Foundations of Astronomy 13th Edition by Michael Seeds, Dana Backman 1305079159 9781305079151

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ISBN 10: 1305079159

ISBN 13: 9781305079151

Author: Michael A. Seeds, Dana E. Backman

 Fascinating, engaging, and extremely visual, FOUNDATIONS OF ASTRONOMY, Thirteenth Edition, emphasizes the scientific method throughout as it guides students to answer two fundamental questions: What are we? And how do we know? In addition to exploring the newest developments and latest discoveries in the exciting field of astronomy, authors Michael Seeds and Dana Backman discuss the interplay between evidence and hypothesis, providing both factual information and a conceptual framework for understanding the logic of science.

Foundations of Astronomy 13th Table of contents:

1. Here and Now

1-1. Where Are You?

1-2. When Is Now?

1-3. Why Study Astronomy?

Summary

Review Questions

Discussion Questions

Problems

Learning to Look

2. A User’s Guide to the Sky

2-1. Stars and Constellations

Constellations

Star Names

Favorite Stars

Star Brightness

Magnitude and Flux

2-2. The Sky and Celestial Motions

The Celestial Sphere

Precession

2-3. Sun and Planets

Annual Motion of the Sun

Seasons

Motions of the Planets

2-4. Astronomical Influences on Earth’s Climate

Milankovitch Climate Cycles: Hypothesis

Milankovitch Climate Cycles: Evidence

Summary

Review Questions

Discussion Questions

Problems

Learning to Look

3. Moon Phases and Eclipses

3-1. The Changeable Moon

The Moon’s Orbital Motion

The Cycle of Moon Phases

3-2. Lunar Eclipses

Earth’s Shadow

Total Lunar Eclipses

Partial and Penumbral Lunar Eclipses

3-3. Solar Eclipses

The Angular Diameters of the Sun and Moon

The Moon’s Shadow

Features of Solar Eclipses

Observing an Eclipse

3-4. Predicting Eclipses

Conditions for an Eclipse

The View from Space

The Saros Cycle

Summary

Review Questions

Discussion Questions

Problems

Learning to Look

4. Origins of Modern Astronomy

4-1. Roots of Astronomy

Archaeoastronomy

The Astronomy of Classical Greece

Aristotle and the Nature of Earth

The Ptolemaic Universe

4-2. The Copernican Revolution

Copernicus and the Heliocentric Hypothesis

Copernicus’s Book: De Revolutionibus

4-3. Tycho, Kepler, and Planetary Motion

Tycho Brahe

Tycho’s Legacy

Johannes Kepler

Working with Tycho

Kepler’s Three Laws of Planetary Motion

Kepler’s Final Book: The Rudolphine Tables

4-4. Galileo Finds Conclusive Evidence

Telescope Observations

Dialogo and Trial

4-5. Ninety-Nine Years That Revolutionized Astronomy

Summary

Review Questions

Discussion Questions

Problems

Learning to Look

5. Gravity

5-1. Galileo’s and Newton’s Two New Sciences

Galileo’s Observations of Motion

Newton’s Laws of Motion

Mutual Gravitation

5-2. Orbital Motion and Tides

Orbits

Orbital Velocity

Calculating Escape Velocity

Kepler’s Laws Revisited

Newton’s Version of Kepler’s Third Law

Tides and Tidal Forces

Astronomy After Newton

5-3. Einstein and Relativity

Special Relativity

The General Theory of Relativity

Confirmation of the Curvature of Space-Time

Summary

Review Questions

Discussion Questions

Problems

Learning to Look

6. Light and Telescopes

6-1. Radiation: Information from Space

Light as Waves and Particles

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

6-2. Telescopes

Two Ways to Do It: Refracting and Reflecting Telescopes

The Powers and Limitations of Telescopes

6-3. Observatories on Earth: Optical and Radio

