Ludwig s Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants 4th Edition by Kayode Coker 0080942423 9780080942421

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ISBN 10: 0080942423
ISBN 13: 9780080942421
Author: A. Kayode Coker

The fourth edition of Ludwig’s Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants, Volume Three is a core reference for chemical, plant, and process engineers and provides an unrivalled reference on methods, process fundamentals, and supporting design data. New to this edition are expanded chapters on heat transfer plus additional chapters focused on the design of shell and tube heat exchangers, double pipe heat exchangers and air coolers. Heat tracer requirements for pipelines and heat loss from insulated pipelines are covered in this new edition, along with batch heating and cooking of process fluids, process integration, and industrial reactors. The book also looks at the troubleshooting of process equipment and corrosion and metallurgy.

Ludwig s Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants 4th Table of contents:

Chapter 15. Heat Transfer

• Types of Heat Transfer
• Equipment Terminology
• Details of Exchange Equipment
• Tube Vibration
• Nozzle Connections to Shell and Heads
• Types of Heat Exchange Operations
• Temperature Difference: Two Fluid Transfer
• Temperature for Fluid Properties Evaluation – Caloric Temperature
• Pressure Drop, Δp
• Heat Balance
• Transfer Area
• Fouling of Tube Surface
• Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients for Plain or Bare Tubes
• Approximate Values for Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients
• Film Coefficients with Fluids Outside Tubes Forced Convection
• Design and Rating of Heat Exchangers
• Plate and Frame Heat Exchangers
• Spiral Heat Exchangers
• Miscellaneous Special Application Heat Transfer Equipment
• Heat Loss for Bare Process Pipe
• Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers
• Rating Method for Air-Cooled Exchangers
• Two-Phase Flow Patterns
• Modes of Condensation
• Boiling and Vaporization
• Heat Transfer in Jacketed, Agitated Vessels/Kettles
• Falling Film Liquid Flow in Tubes
• Batch Heating and Cooling of Fluids
• Heat Exchanger Design With Computers
• Maintenance of Heat Exchangers
• General Symptoms in Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
• Case Studies of Heat Exchangers Explosion Hazards Incidents

Chapter 16. Process Integration and Heat Exchanger Networks

• Introduction
• Heat Recovery Problem Identification
• Energy Targets
• The Heat Recovery Pinch and Its Significance
• A Targeting Procedure: The Problem Table Algorithm
• The Grand Composite Curve
• Placing Utilities Using the Grand Composite Curve
• Stream Matching at the Pinch
• The Pinch Design Approach to Inventing a Network
• Heat Exchanger Network Design (HEN)
• Design for Threshold Problems
• Heat Exchanger Area Targets
• HEN Simplification
• Number of Shells Target
• Implications for HEN Design
• Capital Cost Targets
• Energy Targeting
• Supertargeting or ΔTmin Optimization
• Summary: New Heat Exchanger Network Design
• Targeting and Design for Constrained Matches
• Targeting by Linear Programming
• Heat Engines and Heat Pumps for Optimum Integration
• Pressure Drop and Heat Transfer In Process Integration
• Total Site Analysis
• Applications of Process Integration
• Pitfalls in Process Integration
• Conclusions
• Industrial Applications, Case Studies and Examples
• Glossary of Terms
• Summary and Heuristics
• Nomenclature

Chapter 17. Refrigeration Systems

• Capacity of Refrigerator
• The Carnot Refrigeration Cycle
• Performance of a Carnot Refrigerator
• Mechanical Refrigeration
• Types of Refrigeration Systems
• Terminology
• Selection of a Refrigeration System for a Given Temperature Level and Heat Load
• System Pressure Drop
• Absorption Refrigeration
• Mechanical Refrigeration
• Process Performance
• System Performance Comparison
• Hydrocarbon Refrigerants
• Refrigeration Stages
• Hydrocarbon Mixtures and Refrigerants
• Generalized Comments Regarding Refrigerants
• System Design and Selection
• Receiver
• Economizers
• Suction Gas Superheat
• Cascade Systems
• Compound Compression System
• Comparison of Effect of System Cycle and Expansion Valves on Required Horsepower
• Cryogenics
• Simulation of a Propane Refrigeration Loop
• Using Hysys Simulation Software Package
• Glossary of Terms
• Nomenclature

