Essentials of Geology 7th Edition by Stephen Marshak ISBN 9780393882735 B09J3246XB

Chapter 1: The Earth in Context

1.1 Introduction

1.2 An Image of Our Universe

1.3 Forming the Universe

1.4 Forming the Solar System

1.5 The Earth’s Moon and Magnetic Field

1.6 The Earth System

1.7 Looking Inward: Discovering the Earth’s Interior

1.8 Basic Characteristics of the Earth’s Layers

Chapter 1: Practice What You Know

Chapter 2: The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Wegener’s Evidence for Continental Drift

2.3 The Discovery of Seafloor Spreading

2.4 Paleomagnetism: Proving Continental Drift and Seafloor Spreading

2.5 What Do We Mean by Plate Tectonics?

2.6 Divergent Boundaries and Seafloor Spreading

2.7 Convergent Boundaries and Subduction

2.8 Transform Boundaries

2.9 Special Locations in the Plate Mosaic

2.10 How Do Plate Boundaries Form, and How Do They Die?

2.11 Moving Plates

Chapter 2: Practice What You Know

Chapter 3: Patterns in Nature: Minerals

3.1 Introduction

3.2 What Is a Mineral?

3.3 Beauty in Patterns: Crystals and Their Structures

3.4 How Can You Tell One Mineral from Another?

3.5 Organizing Your Knowledge: Mineral Classification

3.6 Something Precious: Gems!

Chapter 3: Practice What You Know

Interlude A: Introducing Rocks

A.1 Introduction

A.2 What Is Rock?

A.3 The Basis of Rock Classification

A.4 Studying Rock

Interlude A: Practice What You Know

Chapter 4: Up from the Inferno: Magma and Igneous Rocks

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Why Does Magma Form, and What Is It Made of?

4.3 Movement and Solidification of Molten Rock

4.4 How Do You Describe an Igneous Rock?

4.5 Plate-Tectonic Context of Igneous Activity

Chapter 4: Practice What You Know

Chapter 5: The Wrath of Vulcan: Volcanic Eruptions

5.1 Introduction

5.2 The Products of Volcanic Eruptions

5.3 Structure and Eruptive Style

5.4 Geologic Settings of Volcanism

5.5 Beware: Volcanoes Are Hazards!

5.6 Protection from Vulcan’s Wrath

5.7 Effect of Volcanoes on Climate and Civilization

5.8 Volcanoes on Other Planets

Chapter 5: Practice What You Know

Interlude B: A Surface Veneer: Sediments and Soils

B.1 Introduction

B.2 Weathering: Forming Sediment

B.3 Soil

Interlude B: Practice What You Know

Chapter 6: Pages of the Earth’s Past: Sedimentary Rocks

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Classes of Sedimentary Rocks

6.3 Sedimentary Structures

6.4 Recognizing Depositional Environments

6.5 Sedimentary Basins

Chapter 6: Practice What You Know

Chapter 7: Metamorphism: A Process of Change

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Consequences and Causes of Metamorphism

7.3 Types of Metamorphic Rocks

7.4 Where Does Metamorphism Occur?

Chapter 7: Practice What You Know

Interlude C: The Rock Cycle

C.1 Introduction

C.2 Rock Cycle Paths

C.3 A Case Study of the Rock Cycle

C.4 Cycles of the Earth System

Interlude C: Practice What You Know

Chapter 8: A Violent Pulse: Earthquakes

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Causes of Earthquakes

8.3 Seismic Waves and Their Measurement

8.4 Defining the “Size” of Earthquakes

8.5 Where and Why Do Earthquakes Occur?

8.6 How Do Earthquakes Cause Damage?

8.7 Can We Predict the “Big One”?

8.8 Earthquake Engineering and Zoning

Chapter 8: Practice What You Know

Interlude D: The Earth’s Interior Revisited: Insights from Geophysics

D.1 Introduction

D.2 The Basis for Seismic Study of the Interior

D.3 Seismic Study of the Earth’s Interior

D.4 The Earth’s Gravity

D.5 The Earth’s Magnetic Field, Revisited

Interlude D: Practice What You Know

Chapter 9: Crags, Cracks, and Crumples: Geologic Structures and Mountain Building

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Rock Deformation in the Earth’s Crust

9.3 Brittle Structures

9.4 Folds and Foliation

9.5 Causes of Mountain Building

9.6 Other Consequences of Mountain Building

9.7 Basins and Domes in Cratons

Chapter 9: Practice What You Know

Interlude E: Memories of Past Life: Fossils and Evolution

E.1 The Discovery of Fossils

E.2 Fossilization

E.3 Taxonomy and Identification

E.4 The Fossil Record

E.5 Evolution and Extinction

Interlude E: Practice What You Know

Chapter 10: Deep Time: How Old Is Old?