Modern Optical Telescopes

Modern Radio Telescopes

6-4. Airborne and Space Observatories

Airborne Telescopes

Space Telescopes

High-Energy Astronomy

6-5. Astronomical Instruments and Techniques

Cameras and Photometers

Spectrographs

Adaptive Optics

Interferometry

6-6. Non-Electromagnetic Astronomy

Particle Astronomy

Gravity Wave Astronomy

Summary

Review Questions

Discussion Questions

Problems

Learning to Look

7. Atoms and Spectra

7-1. Atoms

A Model Atom

Different Kinds of Atoms

Electron Orbits

7-2. Interactions of Light and Matter

The Excitation of Atoms

Radiation from a Heated Object

Two Blackbody Radiation Laws

7-3. Understanding Spectra

Chemical Composition

Measuring Velocities—The Doppler Effect

Calculating Doppler Velocities

Summary

Review Questions

Discussion Questions

Problems

Learning to Look

8. The Sun

8-1. The Solar Photosphere and Atmosphere

The Photosphere

The Chromosphere

The Corona

Composition of the Sun

Below the Photosphere

8-2. Solar Activity

Observing the Sun

Sunspots

The Sun’s Magnetic Cycle

Chromospheric and Coronal Activity

The Solar Constant

Spots and Magnetic Cycles of Other Stars

8-3. Nuclear Fusion in the Sun

Nuclear Binding Energy

Hydrogen Fusion

Energy Transport in the Sun

Counting Solar Neutrinos

Summary

Review Questions

Discussion Questions

Problems

Learning to Look

9. The Family of Stars

9-1. Star Distances

The Surveyor’s Triangulation Method

The Astronomer’s Triangulation Method

Parallax and Distance

Proper Motion

9-2. Apparent Brightness, Intrinsic Brightness, and Luminosity

Brightness and Distance

Absolute Visual Magnitude and Distance

Calculating Absolute Magnitude

Luminosity (Total Energy Output)

9-3. Stellar Spectra

The Balmer Thermometer

Temperature Spectral Types

9-4. Star Sizes

Luminosity, Radius, and Temperature

The H–R Diagram

Giants, Supergiants, and Dwarfs

Interferometer Observations of Star Diameters

Luminosity Spectral Classification

Spectroscopic Parallax

9-5. Star Masses—Binary Stars

Binary Stars in General

Calculating the Masses of Binary Stars

Three Types of Binary Systems

9-6. A Census of the Stars

Surveying the Stars

Mass, Luminosity, and Density

The Mass–Luminosity Relation

Summary

Review Questions

Discussion Questions

Problems

Learning to Look

10. The Interstellar Medium

10-1. Studying the Interstellar Medium

Nebulae

Extinction and Reddening

Infrared Radiation from ISM Dust

Interstellar Absorption Lines

Interstellar Emission Lines

21 -Centimeter Radio Emission

10-2. Components of the Interstellar Medium

Cool Clouds

The Intercloud Medium

Molecular Clouds

Coronal Gas

10-3. The Gas-Stars-Gas Cycle

Gas and Dust from Aging Stars

A Preview of Star Formation

Summary

Review Questions

Discussion Questions

Problems

Learning to Look

11. The Formation and Structure of Stars

11-1. Making Stars from the Interstellar Medium

Star Birth in Giant Molecular Clouds

Heating by Contraction

Protostars

11-2. The Orion Nebula: Evidence of Star Formation

Observing Star Formation

Contagious Star Formation

11-3. Young Stellar Objects and Protostellar Disks

11-4. Stellar Structure

What Keeps a Star Stable?

Energy Transport

11-5. The Source of Stellar Energy

A Review of the Proton–Proton Chain

The CNO Cycle

Inside Stars

The Pressure–Temperature Thermostat

Summary

Review Questions

Discussion Questions

Problems

Learning to Look

12. Stellar Evolution

12-1. Main-Sequence Stars

Stellar Models

Why Is There a Main Sequence?

