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ISBN 10: 0128053534
ISBN 13: 9780128053539
Author: Elliot S Krames, Hunter Peckham, Ali R Rezai
Neuromodulation: Comprehensive Textbook of Principles, Technologies, and Therapies, Second Edition, serves as a comprehensive and in-depth reference textbook covering all aspects of the rapidly growing field of neuromodulation. Since the publication of the first edition seven years ago, there has been an explosion of knowledge in neuromodulation, optogenetics, bioelectronics medicine and brain computer interfacing. Users will find unique discussions of the fundamental principles of neuromodulation and therapies, and how they are applied to the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, autonomic nerves and various organs.
The book focuses on comprehensive coverage of spinal cord stimulation, non-interventional and interventional brain stimulation, peripheral nerve stimulation, and the emerging fields of neuromodulation, including optogenetics and bioelectronics medicine.
- Provides a comprehensive reference that covers all aspects of the growing field of neuromodulation
- Written by international, leading authorities in their respective fields of neuromodulation, pain management, functional neurosurgery and biomedical engineering
- Includes new chapters on optogenetics, bioelectronics medicine and brain computer interfacing
Neuromodulation Comprehensive Textbook of Principles Technologies and Therapies 2nd Edition Table of contents:
Volume 1
Section I. Defining Neuromodulation
Introduction
Introduction
Chapter 1. Perspectives on the History of Neuromodulation-Relevant Societies
Introduction
Perspectives on the History of the Neuromodulations Societies: Societies for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery
A Perspective on the History of the Neuromodulation Societies; The Early History of the International Neuromodulation Society
Formation of International Chapters
A Perspective on the History of the International Neuromodulation Society
Birth of a Chapter: History of the North American Neuromodulation Society
Chapter 2. Psychological Issues and Evaluation for Patients Undergoing Implantable Technology
Introduction
Selective Literature Review
Historical and Recommended Approach to the Psychological Evaluation
Assessment
Assessment Recommendations
Summary
Chapter 3. Anatomy of the Nervous System
Gross Structures
Spinal Cord
Autonomic Nervous System
Sensory System
Pyramidal Motor System
Chapter 4. Clinical Study Designs for Neuromodulation
Introduction
Study Design: General
Study Population
Study Endpoints
Statistical Considerations
Blinding
Grading Evidence
Cui Bono?
Conclusions
Section II. Introduction to the Brain Initiative
Introduction
Chapter 5. The Brain Initiative—Implications for a Revolutionary Change in Clinical Medicine via Neuromodulation Technology
Introduction – The BRAIN Initiative
History
Initial Government Contributors
Initial Private Sector Partners
BRAIN Initiative Programs for Neuromodulation Therapies
NIH BRAIN Programs for Neuromodulation Therapies
NIH Programs to Support Noninvasive Neuromodulation Strategies
Invasive Neuromodulation Strategies
The BRAIN Initiative Public–Private Partnership Program
Big Data and Ethics of Neuromodulation
DARPA Programs for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology
FDA Support of BRAIN Neuromodulation Therapy Programs
National Science Foundation Neuromodulation Initiatives
Beyond “The BRAIN”: Related Programs
Conclusion
Section III. Fundamentals and Mechanisms of Neuromodulation
Introduction
Introduction
Chapter 6. Fundamentals of Electrical Stimulation
Overview
Some Basic Concepts
Resting Potential Across the Axon Membrane
Voltage-Gated Ion Channels
Action Potentials
Electrically Generating Action Potentials
Choosing the Duration of the Stimulus
Electrochemistry of Stimulating Electrodes
Electrode Behavior Under Pulsed Conditions
How Stimulus Waveform Choices Affect Tissues
Current–Voltage Stimulation
Chapter 7. The Safe Delivery of Electrical Currents and Neuromodulation
Introduction
Mechanisms of Stimulation-Induced Tissue Damage
Charge Balance and Stimulation Waveforms
Other Electrode Considerations
Future Trends in Stimulation Waveforms – Inhibitory Electrical Stimulation
Regulatory Considerations
Additional Practical Considerations
Chapter 8. Waveforms for Neural Stimulation
Introduction
Performance Requirements for Stimulation Waveforms
Excitation Properties With Conventional Rectangular Pulses
Alternative Waveform Shapes to Enhance Performance
Chapter 9. Neuromodulation and Neuronal Plasticity
Introduction
