Nanofiber Filter Technologies for Filtration of Submicron Aerosols and Nanoaerosols 1st Edition by Wallace Woon Fong Leung ISBN 9780128244685 0128244682

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ISBN 10: 0128244682
ISBN 13: 9780128244685
Author: Wallace Woon Fong Leung

Nanofiber Filter Technologies for Filtration of Submicron Aerosols and Nanoaerosols covers the nanoaerosols (less than 100 nanometers) to larger submicron aerosols due mostly to pollution, which are present in high number concentration in our surroundings. People are breathing these nanoaerosols daily without being aware of it. Airborne viruses from flu to coronaviruses are also nanoaerosols. During the COVID-19 pandemic, it took a long time for health authorities and the General Public to recognize the airborne transmission mode of the virus. This leads to inadequate protection and ineffective virus control strategies resulting in high infection and death rates. The book cites evidence and observations pointing to the airborne transmission mode of the coronavirus. It also discusses different filtration technologies using nanofibers to capture these aerosols for short-term filtration, where aerosols are trapped in the filter (depth filtration), and long-term filtration, where aerosols are trapped in the growing filter cake (cake filtration). This book provides a good understanding on how nanofibers, which is of size 1/1000 times that of a normal human hair, can effectively filter these tiny aerosols. NFT, organized in four sections – fundamentals, deep understanding, technologies, and application, covering comprehensively on the subject, is a valuable resource for undergraduates and graduates, engineers, researchers and practitioners in related industries.

• Describes technologies with insight and use basic engineering principles to build-up technologies
• Includes extensive clear and understandable figures and tables to enhance key concepts
• Uses examples throughout to explain engineering principles and interdisciplinary concepts
• The only book in the market focusing on nanofiber filter technologies for filtering submicron aerosols and nanoaerosols

Nanofiber Filter Technologies for Filtration of Submicron Aerosols and Nanoaerosols 1st Edition Table of contents:

Chapter one. Introduction to submicron aerosols and nanoaerosols

Abstract

1.1 Aerosols

1.2 Classification

1.3 Indoor aerosols

1.4 Outdoor aerosols

1.5 Health implication of nanoaerosols

1.6 Airborne viruses

1.7 Respiratory droplet and airborne virus transmission

1.8 Experiment on SARS-CoV-2 virus spread by air transmission

1.9 Approach to filter submicron aerosols and nanoaerosols

1.10 Summary

1.11 Problems

References

Chapter two. Fundamentals of gas filtration of submicron aerosols and nanoaerosols

Abstract

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Filter and single-fiber efficiency

2.3 Mechanical capture

2.4 Example of mechanical capture

2.5 Typical behavior of mechanical capture

2.6 Electrostatic effect

2.7 Pressure drop

2.8 Summary

2.9 Problems

References

Chapter three. Nanofiber production

Abstract

3.1 Electrospinning using needle-less electrospinning with a solvent-based approach

3.2 Production using needle electrospinning with a solvent-based approach

3.3 Electrospinning of molten state using needle electrospinning

3.4 Centrifugal electrospinning with a high production rate

3.5 Forcespinning

3.6 The production of nanofibers using island-in-sea technology

3.7 Examples of the production of different polymeric nanofibers

3.8 Summary

3.9 Problems

References

Chapter four. Filter testing, filter test standards, and filter ratings

Abstract

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Sodium chloride test aerosol (monodisperse)

4.3 Dioctyl phthalate test aerosols

4.4 Commercial filter tester

4.5 Scanning mobility particle sizer

4.6 Silver nanoparticles

4.7 Polystyrene latex test aerosols

4.8 Comparing filtration efficiencies of a clean filter with different test aerosols

4.9 ISO test dust

4.10 Filter loading acceleration test

4.11 Face mask

4.12 Respirator test

4.13 MERV ratings and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning test

4.14 Summary

4.15 Problems

References

Chapter five. Filtration characteristics of nanofiber filter and multilayer nanofiber filter for depth filtration

Abstract

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Single-layer polymeric nanofiber filter

5.3 Fiber packing density and filter thickness

5.4 PEO nanofiber filter

5.5 Pressure drop versus fiber basis weight for a single-layer nanofiber filter

5.6 Filter thickness and fiber packing density versus fiber basis weight

5.7 Grade filtration efficiency, prediction versus measurements

5.8 Most penetrating particle size (MPPS)

5.9 Multilayer nanofiber filter

5.10 Summary

5.11 Problems

References

Chapter six. Transition from depth-to-surface filtration for a nanofiber filter

Abstract

6.1 Depth filtration and skin layer

6.2 Transition from depth-to-cake filtration

6.3 Transition—capillary filling model

6.4 Transition—bridging model

6.5 Cake formation model

6.6 High-skin filter case studies

6.7 Permeability of skin layer

6.8 Remarks on high-skin effect study

6.9 Low-skin filter

6.10 Cake thickness

6.11 Low-skin case studies

6.12 Remarks on low-skin studies

6.13 Summary

6.14 Problems

References

Chapter seven. Cake filtration with a composite micro–nanofiber filter

Abstract

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Combining composite filters with different properties

