Marks Basic Medical Biochemistry A Clinical Approach 6th Edition by Michael A Lieberman, Alisa Peet ISBN 9781975150143 1975150147

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ISBN 10: 1975150147
ISBN 13: 9781975150143
Author: Michael A Lieberman, Alisa Peet

Marks Basic Medical Biochemistry A Clinical Approach 6th Edition Table of contents:

Section I: Fuel Metabolism

1 Metabolic Fuels and Dietary Components

I. Dietary Fuels

A. Carbohydrates

B. Proteins

C. Fats

D. Alcohol

II. Body Fuel Stores

A. Fat

B. Glycogen

C. Protein

III. Daily Energy Expenditure

A. Basal Metabolic Rate

B. Physical Activity

C. Diet-Induced Thermogenesis

D. Calculations of Daily Energy Expenditure

E. Healthy Body Weight

F. Weight Gain and Loss

IV. Dietary Requirements

A. Carbohydrates

B. Essential Fatty Acids

C. Protein

D. Vitamins

E. Minerals

F. Water

V. Dietary Guidelines

A. General Recommendations

B. Carbohydrates

C. Fats

D. Proteins

E. Alcohol

F. Vitamins and Minerals

VI. Xenobiotics

Chapter 1: Review Questions

2 The Fed or Absorptive State

I. Digestion and Absorption

A. Carbohydrates

B. Proteins

C. Fats

II. Changes in Hormone Levels after a Meal

III. Fate of Glucose

A. Conversion to Glycogen, Triacylglycerols, and CO2 in the Liver

B. Glucose Metabolism in Other Tissues

IV. Lipoproteins

V. Amino Acids

VI. Summary of the Fed (Absorptive) State

Chapter 2: Review Questions

3 Fasting

I. The Fasting State

A. Blood Glucose and the Role of the Liver during Fasting

B. Role of Adipose Tissue during Fasting

C. Summary of the Metabolic Changes during a Brief Fast

II. Metabolic Changes during Prolonged Fasting

A. Role of Liver during Prolonged Fasting

B. Role of Adipose Tissue during Prolonged Fasting

Chapter 3: Review Questions

Section II: Chemical and Biologic Foundations of Biochemistry

4 Water, Acids, Bases, and Buffers

I. Water

A. Fluid Compartments in the Body

B. Hydrogen Bonds in Water

C. Electrolytes

D. Osmolality and Water Movement

II. Acids and Bases

A. The pH of Water

B. Strong and Weak Acids

III. Buffers

IV. Metabolic Acids and Buffers

A. The Bicarbonate Buffer System

B. Bicarbonate and Hemoglobin in Red Blood Cells

C. Intracellular pH

D. Urinary Hydrogen, Ammonium, and Phosphate Ions

E. Hydrochloric Acid

Chapter 4: Review Questions

5 Structures of the Major Compounds of the Body

I. Functional Groups on Biologic Compounds

A. Biologic Compounds

B. Functional Groups

C. Polarity of Bonds and Partial Charges

D. Nomenclature

II. Carbohydrates

A. Monosaccharides

B. Glycosides

III. Lipids

A. Fatty Acids

B. Acylglycerols

C. Phosphoacylglycerols

D. Sphingolipids

E. Steroids

IV. Nitrogen-Containing Compounds

A. Amino Acids

B. Nitrogen-Containing Ring Structures

V. Free Radicals

Chapter 5: Review Questions

6 Amino Acids in Proteins

I. General Structure of the Amino Acids

II. Classification of Amino Acid Side Chains

A. Nonpolar, Aliphatic Amino Acids

B. Aromatic Amino Acids

C. Aliphatic, Polar, Uncharged Amino Acids

D. Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids

E. The Acidic and Basic Amino Acids

III. Variations in Primary Structure

A. Polymorphism in Protein Structure

B. Tissue and Developmental Variations in Protein Structure

C. Species Variations in the Primary Structure of Insulin

A. Protein Families and Superfamilies

B. Creatine Kinase and Myocardial Infarctions

IV. Modified Amino Acids

A. Glycosylation

B. Fatty Acylation or Prenylation

C. Regulatory Modifications

D. Other Amino Acid Posttranslational Modifications

E. Selenocysteine

Chapter 6: Review Questions

7 Structure–Function Relationships in Proteins

I. General Characteristics of Three-Dimensional Structure

