Human Biology 17th Edition by Sylvia Mader, Michael Windelspecht ISBN 9781265250065 1265250065

Chapter 1

Exploring Life and Science 1

1.1 The Characteristics of Life 2

1.2 Humans Are Related to Other Animals 7

1.3 Science as a Process 9

1.4 Science and the Challenges Facing Society 15

Unit 1 Human Organization

Chapter 2

Chemistry of Life 19

2.1 From Atoms to Molecules 20

2.2 Water and Life 25

2.3 Molecules of Life 29

2.4 Carbohydrates 30

2.5 Lipids 32

2.6 Proteins 36

2.7 Nucleic Acids 38

Chapter 3

Cell Structure and Function 43

3.1 What Is a Cell? 44

3.2 How Cells Are Organized 46

3.3 The Plasma Membrane and How Substances Cross It 48

3.4 The Nucleus and Endomembrane System 52

3.5 The Cytoskeleton, Cell Movement, and Cell Junctions 55

3.6 Metabolism and the Energy Reactions 57

Chapter 4

Tissues, Organ Systems, and Homeostasis 65

4.1 Types of Tissues 66

4.2 Connective Tissue Connects and Supports 66

4.3 Muscular Tissue Moves the Body 69

4.4 Nervous Tissue Communicates 70

4.5 Epithelial Tissue Protects 71

4.6 Organ Systems, Body Cavities, and Body Membranes 74

4.7 Integumentary System 77

4.8 Homeostasis 81

Unit 2 Maintenance of the Human Body

Chapter 5

Cardiovascular System: Heart and Blood Vessels 86

5.1 Overview of the Cardiovascular System 87

5.2 The Types of Blood Vessels 88

5.3 The Heart Is a Double Pump 89

5.4 Blood Pressure 94

5.5 Two Cardiovascular Pathways 96

5.6 Exchange at the Capillaries 98

5.7 Cardiovascular Disorders 99

Chapter 6

Cardiovascular System: Blood 106

6.1 Blood: An Overview 107

6.2 Red Blood Cells and the Transport of Gases 109

6.3 White Blood Cells and Defense Against Disease 111

6.4 Platelets and Blood Clotting 113

6.5 Human Blood Types 115

6.6 Homeostasis 118

Chapter 7

The Lymphatic and Immune Systems 121

7.1 The Lymphatic System 122

7.2 Innate Immune Defenses 124

7.3 Adaptive Immune Defenses 127

7.4 Acquired Immunity 132

7.5 Disorders of the Immune System 135

Chapter 8

Biology of Infectious Diseases 141

8.1 Bacteria and Viruses 142

8.2 Infectious Diseases and Human Health 146

8.3 Emerging Diseases and COVID-19 153

8.4 Antibiotic Resistance 155

Chapter 9

Digestive System and Nutrition 159

9.1 Overview of Digestion 160

9.2 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus 162

9.3 The Stomach and Small Intestine 164

9.4 The Accessory Organs and Regulation of Secretions 169

9.5 The Large Intestine and Defecation 171

9.6 Nutrition and Weight Control 173

Chapter 10

Respiratory System 185

10.1 The Respiratory System 186

10.2 The Upper Respiratory Tract 187

10.3 The Lower Respiratory Tract 189

10.4 Mechanism of Breathing 191

10.5 Control of Ventilation 194

10.6 Gas Exchange in the Body 196

10.7 Disorders of the Respiratory System 197

Chapter 11

Urinary System 205

11.1 The Urinary System 206

11.2 Kidney Structure 209

11.3 Urine Formation 211

11.4 Kidneys and Homeostasis 215

11.5 Urinary System Disorders 219

Unit 3 Movement and Support in Humans

Chapter 12

Skeletal System 223

12.1 Overview of the Skeletal System 224

12.2 Bones of the Axial Skeleton 226

12.3 Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton 230

12.4 Articulations 233

12.5 Bone Growth and Homeostasis 235

Chapter 13

Muscular System 242

13.1 Overview of the Muscular System 243

13.2 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Contraction 246

13.3 Whole Muscle Contraction 252

13.4 Muscular Disorders 256

13.5 Homeostasis 258

Unit 4 Integration and Coordination in Humans

Chapter 14

Nervous System 262

14.1 Overview of the Nervous System 263

14.2 The Central Nervous System 270

14.3 The Limbic System and Higher Mental Functions 276

14.4 The Peripheral Nervous System 278

14.5 Drug Therapy and Substance Use Disorders 282

Chapter 15

Senses 289

15.1 Overview of Sensory Receptors and Sensations 290

15.2 Somatic Senses 291

15.3 Senses of Taste and Smell 293

15.4 Sense of Vision 295

15.5 Sense of Hearing 301

15.6 Sense of Equilibrium 305

Chapter 16

Endocrine System 309

16.1 Endocrine Glands 310

16.2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 314

16.3 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands 318

16.4 Adrenal Glands 320

16.5 Pancreas 324

16.6 Other Endocrine Glands 327

16.7 Hormones and Homeostasis 329

Unit 5 Reproduction in Humans

Chapter 17

Reproductive System 333

17.1 Human Life Cycle 334

17.2 Male Reproductive System 335

17.3 Female Reproductive System 339

17.4 The Ovarian Cycle 341

17.5 Control of Reproduction 345

17.6 Sexually Transmitted Diseases 350

Chapter 18

Development and Aging 358

18.1 Fertilization 359

18.2 Embryonic Development 361

18.3 Fetal Development 366

18.4 Pregnancy and Birth 372

18.5 Aging 375

Unit 6 Human Genetics

Chapter 19

Cell Division 381

19.1 Chromosomes 382

19.2 The Cell Cycle 383

19.3 Mitosis 385

19.4 Meiosis 387

19.5 Comparison of Meiosis and Mitosis 393

19.6 Chromosome Inheritance 395

Chapter 20

Cancer 403

20.1 Overview of Cancer 404

20.2 Causes and Prevention of Cancer 409

20.3 Diagnosis of Cancer 413

20.4 Treatment of Cancer 416

Chapter 21

Genetic Inheritance 421

21.1 Genotype and Phenotype 422

21.2 One- and Two-Trait Inheritance 423

21.3 Inheritance of Genetic Disorders 429

21.4 Beyond Simple Inheritance Patterns 432

21.5 Sex-Linked Inheritance 436

Chapter 22

DNA Biology and Technology 443

22.1 DNA and RNA Structure and Function 444

22.2 Gene Expression 448

22.3 DNA Technology 455

22.4 Genomics and Gene Therapy 464

Unit 7 Human Evolution and Ecology

Chapter 23

Human Evolution 470

23.1 Origin of Life 471

23.2 Biological Evolution 473

23.3 Classification of Humans 479

23.4 Evolution of Hominins 482

23.5 Evolution of Humans 485

Chapter 24

Ecology and the Nature of Ecosystems 494

24.1 The Nature of Ecosystems 495

24.2 Energy Flow in Ecosystems 498

24.3 Global Biogeochemical Cycles 502

Chapter 25

Human Interactions with the Biosphere 513

25.1 Human Population Growth 514

25.2 Human Use of Resources and Pollution 516

25.3 Biodiversity 525

25.4 Working Toward a Sustainable Society 532

Appendix Periodic Table of the Elements A-1 Metric System A-2

Glossary G-1

Index I