Topographic Organization of the Central Nervous System: Historical Overview
Neuronal Plasticity in Disease States
Neurostimulation and Neuronal Plasticity
Conclusion
Chapter 10. Fundamentals of Kilohertz Frequency Alternating Current Nerve Conduction Block of the Peripheral Nervous System
Introduction
History
Characteristics of KHFAC Block
Electrode Designs for KHFAC Block
Mechanisms
Caveats for KHFAC Waveforms
Clinical Applications and Future Trends
Chapter 11. MRI and fMRI for Neuromodulation
Introduction
Conclusion
Chapter 12. Patient-Specific Modeling of Deep Brain Stimulation
Deep Brain Stimulation
Patient-Specific DBS Models
Modeling Neural Stimulation
Quantifying the Neural Response to DBS
Clinical Application of DBS Models
Conclusions
Chapter 13. Big Data and Deep Brain Stimulation
Neurodegenerative Diseases Are Common Diseases With Significant Public Health Burden
Neurological Data Are Complex
Conclusion
Chapter 14. Fundamentals of Burst Stimulation of the Spinal Cord and Brain
Historical Context of Burst Stimulation
What Is so Special About Burst Firing in the Brain?
Burst Stimulation of Auditory Cortex for Tinnitus
Burst Stimulation for Pain
Working MOA of Burst Stimulation
What Stimulation Parameters Are Important for Pain Suppression?
Is Burst Stimulation Applicable to the Entire Nervous System?
Future Trends
Conclusion
Chapter 15. Spinal Cord Stimulation: Mechanisms of Action
Introduction
Mechanisms of Action Overview
High-Frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation
Use of the Electrically Evoked Compound AP to Study Types of Fibers Activated by SCS
Future Directions
Conclusions
Chapter 16. Fundamentals and Mechanisms of Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation
Introduction
The DRG as a Target for Neuromodulation
Mechanisms of Pain Relief
Outcomes of DRG Stimulation
Conclusions
Chapter 17. Mechanisms of Action of Deep Brain Stimulation: A Review
Introduction
Five Hypotheses for Mechanism(s) of Action of Deep Brain Stimulation
Conclusions
Chapter 18. Vagus Nerve Stimulation: Mechanism of Action
Anatomy of the Vagus Nerve
The History of Vagus Nerve Stimulation
Electrical Activation of Vagus Nerve Fibers
The Nucleus of the Solitary Tract as a Relay for Central Effects of Vagus Nerve Stimulation
Anticonvulsant Effects of Vagus Nerve Stimulation
Antidepressant Mechanisms
Analgesic Mechanisms
Mechanisms Underlying Effects of Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Cognition
Cardiac Effects of Vagus Nerve Stimulation
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Vagus Nerve Stimulation
Conclusions
Chapter 19. Mechanisms of Action of Sacral Nerve and Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Disorders of the Bladder and Bowel
Introduction
Neural Control of Lower Urinary Tract and Distal Bowel
Putative Mechanisms of Neuromodulation
Clinical Studies of the Mechanisms of SNS
Experimental Studies of Neuromodulation in Animal Models
Future Directions
Section IV. Technology and Devices
Introduction
Introduction
Chapter 20. Electrodes for the Neural Interface
Introduction
Neural Science Fundamentals
Design Principles for Neural Interface Electrodes
Neural Interface Electrode Examples
Conclusion
Chapter 21. Implantable Neural Stimulators
Introduction
Implantable Neural Stimulator Technology
The Neural Interface: Electrodes and Leads
Stimulating and Processing Circuitry
The Power System
Device Communication and Telemetry
Sensors for Device Command and Closed-Loop Control
Future Directions in Implantable Neurostimulator Technology
Chapter 22. Microstimulators: Minimally Invasive Implantable Neuromodulatory Devices
Background
Definition of a Microstimulator
Technical Aspects of Microstimulators
Microstimulator Human Factors
Clinical Experience with Microstimulators
Commercial Interest in Microstimulators
Challenges and Future Directions
Conclusion
Chapter 23. Designing Neuromodulation Devices for Feedback Control
Overview
Spinal Cord Stimulation for Treatment of Chronic Pain
Cortical and Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Treatment of Epilepsy
Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment of Movement Disorders
Design Strategies for Future Neuromodulation Devices for Feedback Control
Chapter 24. MRI Safety and Neuromodulation Systems
Introduction
Static Magnetic Fields
Gradient Magnetic Fields
Radiofrequency Fields
MRI Safety and Screening Patients for MRI Procedures
Evaluation of MRI Issues for Neuromodulation Systems
MRI Procedures and Neuromodulation Systems
Conclusions
Section V. Brain, Computer and Machine Interfacing
Introduction
Introduction
Chapter 25. Brain–Computer Interfaces: Why Not Better?
