International Law for Energy and the Environment 3rd Edition by Patricia Park ISBN 9781032307596 1032307595

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ISBN 10: 1032307595
ISBN 13: 9781032307596
Author: Patricia Park

International Law for Energy and the Environment 3rd Edition Table of contents:

Section I

Chapter 1 Introduction to International Law

1.1 International Law

1.2 The Resources of the Deep Seabed

1.3 Petroleum Deposits on the Continental Shelf

1.4 Energy Activities Under International Law

1.4.1 The Impact of Privatisation

1.5 The Influence of Science on Environmental Regulation in the Energy Sector

1.5.1 Definition of Pollution

1.5.2 Setting Environmental Standards

1.5.3 Scientific Assessment

1.5.4 The Technical Options

1.5.5 Best Available Techniques Not Entailing Excessive Cost (BATNEEC)

1.5.6 Best Practicable Environmental Option (BPEO)

1.5.7 Best Available Techniques (BAT) and Life Cycle Assessment

1.6 International Policy and Regulatory Bodies

1.7 Energy Activities Within the United Nations

1.7.1 The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

1.7.2 The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

1.7.3 The International Energy Authority (IEA)

1.7.4 The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)

1.8 The International Scope of Standard Setting

1.9 ISO, European Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS), and Sector Standards

1.9.1 The European Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS)

1.10 Corporate Social Responsibility and Multinationals

1.11 Environmental Regulation of International Corporations

1.11.1 National and Regional Regulations

1.12 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

1.12.1 Measuring Stability

1.13 Developments on the International CCS Scene

1.13.1 The 2009 London Protocol Amendment

1.13.2 The OSPAR Convention

1.14 How Do You Develop a CCS Regulatory Framework?

1.15 Policy Incentives Essential to Deploy CCS

Notes

Chapter 2 Regulation, Energy Resources, and the Environment

2.1 Regulatory Design and Economics

2.2 Regulatory Development

2.3 Market Mechanisms

2.3.1 Types of Economic Instruments

2.4 The Economic Argument

2.5 An Overview of Two Market Mechanisms That Have Particular Relevance to the Energy Sector

2.5.1 Taxes/Charges

2.5.2 National Taxes

2.5.3 International Carbon Taxes

2.6 Emission Inventories

Notes

Chapter 3 International Law and State Sovereignty

3.1 Energy, International, and Environmental Laws

3.2 State Sovereignty Over Its Natural Resources

3.3 State Rights Over Mineral Resources and Common Space

3.4 The 1958 Convention on the Continental Shelf

3.5 The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982

3.6 Protection of the Marine Environment

3.6.1 Article

3.7 Oil Pollution

3.7.1 State Jurisdiction Over Coastal State Adjacent Seas

3.8 Standard Setting Within International Treaties and Their Protocols

3.9 The Depletion of the Ozone Layer

3.10 The 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer

3.11 Climate Change

3.11.1 Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992

3.11.2 The Kyoto Protocol 1997

3.11.2.1 Use of the Flexible Mechanisms Under the Kyoto Protocol

3.11.3 The Paris Agreement 2015

3.11.4 The Glasgow Climate Pact

Notes

Chapter 4 Trade, Competition, and the Environment

4.1 International Competition Law and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

4.2 Intellectual Property Rights and Environmental Technology

4.2.1 Transfer of Environmental Technology and Corporate Social Responsibility

4.2.2 Theory, Intellectual Property Rights, and Technology Transfer

4.3 The Management of Risk in Energy Infrastructure

4.3.1 Bilateral and Multilateral Investment Agreements

4.3.2 Bilateral Investment Treaties

4.4 The Energy Charter Treaty

4.4.1 Investment Protection Under the Energy Charter Treaty

4.4.2 Transit Under the Energy Charter Treaty

4.4.3 Dispute Resolution

4.5 Case Studies

4.6 Model Agreements

4.6.1 Structuring Investment Protection

4.6.2 Agreement Reached at COP26

Notes

Chapter 5 Climate Change and the Energy Sector

5.1 Climate Change and COP26