A. Descriptions of Protein Structure

B. Requirements of the Three-Dimensional Structure

II. The Three-Dimensional Structure of the Peptide Backbone

III. Secondary Structure

A. The α-Helix

B. β-Sheets

C. Nonrepetitive Secondary Structures

D. Patterns of Secondary Structure

IV. Tertiary Structure

A. Domains in the Tertiary Structure

B. Folds in Globular Proteins

C. The Solubility of Globular Proteins in an Aqueous Environment

D. Tertiary Structure of Transmembrane Proteins

V. Quaternary Structure

VI. Quantitation of Ligand Binding

VII. Structure–Function Relationships in Myoglobin and Hemoglobin

A. Oxygen Binding and Heme

B. Cooperativity of O2 Binding in Hemoglobin

C. Agents That Affect Oxygen Binding

C. Carbon Dioxide

VIII. Structure–Function Relationships in Immunoglobulins

IX. Protein Folding

A. Primary Structure Determines Folding

B. Fibrous Proteins—Collagen

C. Protein Denaturation

Chapter 7: Review Questions

8 Enzymes as Catalysts

I. The Enzyme-Catalyzed Reaction

A. The Active Site

B. Substrate-Binding Sites

C. The Transition-State Complex

II. Strategies for Catalysis

A. General Acid–Base Catalysis

II. Catalytic Mechanism of Chymotrypsin

A. The Reaction in the Absence of Enzyme

B. Catalytic Strategies in the Reaction Catalyzed by Chymotrypsin

C. Energy Diagram in the Presence of Chymotrypsin

B. Covalent Catalysis

C. Metal-Ion Catalysis

D. Catalysis by Approximation

E. Cofactor Catalysis

III. Functional Groups in Catalysis

A. Functional Groups on Amino Acid Side Chains

B. Coenzymes in Catalysis

C. Metal Ions in Catalysis (See Also Section II.C)

D. Noncatalytic Roles of Cofactors

IV. Optimal pH and Temperature

V. Mechanism-Based Inhibitors

A. Covalent Inhibitors

B. Transition-State Analogs and Compounds That Resemble Intermediate Stages of the Reaction

C. Heavy Metals

Chapter 8: Review Questions

9 Regulation of Enzymes

I. General Overview

II. Regulation by Substrate and Product Concentration

A. Velocity and Substrate Concentration

B. Reversible Inhibition within the Active Site

III. Regulation through Conformational Changes

A. Conformational Changes in Allosteric Enzymes

B. Conformational Changes from Covalent Modification

C. Conformational Changes Regulated by Protein–Protein Interactions

D. Proteolytic Cleavage

IV. Regulation through Changes in Amount of Enzyme

A. Regulated Enzyme Synthesis

B. Regulated Protein Degradation

V. Regulation of Metabolic Pathways

A. Principles of Pathway Regulation

Chapter 9: Review Questions

10 Cell Structure and Signaling by Chemical Messengers

I. Compartmentation in Cells

II. Plasma Membrane

A. Structure of the Plasma Membrane

B. Transport of Molecules across the Plasma Membrane

III. Lysosomes

IV. Mitochondria

V. Peroxisomes

VI. Nucleus

VII. Endoplasmic Reticulum

VIII. Golgi Complex

IX. Cytoskeleton

X. General Features of Chemical Messengers

A. General Features of Chemical Messenger Systems Applied to the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor

B. Endocrine, Paracrine, Autocrine, and Juxtacrine Actions

C. Types of Chemical Messengers

XI. Intracellular Transcription Factor Receptors

A. Intracellular versus Plasma Membrane Receptors

B. The Steroid Hormone/Thyroid Hormone Superfamily of Receptors

XII. Plasma Membrane Receptors and Signal Transduction

A. Ion-Channel Receptors

B. Receptors That Are Kinases or That Bind Kinases

C. Heptahelical Receptors

D. Juxtacrine Signaling

XIII. Signal Termination

Chapter 10: Review Questions

11 Structure of the Nucleic Acids

I. DNA Structure

A. Location of DNA

B. Determination of the Structure of DNA

C. Concept of Base Pairing

D. DNA Strands Are Antiparallel