Introduction
Brain–Computer Interface Clinical Goals
Basic Elements of a Brain–Computer Interface
Fundamental Neuroscience Advances
Computation: The Challenge of Better Decoding
Technological Challenges
Synthesis
Chapter 26. Noninvasive Brain–Computer Interfaces
Introduction
Brain–Computer Interfaces to Replace Function
Brain–Computer Interfaces to Restore Function
Brain–Computer Interfaces to Enhance Function
Brain–Computer Interfaces to Improve Function
Summary of the Current State of Noninvasive Brain–Computer Interfaces
Chapter 27. Invasive Brain–Computer Interfaces for Functional Restoration
Introduction
Recording Technologies Used in Invasive Brain–Computer Interfaces
Cortical Areas and Signals of Interest for Invasive Brain–Computer Interfaces
Neural Decoding
Current Applications of Invasive Brain–Computer Interfaces for Motor Restoration
Current Challenges and Future Directions of Invasive Brain–Computer Interfaces
Chapter 28. Prospects for a Robust Cortical Recording Interface
Motivation, Progress, and Challenges for Intracortical Recording Electrodes
Commonly Used Electrodes for Intracortical Recording
Summary of Intracortical Recording Electrode Failure Mechanisms
The Biological Response to Electrode Implantation
Intracortical Electrode Technologies to Evade the Inflammatory Response and Improve Long-Term Performance
Perspectives on the Future of Neural Recording Interfaces
Chapter 29. Advances in Invasive Brain–Computer Interface Technology and Decoding Methods for Restoring Movement and Future Applications
Introduction
Historical Perspective
Restoring Movement in Quadriplegia
Designing and Developing Effective Brain–Computer Interface Systems
Conclusion
Section VI. Emerging Technologies and Techniques
Introduction
Introduction
Chapter 30. Gene-Based Neuromodulation
Introduction
Gene Therapy Vectors
Viral Vectors
Control of Transgene Expression
Human Clinical Safety and Efficacy Data for CNS Gene Therapy
Genetic Diseases
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Brain Tumors
Discussion of Future Trends and Pathways to Expanding the Knowledge Base
Novel Disease Targets
Novel Modulatory Gene Therapy Approaches
Novel Approaches for Noninvasive Gene Delivery
Chapter 31. Focused Ultrasound Ablation for Neurological Disorders
Introduction
Initial Applications of Focused Ultrasound Ablation for Neurosurgery
Transcranial Focused Ultrasound Ablation for Neurosurgery
Summary
Chapter 32. Implanted Sensors in Neuromodulation via Electrical Stimulation
Introduction
Sensing and Using Sensed Data
Compound Action Potential Recording
Sensing Brain Electrophysiology During DBS
Sensing Spinal Cord Electrophysiology During SCS
Concluding Remarks
Chapter 33. Gaming for the Brain: Video Gaming to Rehabilitate the Upper Extremity After Stroke
Rehabilitation Gaming Can Address Major Care Disparities
The Pros and Cons of Available Gaming Technologies
Theoretical Differences That Favor Gaming Rehabilitation
Theoretical Differences That Favor Conventional Therapy
Comparative Effectiveness of Rehabilitation Gaming Systems
Future Directions
Chapter 34. The Use of New Surgical Technologies for Deep Brain Stimulation
Introduction
Precise Identification of Targets and Improved Stereotactic Targeting
Stimulation Titration For Modulation of Dysfunctional Networks With DBS
Conclusions
Chapter 35. Neuromodulation Using Optogenetics and Related Technologies
Introduction
History of Optogenetics
Implementation and Technical Considerations
Optogenetic Tools
Related Technologies
Translation and Prospects for Clinical Use
Resources
Section VII. Surgical Procedures and Techniques
Introduction
Introduction
Chapter 36. Deep Brain Stimulation: Surgical Technique
Introduction
Chapter 37. Spinal Cord Stimulation: Placement of Surgical Leads via Laminotomy: Techniques and Benefits
Introduction
Common Indications