5.1.1 Why Are NDCs Important and How Are They Enforced?

5.2 COP26 Outcomes

5.2.1 The Glasgow Climate Pact

5.2.2 The Paris Rulebook Finalised

5.2.2.1 Article 6 Carbon Markets

5.2.2.2 Article 13 Transparency

5.3 COP26 and the Energy Sector

5.3.1 What Net Zero Means for the Energy Transition

5.4 Is There a Role for Coal?

5.4.1 Carbon Capture

5.4.2 The Global Coal to Clean Power Transition Statement

5.5 The New Emission Pledges and Technology Innovation

5.5.1 Innovation and Intellectual Property

5.5.2 Innovation and Investment

5.5.3 The Glasgow Financial Alliance (GFANZ)

5.5.3.1 Governments and Climate Finance

5.6 Legal Risk and Climate Change

5.6.1 Policy Pressure

5.7 The Rise of Litigation Risk

5.8 Shareholder Involvement

5.9 Legal Issues in Climate Change Litigation

5.9.1 Justiciability

5.9.2 Sources of Climate Obligations

5.10 Attribution Science

5.11 Climate Change and Human Rights

5.11.1 Climate Change as a Human Rights Issue

Notes

Section II

Chapter 6 International Law on Oil and Gas

6.1 Licensing for Onshore Oil and Gas Exploration and Exploitation

6.2 The Licence Regime

6.3 The Concession Regime

6.4 Case Study of the Concession Regime in Brazil

6.5 Production-Sharing Agreements

6.6 Case Study of Production Sharing in Russia

6.7 Service Contracts

6.8 Case Study of a Service Contract in Iran

6.9 The Regulation of Offshore Installations Under International Law

6.10 Ships and Oil Rigs in International Law

6.11 Oil Rigs Under the Law of the Sea Convention, 1982

6.12 Jurisdiction of States in Relation to Offshore Installations

6.12.1 A State’s Right to Construct Offshore Installations

6.12.1.1 Internal Waters

6.12.1.2 In the Territorial Sea

6.12.1.3 The Exclusive Economic Zone

6.12.1.4 The Continental Shelf

6.12.1.5 On the High Seas

6.12.1.6 The International Deep Seabed Area

6.13 State Control and Jurisdiction Over Oil Rigs

6.14 Criminal Jurisdiction

6.15 Civil Jurisdiction

6.16 Pollution Control and Environmental Issues

6.17 Definition of Marine Pollution

6.18 Civil Liability for Environmental Harm Caused by Oil Pollution

6.19 Three Cases Brought Under the CLC

6.19.1 The Amoco Cadiz Case

6.19.2 The Sea Empress Case

6.19.3 The Braer Case

6.20 Decommissioning

6.20.1 The IMO Guidelines

6.20.2 The OSPAR Decision 98/3

6.20.3 The 1972 London Dumping Convention

6.21 Update

6.21.1 Gaps in the Regulatory Framework for the Environmental Safety of Offshore Drilling Activities

Notes

Chapter 7 International Regulation of the Nuclear Industry

7.1 Nuclear Energy and the Environment

7.2 The Emergence of Environmental Concerns

7.3 The International Regulation of Nuclear Energy

7.4 The IAEA and the Regulation of Nuclear Power

7.5 OECD Nuclear Energy Agency

7.6 Control of Nuclear Risk

7.6.1 International Obligations

7.7 Radiation Protection Standards

7.8 State Responsibility for Nuclear Damage and Environmental Harm

7.9 The Transportation of Radioactive Materials

7.10 The IAEA Regulations

7.11 The Civil Liability Conventions

7.11.1 The Paris Convention on Third-Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy, 1960

7.11.2 The Vienna IAEA Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage, 1963

7.11.3 The Brussels Convention Relating to Civil Liability in the Field of Maritime Carriage of Nuclear Material, 1971

7.11.4 The General Scheme

7.11.5 Claims Under the Convention

7.12 Assessment of the Nuclear Conventions

7.13 Developments Since Chernobyl

7.14 Nuclear Waste

7.15 EURATOM and the European Dimension

7.16 Nuclear Installations in the United Kingdom

7.16.1 Radioactive Waste

7.16.2 Transport of Radioactive Substances

7.17 Decommissioning of Nuclear Installations in the European Union

7.18 Decommissioning in the United Kingdom

7.19 COP26 a Pivotal Point for Nuclear Energy

Notes

Chapter 8 International Regulation of Renewable Energy Sources

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Development Goals

8.3 Challenges for International Renewable Energy Law

8.4 IRENA and Its Power to Influence

8.5 IRENA and IEA in the Institutional Landscape of Renewable Energy

8.5.1 IRENA and IEA—Competition or Collaboration?

8.5.2 Membership