Chapter 18. Compression Equipment (Including Fans)

• General Application Guide
• Specification Guides
• General Considerations for Any Type of Compressor Flow Conditions
• Reciprocating Compression
• Compressor Performance Characteristics
• Solution of Compression Problems Using Mollier Diagrams
• Cylinder Unloading
• Air Compressor Selection
• Energy Flow
• Constant-T System
• Polytropic System
• Constant S System
• Centrifugal Compressors
• Compressor Equations in SI Units
• Multicomponent Gas Streams
• Treatment of Compressor Fluids
• Centrifugal Compressor Performance in Process System
• Expansion Turbines
• Axial Compressor
• Liquid Ring Compressors
• Rotary Two-Impeller (Lobe) Blowers and Vacuum Pumps
• Rotary Axial Screw Blower and Vacuum Pumps
• Rotary Sliding Vane Compressor
• Oil-Flooded Screw Compressors
• Integrally Geared Compressors
• Other Process-Related Compressors
• Advances in Compressor Technology
• Troubleshooting of Centrifugal and Reciprocating Compressors
• Fans
• Blowers and Exhausters
• Nomenclature
• Greek Symbols
• Subscripts

Chapter 19. Reciprocating Compression Surge Drums

• Pulsation Dampener or Surge Drum
• Common Design Terminology
• Applications
• Internal Details
• Design Method – Surge Drums (Nonacoustic)
• Single-Compression Cylinder
• Parallel Multicylinder Arrangement Using Common Surge Drum
• Pipe Sizes for Surge Drum Systems
• Frequency of Pulsations
• Compressor Suction and Discharge Drums
• Design Method – Modified NACA Method for the Design of Suction and Discharge Drums
• Pipe Resonance
• Mechanical Considerations: Drums/Bottles and Piping
• Nomenclature
• Greek
• Subscripts

Chapter 20. Mechanical Drivers

• Electric Motors
• Mechanical Drive Steam Turbines
• Gas and Gas-Diesel Engines
• Combustion Gas Turbine
• Nomenclature

Chapter 21. Industrial and Laboratory Reactors – Chemical Reaction Hazards and Process Integration of Reactors

• Introduction
• Batch Isothermal Perfectly Stirred Reactor
• Semi-batch Reactors
• Continuous Flow Isothermal Perfectly Stirred Tank Reactor
• Continuous Isothermal Plug Flow (Tubular) Reactor
• Continuous Multiphase Reactors
• Fluidized Bed System
• Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Unit
• Deep Catalytic Cracking Unit
• Bubble Column Reactor
• Agitator Types for Different Reaction Systems
• Catalysts and Catalytic Processes
• Determining Laboratory Reactors
• Recirculating Reactors
• Guidelines for Selecting Batch Processes
• Heat Transfer in Reactors
• Chemical Reaction Hazardous Incidents
• Chemical Reactivity Worksheet (CRW)
• Protective Measures for Runaway Reactions
• Safety in Emergency Relief Systems
• Process Hazard Analysis (PHA)
• Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP)
• Hazard Analysis (HAZAN)
• Fault Tree Analysis
• Key Findings by US Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB)
• Reactive System Screening Tool (RSST)
• Energy Balances on Batch Reactors
• The ϕ Factor Accounting for the Heat Capacities of the Bomb Calorimeter
• Adiabatic Operation of a Batch Reactor
• Relief Valve Sizing Calculations
• Vent Sizing Equations
• Discharge System
• Hazardous Pyrophoric Reaction
• Heat-Integrated Reactors
• Appropriate Placement of Reactors
• Reactor Design to Improve Heat Integration
• Glossary

Chapter 22. Metallurgy – Corrosion

• Introduction
• Material Selection
• Embrittlement
• Environmental Cracking
• Creep and Creep Rupture Life
• Martensitic Stainless Steels in Refining and Petroleum Production
• Corrosion
• Index

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