Patient Selection
Anatomic Mapping
Lead Geometry and Canal Morphometry
Surgical Technique
Complication Avoidance
Future Directions
Chapter 38. Subcutaneous Peripheral Nerve Field Stimulation for Intractable Pain
Introduction
Patient Selection
Surgical Implantation
Electrode Implantation
Electrode Internalization and Implantation of Spinal Cord Stimulation Generator
PNFS for Chronic Pain/Low Back Pain
Adverse Events
Advantages of PNFS Therapy
Summary
Chapter 39. Surgical Placement of Leads for Occipital Nerve Stimulation
Introduction
Trial Stimulation
Permanent Implant – Percutaneous Wire Electrodes
Permanent Implant – Paddle Electrode
Wireless Trial and Permanent Implants
Conclusion
Chapter 40. Surgical Technique: Intrathecal Medication Delivery System Implantation
Surgical Planning/Preoperative Considerations
Positioning and Surgical Preparation
Catheter Insertion
Pump Preparation and Insertion
Closure
Postoperative Considerations
Chapter 41. Neuroprosthetic Surgical Strategies for Neuromuscular Stimulation
Introduction
Inclusion Criteria: Better Clinical Outcomes and Lessening the Risk for Complications
Surgical Procedure: Details of Implantation for a Networked Neuroprosthesis for Hand Function
Surgical Preparation
Prophylactic Antibiotics
Surgical Procedure
Trunk Control Electrode Placement
Upper Extremity Electrode Placement
Final Coupling
Postoperative Management
Postoperative Surveillance
Chapter 42. The Surgical Technique of Vagus Nerve Stimulator Implantation
Introduction
Surgical Anatomy
Operative Technique
Replacement of the Electrode Lead
Replacement of the Pulse Generator
Complications of Surgery
Conclusion
Volume 2
Neuromodulation for Pain Control
Section VIIIA. Spinal Cord Stimulation for Pain Control
Introduction
Introduction
Chapter 43. Physiology and Pathophysiology of Chronic Pain
Physiology and Pathophysiology of Chronic Pain
Nerve, Root, and Spinal Mechanisms
Spinal and Subcortical Pain Signaling
Cortical and Subcortical Signaling
Conclusion
Chapter 44. Management Strategies for Chronic Pain
Introduction
Evaluation of the Patient With Chronic Pain
Management of the Patient With Chronic Pain
Conclusion
Chapter 45. History of Spinal Cord Stimulation
Surgical Procedures for Pain Control
Historical Uses of Electrical Stimulation
The Gate-Control Theory of Pain
Peripheral Nerve Stimulation
Dorsal Column Stimulation
Early Devices
General Clinical Application
Screening Methods
Device Manufacturers
Scientific Progress
Technical Progress
“Totally Implantable” Systems
Rechargeable Systems
Paresthesia Mapping
Reimbursement
Refinement of Selection Criteria
New Technology
Conclusions
Chapter 46. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Neuromodulation of Pain
Introduction
Functional Imaging Modalities
Clinical Applications
Conclusion
Chapter 47. The Development of Algorithms for Pain Care Including Neuromodulation Therapies: Introducing the SAFE Principles
Introduction
Prior Algorithms to Chronic Pain Treatment
The SAFE Principles
Summary
Conclusion
Chapter 48. Neurostimulation for the Treatment of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
Introduction
Spinal Cord Stimulation
The Role of SCS in the Comprehensive Interdisciplinary Treatment Model of CRPS
Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation
Peripheral Nerve Stimulation
Chapter 49. Spinal Cord Stimulation for Peripheral Neuropathic Pain
Overview
History and Mechanisms of Action of Spinal Cord Stimulation
Peripheral Neuropathic Pain and Conventional Spinal Cord Stimulation
Current Research and Future Directions
Chapter 50. Spinal Cord Stimulation for the Treatment of Low Back Pain
Introduction
Spinal Cord Stimulation Without Paresthesia
Other Stimulation Targets for Low Back Pain
Comparative Efficacy Studies and the Role of Spinal Cord Stimulation
Neuropathic Low Back Pain