7.3 Cake filtration theory

7.4 Tests on different composite filters

7.5 Aerosol loading test results on single and composite filters

7.6 Dimensionless cake deposition–resistance ratio, β

7.7 Cake deposition pattern

7.8 Summary

7.9 Problems

References

Chapter eight. Electret filter for depth and cake filtration

Abstract

8.1 Introduction to electrostatic effects

8.2 Determining dielectrophoretic single-fiber efficiency

8.3 Single fiber efficiency for charged microfiber versus nanofiber

8.4 Effect of face velocity

8.5 Single versus multiple modules for unloaded filter

8.6 Aerosol loading in filters

8.7 Loading behavior of single-module uncharged (SU) PVDF filter

8.8 Loading behavior of multimodule uncharged (MU) filter

8.9 Loading behaviors of single-module charged (SC) filter

8.10 Loading behavior of multimodule charged (MC) filter

8.11 Analyses of filter efficiency, capacity, and pressure drop

8.12 Summary

8.13 Problems

References

Chapter nine. Numerical modeling of aerosol filtration using a nanofiber filter

Abstract

9.1 What numerical modeling can contribute?

9.2 Theoretical model

9.3 Aerosol deposition model

9.4 Deposition of polydispersed nanoaerosols

9.5 Concluding remarks on 2D model with a single-layer nanofiber filter

9.6 Composite filter, including nanofiber layer

9.7 Clean filter simulation—random 3D mesh generation

9.8 Clean filter simulation—Image-based simulation model

9.9 Clean filter simulation–added electrostatic force

9.10 Clean filter simulation—lattice Boltzmann method with added electrostatic and van der Waals forces

9.11 Summary

9.12 Problems

References

Chapter ten. Cleaning of nanofiber filter

Abstract

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Test filter

10.3 Aerosol distribution in a loaded filter

10.4 Filter cleaning

10.5 Cleaning behavior of nanofiber filter

10.6 Cleaning model

10.7 Comparing model predictions with test results on filter cleaning

10.8 Summary

10.9 Problems

References

Chapter eleven. Nanofiber filter reuse—repeated loading–cleaning cycles

Abstract

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Tests on cyclic loading/cleaning

11.3 Aerosol loading models

11.4 Pressure excursion over loading followed by cleaning

11.5 Summary

11.6 Problems

References

Chapter twelve. Filtration of ambient aerosols

Abstract

12.1 Filter tests with real aerosols

12.2 Theoretical consideration

12.3 Tests with real aerosols

12.4 Test results of traffic and ambient aerosols

12.5 Polyvinylidene difluoride multimodule filter

12.6 Ambient aerosols as a simulation of SARS-CoV-2 virus carrier

12.7 Single-fiber efficiency for charged nanofiber filter

12.8 Charged multilayer/multimodule nanofiber filter for filtering ambient aerosol

12.9 Achieving high efficiency with higher nanofiber basis weight by multilayering

12.10 Comparing ambient aerosol with sodium chloride aerosol in filter test

12.11 Summary

12.12 Problems

References

Chapter thirteen. Applications of nanofiber filters

Abstract

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Pleated cabin air filter

13.3 High-efficiency particulate air and ultralow particulate air filters

13.4 Surgical face mask

13.5 Respirators

13.6 Heating ventilation and air conditioning with cake formation

13.7 Air filter for engine of off-road vehicles

13.8 Disinfection filter

13.9 Breakdown of harmful gaseous compounds and disinfection

13.10 Summary

13.11 Problems

References

Chapter fourteen. Outlook

Abstract

14.1 Submicron aerosols and nanoaerosols

14.2 Interpretation and prediction of nanofiber filter performance

14.3 Iso-quality factor

14.4 Polymer and additional functions other than gas filtration

14.5 Large-scale production

14.6 Pressure-drop reduction strategies

14.7 Electrostatic charged nanofibers

14.8 Cleaning of preloaded nanofiber filters for reuse

14.9 Summary

References

Appendix A. Answer to problems of chapters

Chapter one

Chapter two

Chapter four

Chapter five

Chapter six

Chapter seven

Chapter eight

Chapter nine

Chapter ten

Chapter eleven

Chapter twelve

Chapter thirteen

Appendix B. Size distribution in dN/d(log(Dp))

Appendix C. Permeability and capillary radius of the skin layer

Appendix D. Cake deposition-resistance ratio, β

Appendix E. Specific filter resistance, γ

Nomenclature

Index

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Tags: Wallace Woon Fong Leung, Nanofiber Filter Technologies, Filtration, Submicron Aerosols