E. The Double Helix

F. Characteristics of DNA

II. Structure of Chromosomes

A. Size of DNA Molecules

B. Packaging of DNA

C. The Human Genome

III. Structure of RNA

A. General Features of RNA

B. Structure of mRNA

C. Structure of rRNA

D. Structure of tRNA

E. Other Types of RNA

Chapter 11: Review Questions

Section III: Gene Expression and the Synthesis of Proteins

12 Synthesis of DNA

I. DNA Synthesis in Prokaryotes

A. Bidirectional Replication

B. Semiconservative Replication

C. DNA Unwinding

D. DNA Polymerase Action

E. Base-Pairing Errors

F. RNA Primer Requirement

G. The Replication Fork

H. DNA Ligase

II. DNA Synthesis in Eukaryotes

A. Eukaryotic Cell Cycle

B. Points of Origin for Replication

C. Eukaryotic DNA Polymerases

D. The Eukaryotic Replication Complex

E. Replication at the Ends of Chromosomes

III. DNA Repair

A. Actions of Mutagens

B. Repair Mechanisms

IV. Genetic Rearrangements

A. General or Homologous Recombination

B. Translocations

C. Repair of Single- and Double-Strand Breaks in DNA

D. Transposable Elements

V. Reverse Transcriptase

Chapter 12: Review Questions

13 Transcription: Synthesis of RNA

I. Action of RNA Polymerase

II. Types of RNA Polymerases

A. Sequences of Genes

B. Recognition of Genes by RNA Polymerase

C. Promoter Regions of Genes for mRNA

III. Transcription of Bacterial Genes

IV. Transcription of Eukaryotic Genes

A. Synthesis of Eukaryotic mRNA

B. Synthesis of Eukaryotic rRNA

C. Synthesis of Eukaryotic tRNA

V. Differences in Size between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic DNA

A. Diploid versus Haploid

B. Introns

C. Repetitive Sequences in Eukaryotic DNA

D. Summary of the Differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic DNA and RNA

Chapter 13: Review Questions

14 Translation: Synthesis of Proteins

I. The Genetic Code

A. The Code Is Degenerate Yet Unambiguous

B. The Code Is Nonoverlapping

C. Relationship between mRNA and the Protein Product

II. Effects of Mutations

A. Point Mutations

B. Insertions, Deletions, and Frameshift Mutations

III. Formation of Aminoacyl-tRNA

IV. Process of Translation

A. Initiation of Translation

B. Elongation of Polypeptide Chains

C. Termination of Translation

V. Polysomes

VI. Processing of Proteins

VII. Posttranslational Modifications

VIII. Targeting of Proteins to Subcellular and Extracellular Locations

Chapter 14: Review Questions

15 Regulation of Gene Expression

I. Gene Expression Is Regulated for Adaptation and Differentiation

II. Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes

A. Operons

B. Regulation of RNA Polymerase Binding by Repressors

C. Stimulation of RNA Polymerase Binding

D. Regulation of RNA Polymerase Binding by Sigma Factors

E. Attenuation of Transcription

III. Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

A. Regulation at Multiple Levels

B. Regulation of Availability of Genes for Transcription

C. Regulation at the Level of Transcription

D. Posttranscriptional Processing of RNA

E. Regulation at the Level of Translation and the Stability of mRNA

F. Transport and Stability of mRNA

Chapter 15: Review Questions

16 Use of Recombinant DNA Techniques in Medicine

I. Recombinant DNA Techniques

A. Strategies for Obtaining Fragments of DNA and Copies of Genes

B. Techniques for Identifying DNA Sequences

C. Techniques for Amplifying DNA Sequences

II. Use of Recombinant DNA Techniques for Diagnosis of Disease

A. DNA Polymorphisms

B. Detection of Polymorphisms

III. Use of Recombinant DNA Techniques for the Prevention and Treatment of Disease

A. Vaccines

B. Production of Therapeutic Proteins

C. Small Interfering RNA (SiRNA)

D. Genetic Counseling