Conclusion
Chapter 51. Complications of Spinal Cord Stimulation
Introduction
Background
Overview of Complications
Identification and Management of Complications
Complications Related to Biological Causes
Conclusion
Chapter 52. Clinical Aspects of Burst Stimulation for Pain Control
Introduction
Introducing Burst Stimulation
A Hypothesis on the Mechanisms of Action
Clinical Outcomes of Burst Stimulation
Cost Effectiveness of Burst Stimulation
Future Directions
Conclusion
Chapter 53. Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation for Pain Control
Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation: The Intervention
Implantation: Surgical Considerations
Outcomes
Conclusions
Chapter 54. Ten Kilohertz (10kHz) High-Frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation
Introduction
Clinical Data
Clinical Outcomes of SCS Using Other Higher Frequencies
Safety
Patient Selection: Psychological Evaluation for Implantable Devices
Implantation Technique
Discussion and Conclusions
Chapter 55. A Review of Spinal Cord Stimulation Cost Studies
Introduction
Review of Cost Studies
How Can the Cost Effectiveness of SCS Be Optimized?
Additional Considerations
Conclusions
Section VIIIB. Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Pain Control
Introduction
Introduction
Chapter 56. Anatomy and Physiology Related to Peripheral Nerve Stimulation
Nerve Trunks
Fascicular Anatomy
Blood Supply of Peripheral Nerves
Neural Electrode Interface
Conclusion
Chapter 57. Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Pain Suppression
Introduction
Multiple Theories Exist as to the Exact Mechanism/s Through Which PNS Achieves Pain Relief
PNS Has a Long History of Success, But Existing Technology and Early Methods of Implantation Previously Required Precise Neurosurgical Placement, Limiting Clinical Use
Leads Initially Designed for Spinal Cord Stimulation Have Been Used for PNS, But Studies Indicated That Technology Designed Specifically for PNS Was Needed to Overcome Challenges
New Technique Introduced to Overcome Barriers to PNS
Peripheral Field Stimulation
Ultrasound Guidance Improves Outcomes
Recent FDA Clearance of Next-Generation PNS Systems May Enable the Potential of PNS Documented in Research Studies to Be Translated into Routine Clinical Practice
StimQ PNS System Has Received FDA Clearance
StimRouterTM Neuromodulation System Has Received FDA Clearance
SPRINT® PNS System Has Received FDA Clearance
Other Investigational PNS Systems Are in Development
Conclusion
Chapter 58. Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Facial Pain
Introduction
Mechanism of Action of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation
Patient Selection for Peripheral Nerve Stimulation
Efficacy of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Facial Pain
Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events
Summary
Chapter 59. Combined Spinal Cord Stimulation and Peripheral Nerve Field Stimulation for the Treatment of Chronic Back and Neck Pain
Introduction
Combined SCS and PNFS for Low Back Pain
Combined SCS and PNFS for Neck Pain
Adverse Events
Programming
Advantages of Combination Therapy
Summary
Chapter 60. Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for the Management of Postoperative Pain
Existing Treatments for Postoperative Pain
History: Treating Postoperative Pain With Electrical Stimulation
Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Postoperative Pain
Ultrasound Guidance for Percutaneous Lead Insertion
Open-Coil Lead: Design and Safety Profile
Stimulation Paradigm
Clinical Studies of Percutaneous PNS for Postoperative Pain
Future Directions
Chapter 61. Peripheral Nerve Field Stimulation for Intractable Pain
Introduction
Mechanisms of Action
Using Two Different Systems at the Same Time
PNfS and TENS
Can PNfS Be Used to Treat Nociceptive Pain?