The Upper End of the Main Sequence: High-Mass Stars

The Lower End of the Main Sequence: Low-Mass Stars

The Life of a Main-Sequence Star

The Life Expectancies of Stars

12-2. Post-Main-Sequence Evolution

Expansion into a Giant

Degenerate Matter

Helium Fusion

Fusing Elements Heavier than Helium

12-3. Star Clusters: Evidence of Stellar Evolution

Observing Star Clusters

The Evolution of Star Clusters

12-4. Variable Stars: Evidence of Stellar Evolution

Cepheid and RR Lyrae Variable Stars

Pulsating Stars

Period Changes in Variable Stars

Summary

Review Questions

Discussion Questions

Problems

Learning to Look

13. The Deaths of Stars

13-1. Low-Mass Stars

Red Dwarf Stars

Medium-Mass Stars

Mass Loss from Sun-like Stars

Planetary Nebulae

White Dwarfs

13-2. The Evolution of Binary Stars

Mass Transfer

Evolution with Mass Transfer

Accretion Disks

Nova Explosions

13-3. High-Mass Stars

Nuclear Fusion in Massive Stars

An Iron Core: Looming Catastrophe

Supernova Explosions

13-4. Observations of Supernovae

Types of Supernovae

Historical Supernovae

Recent Supernovae: 1987 and 2014

Supernovae and Life on Earth

13-5. The End of Earth

Summary

Review Questions

Discussion Questions

Problems

Learning to Look

14. Neutron Stars and Black Holes

14-1. Neutron Stars

Theoretical Prediction of Neutron Stars

The Discovery of Pulsars

A Model Pulsar

The Evolution of Pulsars

Binary Pulsars

The Fastest Pulsars

Pulsar Planets

14-2. Black Holes

Escape Velocity

Schwarzschild Black Holes

Leaping into a Black Hole

The Search for Black Holes

14-3. Compact Objects with Disks and Jets

Jets of Energy from Compact Objects

Gamma-Ray Bursts

Summary

Review Questions

Discussion Questions

Problems

Learning to Look

15. The Milky Way Galaxy

15-1. Discovery of the Galaxy

The Great Star System

Variable Stars and the Size of the Galaxy

15-2. Structure of the Galaxy

Components of the Galaxy

Mass of the Galaxy

15-3. Spiral Arms and Star Formation

Tracing the Spiral Arms

Radio Maps of Spiral Arms

The Spiral Density Wave Theory

Self-Sustaining Star Formation

15-4. The Nucleus of the Galaxy

Observations of the Nucleus

15-5. Origin and History of the Milky Way Galaxy

The Element-Building Process

Stellar Populations

Galactic Fountains

Age of the Galaxy

Formation of the Galaxy

Summary

Review Questions

Discussion Questions

Problems

Learning to Look

16. Galaxies

16-1. The Family of Galaxies

The Discovery of Galaxies

How Many Galaxies Are There?