8.5.3 IRENA and IEA: A Case of Overlapping Scope

8.5.4 Managing the Overlap

8.5.5 IRENA, IEA, and the SE4All Initiative

8.6 Financing Renewable Energy

8.6.1 Sources of Capital

8.6.2 The IRENA Report

8.6.2.1 Public Investment

8.6.2.2 Institutional Capital for Renewables

8.6.2.3 Green Bonds

8.7 Legal Aspects of Technology Transfer

8.7.1 The Role of Intellectual Property Law and Policy

8.8 Renewable Energy and Human Rights

8.8.1 Clean Energy Supply Chain

Notes

Section III

Chapter 9 Energy Law in the United States

9.1 Federal Regulatory Bodies

9.2 Energy Regulation by the States

9.2.1 Interrelationship Between Federal and State Policy and Regulations

9.3 Constitutional Principles and Regulatory Jurisdiction

9.4 Regulation for the Different Energy Sectors

9.5 State Regulation of Oil and Gas

9.5.1 Federal Regulation

9.5.2 Federal Public Land

9.6 Offshore Oil and Gas

9.7 Environmental Concerns

9.7.1 Areas for Concern

9.8 Case Studies

9.9 Case Study of the BP Oil Spill

9.10 Coal

9.10.1 A Regulatory Overview

9.10.2 Health and Safety in Mines

9.10.3 Land Reclamation

9.10.4 Issues of Clean Air

9.10.5 Clean Coal Initiatives

9.11 Regulation of the Electricity Sector

9.11.1 The Current Situation

9.12 Nuclear Power in the United States

9.12.1 Case Study of Three Mile Island Disaster

9.12.2 Reforms

9.13 Hydropower and Renewable Sources

9.14 Update

9.14.1 Developments in Legislation and Regulation

9.14.2 Judicial Decisions Court Judgements and Public Enquiries

Notes

Chapter 10 Energy Law in the European Union

10.1 An Energy Policy for Europe

10.2 The Historical Development of European Energy Law

10.3 Scope of the ECSC Treaty

10.4 Inconsistencies Between the Treaties

10.5 The Objectives of the ECSC Treaty

10.6 The European Atomic Energy Community Treaty

10.7 The European Energy Policy

10.7.1 European Energy Policy and the Internal Energy Market

10.8 Investment Planning

10.9 Non-Discrimination and the Licensing of Hydrocarbons

10.10 The Liberalising of the Electricity and Gas Markets

10.11 The European Energy Charter Treaty

10.12 An Energy Union

10.13 Environmental Aspects

10.14 The Constitutional Basis of European Environmental Legislation

10.15 Types of European Environmental Legislation

10.16 Directives With Particular Relevance to the Energy Sector

10.16.1 The Environmental Assessment Directive

10.16.2 The Environmental Impact Assessment Directive and Direct Effect

10.16.3 Procedures for an Environmental Impact Assessment

10.16.4 Strategic Developments

10.16.5 The Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive (IPPC)

10.17 The Protection of Habitats and Species

10.17.1 The Habitats Directive

10.17.2 European Marine Sites

10.18 European Legislation Covering Industrial Activity in the Energy Sector

10.18.1 Hydrocarbon-Based Motor Fuels

10.18.2 The Storage and Distribution of Petrol

10.18.3 Emissions From Large Combustion Plants

10.19 Community Action: Energy Tax and Industry

10.20 Enforcing European Environmental Law

10.21 The Interrelationship Between the Third Energy Package and the Climate Change Package

10.21.1 The Policy Context

10.22 The Third Energy Package

10.23 The EU Climate Change and Renewable Energy Package

10.23.1 The New EU ETS

10.23.2 The Greenhouse Gas Reduction Decision

10.23.3 The Renewable Energy Directive

10.23.4 The Carbon Capture and Storage Directive (CCS)

10.23.5 The Biofuels Directive

10.23.6 The Emissions Standards Regulation

10.24 Looking Forward Under the European Climate Change Regime

Notes

Chapter 11 Energy Law in the United Kingdom

11.1 Energy Policy

11.1.1 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

11.1.2 Introducing Mandatory Social Price Support

11.1.3 Fairness of Energy Markets

11.2 The Primary Energy Supply

11.3 Infrastructure

11.4 Energy Users

11.5 The Interrelationship Between Environmental and Energy Policies

11.5.1 Carbon Dioxide Emissions

11.5.2 Other Greenhouse Gas Emissions

11.5.3 Sulphur Emissions

11.5.4 Renewables

11.5.5 Combined Heat and Power

11.5.6 Localised Impacts

11.6 UK Regulatory Bodies

11.6.1 Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs (DEFRA)

