Kant’s Reason 1st Edition by Karl Schafer ISBN 0192868535 978-0192868534

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ISBN 10: 0192868535
ISBN 13: 978-0192868534
Author: Karl Schafer

Kant’s Reason develops a novel interpretation of Kant’s conception of reason and its philosophical significance. Karl Schafer argues that Kant presents a powerful model for understanding the unity of theoretical and practical reason as two manifestations of a unified capacity for theoretical and practical understanding (or “comprehension”). This model allows us to do justice to the deep commonalities between theoretical and practical rationality, without reducing either to the other. In particular, it enables us to see why the activities of both theoretical and practical reason are governed by a version of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, while also seeing why reason is essentially autonomous. At the same time, Kant’s Reason reads Kant as presenting a compelling picture of the role that reason, as a capacity or power, should play in a systematic approach to foundational philosophical questions. In doing so, it argues for an account of the fundamental norms that apply to rational beings that treats neither substantive reasons or values nor merely structural rationality as fundamental, but instead provides a robust conception of reason as a power or capacity for theoretical and practical understanding. The result is a form of rational constitutivism, which contrasts both with the forms of reasons fundamentalism that are currently fashionable and the forms of agency-first constitutivism that have dominated Kantian metaethics. In this sense, this volume aims to vindicate Kant’s insistence that his philosophy represents nothing more or less than reason’s implicit self-understanding coming to explicit and systematic self-consciousness.

Kant’s Reason 1st Table of contents:

Introduction: The Unity of Reason in Kant and Today

a. The “Unity of Reason” in Kant

b. Explaining the Unity of Reason—Primacy and Unity

c. The Primacy of the Practical and Reason’s Ends and Interests

d. The Unity of Reason and the Unity of Comprehension (and Autonomy)

e. Summary of the Chapters to Follow

f. A Note about the Historical Development of Kant’s Thought

Part I. Kant’s Rational Constitutivism

1. Transcendental Philosophy and the Self-Consciousness of Reason

a. A Look Ahead: Kant on the Aims of Philosophical Inquiry

b. Philosophical Principles and Rational Powers

c. The Project of the Critical Philosophy and the Autonomy of Reason

d. The Critical Project and the Foundational Role of Self-Consciousness

e. The Limits of Self-Consciousness: Capacities, Acts, and Substances

f. The Plausibility of a Capacities-First or Powers-First Approach Today

2. Self-Consciousness, Cognition, and the Taking Condition

a. Kant’s Conception of Cognition

b. Cognition, Knowledge, and Belief in Kant

c. Cognition: Theoretical and Practical

d. Cognition, Self-Consciousness, and the “Taking Condition”

Appendix: Alternative Accounts of Cognition in Kant

3. Kant’s Rational Constitutivism

a. Practical Reason’s Self-Consciousness and the Categorical Imperative

b. Principles, Imperatives, and the Faktum der Vernunft

c. Interlude: Imperatives and the Normativity of Logic

d. Rational Constitutivism

e. Constitutivism, Shmagency, and Why Be Rational?

Part II. The Unity of Reason

4. Reason: The Capacity for Comprehension

a. Reason: The Faculty for (Mediate) Inference

b. Reason: The Faculty of Principles

c. Reason as the Capacity for Comprehension

d. Comprehension, “Understanding”, and “Knowledge”

e. The Modesty of Reason as the Capacity for Comprehension

f. The Unity of Reason and the Unity of Comprehension

5. Theoretical Reason’s Supreme Principle and the Principle of Sufficient Reason

a. One Faculty, Many Guises

b. The Logical Maxim

c. The Supreme Principle of Reason in Its Theoretical Use

d. The Relationship between the Logical Maxim and the Supreme Principle

e. Two Arguments from the Logical Maxim to the Supreme Principle

f. The Status of the Supreme Principle and the Critique of Metaphysics

g. Further Complications

6. Practical Reason’s Supreme Principle, the Moral Law, and the Highest Good

a. The Supreme Principle in a Practical Context: Universal Law

b. The Supreme Principle in a Practical Context: Humanity and Autonomy

c. Interlude: Is Kant’s Ethics Too Individualist, or Not Individualist Enough?

d. Transition: The Maxims of Common Understanding

e. A Systematic Presentation of Reason’s Principle

f. The Ultimate Object of Human Comprehension and the Highest Good

7. The Autonomy of Reason and the Capacity for Autonomy

a. Kant’s Conception of Capacities as Autonomous

b. Autonomy and Practical Comprehension

c. Autonomy and the Self-Comprehension of Reason

d. Comprehension and the Capacity for Autonomous Action

e. Comprehension as a Guide to Autonomy

Conclusion: Reason, Reasons, and the Future of the Critical Project

a. Generalized Longuenessianism

b. Reasons-First or Reason-First

c. Practical Understanding as a Tool for Social and Political Critique

d. Realizing Reason—The Future of the Critical Project?

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