10.1 Introduction

10.2 The Concept of Geologic Time

10.3 Relative Age

10.4 Unconformities: Gaps in the Record

10.5 Stratigraphic Formations and Their Correlation

10.6 The Geologic Column

10.7 How Do We Determine Numerical Ages?

10.8 Numerical Age and Geologic Time

Chapter 10: Practice What You Know

Chapter 11: A Biography of the Earth

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Hadean and Archean Time: The Earth’s Early Days

11.3 The Proterozoic: The Earth in Transition

11.4 The Paleozoic Era: Continents Reassemble, and Life Gets Complex

11.5 The Mesozoic Era: When Dinosaurs Ruled

11.6 The Cenozoic Era: The Modern World Comes to Be

Chapter 11: Practice What You Know

Chapter 12: Riches in Rock: Energy and Mineral Resources

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Sources of Energy in the Earth System

12.3 Introducing Hydrocarbon Resources

12.4 Conventional Hydrocarbon Systems

12.5 Unconventional Hydrocarbon Reserves

12.6 Coal: Energy from Swamps of the Past

12.7 Nuclear Power

12.8 Other Energy Sources

12.9 Energy Choices, Energy Problems

12.10 Mineral Resources

12.11 Nonmetallic Mineral Resources

12.12 Global Mineral Needs

Chapter 12: Practice What You Know

Interlude F: An Introduction to Landscapes and the Hydrologic Cycle

F.1 Introduction

F.2 Shaping the Earth’s Surface

F.3 Factors Controlling Landscape Development

F.4 The Hydrologic Cycle

F.5 Landscapes of Other Planets

Interlude F: Practice What You Know

Chapter 13: Unsafe Ground: Landslides and Other Mass Wasting

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Types of Mass Wasting

13.3 Why Does Mass Wasting Occur?

13.4 How Can We Protect against Mass-Wasting Disasters?

Chapter 13: Practice What You Know

Chapter 14: Streams and Floods: The Geology of Running Water

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Draining the Land

14.3 The Work of Running Water

14.4 Streams in the Landscape

14.5 The Evolution of Drainage

14.6 Raging Waters

14.7 Human Impact on Rivers

Chapter 14: Practice What You Know

Chapter 15: Restless Realm: Oceans and Coasts

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Landscapes beneath the Sea

15.3 Ocean-Water Characteristics

15.4 Tides and Wave Action

15.5 Currents: Rivers in the Sea

15.6 Where Land Meets Sea: Coastal Landforms

15.7 Causes of Coastal Variation

15.8 Coastal Problems and Solutions

Chapter 15: Practice What You Know

Chapter 16: A Hidden Reserve: Groundwater

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Where Does Groundwater Reside?

16.3 Groundwater Flow

16.4 Tapping Groundwater Supplies

16.5 Hot Springs and Geysers

16.6 Groundwater Problems

16.7 Caves and Karst

Chapter 16: Practice What You Know

Chapter 17: Dry Regions: The Geology of Deserts

17.1 Introduction

17.2 The Nature and Locations of Deserts

17.3 Producing Desert Landscapes

17.4 Deposition in Deserts

17.5 Desert Landscapes

17.6 Desert Problems

Chapter 17: Practice What You Know

Chapter 18: Amazing Ice: Glaciers and Ice Ages

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Ice and the Nature of Glaciers

18.3 Carving and Carrying by Ice

18.4 Deposition Associated with Glaciation

18.5 Consequences of Continental Glaciation

18.6 The Pleistocene Ice Age

18.7 The Causes of Ice Ages

Chapter 18: Practice What You Know

Chapter 19: Global Change in the Earth System

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Unidirectional Changes

19.3 Cyclic Changes

19.4 Human Impact on Land and Life

19.5 Global Climate Change

19.6 Contemporary Global Warming

19.7 The Future of the Earth

Chapter 19: Practice What You Know

Additional Charts

Metric Conversion Chart

The Periodic Table of Elements

Glossary

Credits

Index