11.6.2 Department for Business

11.6.3 The Department for Business Innovation and Skills

11.6.4 The Department of Energy and Climate Change

11.6.5 Parliamentary Select Committees

11.6.6 The Environment Agency

11.6.6.1 Background

11.6.6.2 Environmental Surveillance by the Agency

11.6.7 Local Authorities

11.6.7.1 Town and Country Planning

11.6.7.2 Air Pollution

11.6.7.3 Contaminated Land

11.6.7.4 Noise Control

11.6.8 The United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA)

11.6.9 The Office of the Gas and Electricity Markets (OFGEM)

11.7 Regulations for the Different Energy Sectors

11.7.1 Oil and Gas

11.7.1.1 General Regulatory Framework

11.7.1.2 Ownership of Petroleum

11.7.1.3 The Legal Basis of Licensing

11.7.1.4 Application of Criminal Law to the UK Continental Shelf

11.7.1.5 Application of the Civil Law to the UK Continental Shelf

11.7.2 The EC Hydrocarbons Directive

11.7.3 Government Policy on Minerals

11.7.4 Pollution Control

11.7.4.1 The IPPC Directive and Offshore Installations

11.7.4.2 The Environmental Assessment Directive

11.7.4.3 Decommissioning

11.8 Decommissioning and Disposal

11.8.1 The OSPAR Commission

11.8.2 Disposal on Land

11.8.3 Post-Decommissioning Surveys and Monitoring

11.8.4 Residual Liability

11.9 Onshore Oil and Gas

11.9.1 The Licensing System

11.9.1.1 Coal-Bed Methane Gas (CBM)

11.9.2 Planning Controls

11.9.2.1 The Planning System

11.9.2.2 Planning Conditions

11.9.2.3 Planning Agreements and Obligations

11.9.2.4 Appeals

11.9.2.5 The Scope of Public Involvement

11.9.2.6 Access to Environmental Information

11.9.2.7 The European Directive

11.9.2.8 The Environmental Information Regulations, 1992

11.9.2.9 Environmental Protest

11.9.3 Vulnerable Sites

11.9.3.1 Protection for Designated Sites

11.9.3.2 The Coastal Zone

11.9.3.3 Landward-Marine Areas

11.10 Environmental Management Systems

11.11 The Gas Supply Industry

11.11.1 Regulation of the Gas Supply Industry

11.11.1.1 Duties

11.11.1.2 The Duty to Secure Competition

11.11.2 The Licensing Regime for the Gas Supply Industry

11.11.2.1 Types of Licence

11.11.2.2 The Network Code

11.11.3 The Competitive Market for Gas

11.11.3.1 Competition Policy

11.12 Electricity Supply Industry

11.12.1 The Structure of the Industry

11.12.1.1 The Participants

11.12.2 The Market Structure

11.12.2.1 England and Wales

11.12.2.2 Scotland

11.12.2.3 Northern Ireland

11.12.2.4 The Interconnectors

11.12.2.5 Generation

11.12.2.6 Transmission

11.12.2.7 Distribution

11.12.3 Regulation of the Industry

11.12.3.1 The Statutory Structure

