action

ii. Case Studies

C. Finland

D. Italy

i. The Italian Competition Authority

ii. The Italian Regulatory Authority for Electricity Gas and Water

iii. Institution for the Supervision of Insurance

iv. The Italian Data Protection Authority

v. The Italian Central Bank

vi. Evaluation

E. United Kingdom

i. Development of Regulatory Redress

ii. The 2015 Consumer Redress Powers

iii. Redress Powers in Selected Sectors

a. Financial Services

b. Communications

c. Gas and Electricity

d. Water

e. Railways

f. Environmental Protection

g. Gambling

h. Competition

6. Ombudsmen

I. Typology

II. National Ombudsmen Schemes

A. Belgium

i. Consumer Mediation Service

ii. Ombudsmen

iii. Belmed

B. France

i. Compensation Schemes

C. Italy

D. Sweden

i. The Group Procedure for Consumer Disputes

ii. Case Studies

E. The Netherlands

F. United Kingdom

i. The Landscape of Consumer Ombudsmen

ii. The Financial Ombudsman Service

iii. Integrated Voluntary, Regulatory and Ombudsman Redress: PPI

iv. Ombudsman Services: Energy, Communications, Property and Others

7. Reassessing the Objectives

I. The Primary Objectives

A. Subsidiary Process Objectives

II. Delivering Compensation

A. Social Solidarity and Risk Spreading

B. Justifications for Tort Liability

III. Affecting Future Behaviour

A. Deterrence in Traditional Legal Theory of Individual Actions and Enforcement

B. The Economic Theory of Deterrence

C. Criticisms of Economic Analysis of Liability Law

D. Adding the Time Dimension

E. Regulators’ Abandonment of Deterrence for Supportive Responsive Policies on Achieving Compliance

F. Affecting Corporate Behaviour

G. Behavioural Science on How People Make Decisions

H. Conclusions on Deterrence

IV. Empirical Evidence on the Failure of the US Class Action as a Regulatory Mechanism

V. The Objectives Restated: Multi-functionalism

8. Conclusions

I. Overview of the Mechanisms

A. Collective Actions

i. Italy

ii. Poland

iii. England and Wales

a. Examples of Cases

b. Assessment

B. Partie Civile

i. Examples of Cases

ii. Assessment

C. Regulatory Redress

i. Examples of Cases

ii. Assessment

D. Consumer Ombudsmen

i. Examples of Cases

ii. Assessment

II. Applying the Criteria

A. Criteria 1: Advice

B. Criteria 2: Identification of Infringement and Harm

C. Criteria 3: Identification of People Harmed and Due Redress

D. Criteria 4: Access

E. Criteria 5: Cost to Access

F. Criteria 6: Triage

G. Criteria 7: Duration

H. Criteria 8: Costs

I. Criteria 9: Outcomes

J. Criteria 10: Compensation for Loss: Making Whole

K. Criteria 11: Changes in Behaviour

L. Summary

III. Empirical Conclusions on the Mechanisms

IV. Implications of the Findings

A. Changes in the Dispute Resolution Landscape: A Shift to New Technologies

B. Redress as an Integral Function in Control of Markets

C. The Objectives for Market Regulation

D. A Shift in Intermediaries

E. Shifting from Old to New Technology

F. The Need for Independent Intermediaries

G. What Traditional Redress Systems Will Fail to Achieve

H. The Need to Re-examine Mechanisms for Controlling Market Behaviour (Enforcement)

I. Restatement of the Fundamental Goals of Redress Systems

J. Facilitating Settlement: The Requirement for Structures to be Available

K. The Requirement to Base Policy on an Examination of all the Options, and on Empirical Evidence

L. Summary of Implications for Policy on Collective Redress

Annex

I. Damages Cases

A. Collective Private Litigation

B. Civil Piggy-back on Criminal

C. Regulatory Redress

D. Ombuds

II. Cases Involving Injunctions/Market Behaviour (Not Compensation)

III. Cases Identified by BEUC and COJEF

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