The Shapes of Galaxies

16-2. Measuring the Properties of Galaxies

Distance

The Hubble Law

Diameter and Luminosity

Mass

Supermassive Black Holes in Galaxies

Dark Matter in Galaxies

Gravitational Lensing and Dark Matter

16-3. Evolution of Galaxies

Clusters of Galaxies

Colliding Galaxies

The Origin and Evolution of Galaxies

The Farthest Galaxies

Summary

Review Questions

Discussion Questions

Problems

Learning to Look

17. Active Galaxies and Supermassive Black Holes

17-1. Active Galactic Nuclei

Seyfert Galaxies

Double-Lobed Radio Sources

Quasars

17-2. Supermassive Black Holes

Disks and Jets

A Unified Model of Active Galaxies

Triggering Eruptions

17-3. A History of Galaxies and Supermassive Black Holes

Summary

Review Questions

Discussion Questions

Problems

Learning to Look

18. Modern Cosmology

18-1. Introduction to the Universe

The Edge–Center Problem

The Idea of a Beginning

Cosmic Expansion

18-2. The Big Bang Theory

Necessity of the Big Bang

The Cosmic Background Radiation

Photon and Particle Soup

A Few Minutes of Nucleosynthesis

Radiation and Matter; Recombination and Re-ionization

18-3. Space and Time, Matter and Gravity

The View from Here

Cosmic Redshifts

The Shape of Space

Past and Future: Version I

Ordinary Matter and Dark Matter

Origin of Large-Scale Structure

18-4. 21st-Century Cosmology

Acceleration and Dark Energy

Past and Future: Version II

Inflation: The Enhanced Big Bang Theory

Fitting It All Together

Summary

Review Questions

Discussion Questions

Problems

Learning to Look

19. Origin of the Solar System and Extrasolar Planets

19-1. A Survey of the Solar System

Revolution and Rotation

Two Kinds of Planets

Cosmic Debris

Age of the Solar System

19-2. The Great Chain of Origins

History of the Atoms in Your Body

Early Hypotheses for the Origin of Earth and the Solar System

The Solar Nebula Theory

19-3. Building Planets

Chemical Composition of the Solar Nebula

Condensation of Solids

Formation of Planetesimals

Growth of Protoplanets

The Jovian Problem

Explaining the Characteristics of the Solar System

Clearing the Nebula

19-4. Planets Orbiting Other Stars

Planet-Forming Disks

Observing Extrasolar Planets

The Kepler Planet-Finding Mission

Summary

Review Questions

Discussion Questions

Problems

Learning to Look

20. Earth: The Active Planet

20-1. A Travel Guide to the Terrestrial Planets

Five Worlds

Core, Mantle, and Crust

Atmospheres

20-2. Earth as a Planet

Four Stages of Planetary Development

Exceptional Earth

20-3. The Solid Earth

Earth’s Interior

Earth’s Magnetic Field

Earth’s Active Crust

20-4. Earth’s Atmosphere

Origin of the Atmosphere

Climate and Human Effects on the Atmosphere

Summary

Review Questions

Discussion Questions

Problems

Learning to Look

21. The Moon and Mercury: Comparing Airless Worlds

21-1. The Moon

The View from Earth

The Apollo Missions

Lunar Geology

A History of the Moon

Origin of Earth’s Moon

21-2. Mercury

Rotation and Revolution

Mercury’s Surface

Mercury’s Plains

Mercury’s Interior

A History of Mercury

Summary

Review Questions

Discussion Questions

Problems

Learning to Look

22. Venus and Mars

22-1. Venus

Venus’s Rotation

Venus’s Interior

Venus’s Atmosphere

The Venusian Greenhouse

Venus’s Surface

Volcanism on Venus

A History of Venus

22-2. Mars

No Canals on Mars

Mars’s Interior

Mars’s Atmosphere

Mars’s Surface

Finding the Water on Mars

A History of Mars

Comparative Planetology, Once Again

22-3. Mars’s Moons

Origin and Evolution of Phobos and Deimos

Summary

Review Questions

Discussion Questions

Problems

Learning to Look

23. Jupiter and Saturn

23-1. A Travel Guide to the Outer Solar System

The Outer Planets Plus Pluto

Atmospheres and Interiors

Satellite Systems

23-2. Jupiter

Surveying Jupiter

Jupiter’s Interior

Jupiter’s Magnetic Field

Jupiter’s Atmosphere

A History of Jupiter

23-3. Jupiter’s Moons and Rings

Callisto: An Ancient Surface

Ganymede: A Puzzling Past

Europa: A Hidden Ocean

Io: Roaring Volcanoes

The History of the Galilean Moons

Jupiter’s Rings

23-4. Saturn

Surveying Saturn

Saturn’s Interior and Magnetic Field

Saturn’s Atmosphere

23-5. Saturn’s Moons and Rings

Titan

Saturn’s Smaller Moons

Origin of Saturn’s Moons

Saturn’s Rings

A History of the Saturn System

Summary

Review Questions

Discussion Questions

Problems

Learning to Look

24. Uranus, Neptune, and the Kuiper Belt

24-1. Uranus

Discovery of Uranus

Uranus’s Motion

Uranus’s Atmosphere

Uranus’s Interior

Uranus’s Moons

Uranus’s Rings

A History of the Uranus System

24-2. Neptune

Discovery of Neptune

Neptune’s Atmosphere and Interior

Neptune’s Moons

Neptune’s Rings

A History of the Neptune System

24-3. Pluto and the Kuiper Belt

Discovery of Pluto

Pluto as a World

The Family of Dwarf Planets

Pluto and the Plutinos

Summary

Review Questions

Discussion Questions

Problems

Learning to Look

25. Meteorites, Asteroids, and Comets

25-1. Meteorites, Meteors, and Meteoroids

Composition of Meteorites and Meteors

Orbits of Meteors and Meteorites

Origins of Meteoroids and Meteorites

25-2. Asteroids

Properties of Asteroids

The Asteroid Belt

Asteroids Outside the Main Belt

Origin and History of the Asteroids

25-3. Comets

Properties of Comets

The Geology of Comet Nuclei

Origin and History of Comets

Comets from the Oort Cloud and the Kuiper Belt

25-4. Asteroid and Comet Impacts

Barringer Crater

The Tunguska Event

Planet-Shaking Events

Summary

Review Questions

Discussion Questions

Problems

Learning to Look

26. Astrobiology: Life on Other Worlds

26-1. The Nature of Life

The Physical Bases of Life

Information Storage and Duplication

Modifying the Information

26-2. Life in the Universe

Origin of Life on Earth

Geologic Time and the Evolution of Life

Extremophiles

Life in Our Solar System

Life in Other Planetary Systems

26-3. Intelligent Life in the Universe

Travel Between the Stars

Radio Communication

How Many Inhabited Worlds?

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