E. Gene Therapy

F. The CRISPR/Cas System

G. Transgenic Animals

IV. Proteomics

Chapter 16: Review Questions

17 The Molecular Biology of Cancer

I. Causes of Cancer

II. Damage to DNA Leading to Mutations

A. Chemical and Physical Alterations in DNA

B. Gain-of-Function Mutations in Proto-oncogenes

C. Mutations in Repair Enzymes

III. Oncogenes

A. Oncogenes and Signal Transduction Cascades

B. Oncogenes and the Cell Cycle

IV. Tumor-Suppressor Genes

A. Tumor-Suppressor Genes That Regulate the Cell Cycle Directly

B. Tumor-Suppressor Genes That Affect Receptors and Signal Transduction

C. Tumor-Suppressor Genes That Affect Cell Adhesion

D. Tumor-Suppressor Genes Linked to DNA Repair

V. Cancer and Apoptosis

A. Normal Pathways to Apoptosis

B. Cancer Cells Bypass Apoptosis

C. MicroRNAs and Apoptosis

VI. Cancer Requires Multiple Mutations

VII. At the Molecular Level, Cancer Is Many Different Diseases

VIII. Viruses and Human Cancer

Chapter 17: Review Questions

18 An Introduction to Human Genetics

I. Mendelian Inheritance Patterns

II. Genes

III. Mutations

IV. Inheritance Patterns

A. Autosomal Dominant Inheritance

B. Autosomal Recessive Inheritance

C. X-linked Inheritance

D. Mitochondrial Inheritance

V. Cytogenetics

A. Mitosis and Cell Division

B. Meiosis and Gamete Formation

C. Chromosome Structure and Nomenclature

D. Abnormalities of Chromosome Number

E. Abnormalities of Chromosome Structure

F. Prenatal Cytogenetics

VI. Population Genetics

VII. Multifactorial Diseases (Complex Traits)

VIII. Triplet Nucleotide Repeat Expansions

IX. Imprinting

X. Epigenetics

XI. The Genetics of Tumor Suppressors

Chapter 18: Review Questions

Section IV: Carbohydrate Metabolism, Fuel Oxidation, and the Generation of Adenosine Triphosphate

19 Basic Concepts in the Regulation of Fuel Metabolism by Insulin, Glucagon, and Other Hormones

I. Metabolic Homeostasis

II. Major Hormones of Metabolic Homeostasis

III. Synthesis and Release of Insulin and Glucagon

A. Endocrine Pancreas

B. Synthesis and Secretion of Insulin

C. Stimulation and Inhibition of Insulin Release

D. Synthesis and Secretion of Glucagon

IV. Mechanisms of Hormone Action

A. Signal Transduction by Hormones That Bind to Plasma Membrane Receptors

B. Signal Transduction by Cortisol and Other Hormones That Interact with Intracellular Receptors

C. Signal Transduction by Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Chapter 19: Review Questions

20 Cellular Bioenergetics: Adenosine Triphosphate and O2

I. Energy Available to Do Work

A. The High-Energy Phosphate Bonds of ATP

B. Change in Free Energy (ΔG) during a Reaction

C. Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions

II. Energy Transformations to Do Mechanical and Transport Work

A. Mechanical Work

B. Transport Work

III. Biochemical Work

A. Adding ΔG0 Values

B. ΔG Depends on Substrate and Product Concentrations

C. Activated Intermediates with High-Energy Bonds

IV. Thermogenesis

V. Energy from Fuel Oxidation

A. Energy Transfer from Fuels through Oxidative Phosphorylation

B. NADPH in Oxidation–Reduction Reactions

C. Anaerobic Glycolysis

VI. Oxygenases and Oxidases Not Involved in ATP Generation

A. Oxidases

B. Oxygenases

VII. Energy Balance

Chapter 20: Review Questions

21 Digestion, Absorption, and Transport of Carbohydrates

I. Dietary Carbohydrates

II. Digestion of Dietary Carbohydrates

A. Salivary and Pancreatic α-Amylase

B. Disaccharidases of the Intestinal Brush-Border Membrane

C. Metabolism of Sugars by Colonic Bacteria

D. Lactose Intolerance

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Tags: Michael A Lieberman, Alisa Peet, Marks Basic, Medical Biochemistry, Clinical Approach