11.12.4 Regulatory Bodies for the Electricity Supply Industry

11.12.4.1 The Secretary of State

11.12.4.2 The Secretary of State and the Director

11.12.4.3 General Duties of the Secretary of State and the Director

11.12.5 The Licensing Regime

11.12.5.1 The Grant of Licences

11.12.5.2 The Licence

11.12.5.3 The Generation Licence

11.12.5.4 The Transmission Licence

11.12.5.5 Public Electricity Supply Licences

11.12.5.6 Second-Tier Supply Licences

11.12.5.7 Exemptions From Licensing

11.12.5.8 Modification and Enforcement

11.12.5.9 Revocation of a Licence

11.12.6 The Powers and Duties of PESs

11.12.7 Possible Distortions of the Market

11.12.7.1 The Sale of Electricity to Consumers

11.12.7.2 The Protection of Consumers

11.12.8 Implementing the European Union’s Third Energy Package

11.12.9 Consumer Protection

11.12.10 OFGEM’s Role as the NRA for Great Britain

11.12.11 Transmission and Distribution Networks

11.12.12 Gas Infrastructure

11.12.13 Licence-Exempt Undertakings and Access to Private Networks

11.12.13.1 UK Energy Policy for the Future

11.12.13.2 Update

Notes

Chapter 12 Energy Law in India

12.1 Legislative Framework

12.2 Regulation of Electricity

12.3 The Policy Framework

12.4 Market Organisation

12.4.1 Generation

12.4.2 Transmission

12.4.3 Distribution

12.4.4 Sale of Electricity

12.5 Renewable Energy Policy

12.6 The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)

12.7 Wind Energy

12.8 Solar Energy

12.9 Hydropower, Geothermal, and Wave Energies

12.10 Waste to Energy

12.11 Biofuels

12.12 Carbon Capture and Storage

12.13 Policy and the Climate Change Agenda

12.14 Nuclear Energy

12.15 Update

Notes

Chapter 13 Energy Law in Australia

13.1 Introduction

13.1.1 Energy Resources

13.1.2 Energy Production

13.1.3 Energy Policy

13.2 Industry Structure of the Electricity Market

13.2.1 The Regulators

13.2.2 Commonwealth and State Relations

13.2.2.1 The Tasmanian Dam Case

13.3 Energy Sectors

13.3.1 Uranium Mining

13.3.1.1 New South Wales

13.3.1.2 Northern Territory

13.3.1.3 South Australia

13.3.1.4 Victoria

13.3.1.5 Western Australia

13.4 Carbon Capture and Storage

13.5 Future Developments

13.5.1 Long-Term Liability Issues

13.6 Managing the Transition to Renewable Energy

Notes

Chapter 14 Energy Law in China

14.1 Evolution of Chinese Government Policy in Respect of the Energy Sector

14.2 Framework of Energy Law in China

14.3 Renewable Energy

14.3.1 Recent Developments in the Renewables Sector

Notes

Conclusions

Bibliography

Index

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