Complications
Results
Conclusions
Chapter 62. Occipital Nerve Stimulation for Treatment of Intractable Headache Syndromes
Introduction
Medical Treatment of Headache Disorders
Neurosurgical Diagnosis and Management of Occipital Pain
Neurology and Chronic Headaches
Neuromodulation
Occipital Nerve Anatomy
ONS Implant Technique
Intraoperative Stimulation Testing
Electrode Fixation and Tunneling
Implantable Pulse Generator Implantation
Summary of Technique Elements
Results
Complications
Mechanisms of Action
Disruptive Innovations
Conclusions
Chapter 63. Neuromodulation for Headaches—Sphenopalatine Ganglion Stimulation
Introduction
Diagnostic Criteria of the Primary Headache Disorders Targeted With SPG Inhibition
SPG Anatomy and Headache Pathophysiology
Brief History of the Role of SPG Modulation in Headache Treatment
Randomized Controlled Trial
Open-Label Efficacy Data
Registry and Safety Data
Proof of Concept of SPG Neuromodulation in Cluster Headache
The Future
Conclusions
Section VIIIC. Intrathecal Therapies for Pain Control and the Control of Spasticity
Introduction
Introduction
Chapter 64. Relevant Anatomy for Spinal Drug Delivery
Introduction
Relevant Anatomy
Anatomical Issues and Considerations
Surgical Techniques Spinal Drug Delivery
Distribution of Agents
Conclusion
Chapter 65. Evolution of the Spinal Delivery of Opiate Analgesics
Introduction
Neuraxial Drugs: The First 20Years
Neuraxial Opiates: The Last 40Years
Development of Catheter-Based Infusion Techniques
Evolution of the Neuraxial Delivery of Targeted Therapeutics
Other Intrathecal Analgesics
Side-Effects of IT Administration of Opiates
Concluding Commentary
Chapter 66. Pharmacology of Intrathecal Therapy
Introduction
Indications
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
CSF and Catheter Placement
Agent Selection
Future Therapy
Summary
Chapter 67. Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics and Intrathecal Delivery
Introduction
Understanding Dynamic CSF Flow
CSF Production and Reabsorption
Intrathecal Drug Transport and Delivery
In Vitro and Mathematical Models for Predicting IT Drug Dispersion
Chapter 68. Exploring Nonopioid Analgesic Agents for Intrathecal Use
Introduction
Adenosine
Resiniferatoxin
Oxytocin
Midazolam
Gabapentin
Neostigmine
Conclusion
Chapter 69. Potent Neurotoxins for Cancer Pain Treatment: Resiniferatoxin and Saporin
Introduction
Resiniferatoxin
Saporin
Conclusion
Chapter 70. The Development of Guidelines for Intrathecal Therapies for Pain Control. History and Present Guidelines
Introduction
Conclusion
Chapter 71. Compounding for Intrathecal Analgesic Agents
Introduction
What Is Compounding?
Standards for Compounding
Regulatory Considerations
Avoidable Errors and Their Tragic Consequences
Standards
The Compounding Process
Endotoxins
Stability Considerations
Provider Liability
Conclusion
Chapter 72. Intrathecal Baclofen Therapy for the Control of Spasticity
Introduction
Patient Selection
Patient Selection for IBT
IBT Trialing
Therapy Initiation
Therapy Maintenance
Summary
Section VIIID. Intracranial Procedures for Chronic Pain
Introduction
Introduction
Chapter 73. Deep Brain Stimulation for Pain
Relevant History of the Topic Including Developments Over the Past Decade
Review of the Current Knowledge Base of the Topic
Summary of the Safety and Efficacy Data
Discussion of Future Trends and Pathways to Expanding the Knowledge Base
Section IX. Neuromodulation for Movement Disorders
Introduction
Introduction
Chapter 74. Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson’s Disease
Introduction
Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson’s Disease
Selection Criteria for DBS in PD
Target Selection and Surgical Technique
Deep Brain Stimulation Programming in Parkinson’s Disease
Conclusion
Chapter 75. Deep Brain Stimulation for Tremor
Historical Perspective
Pertinent Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease Pathophysiology
Rationale for Neuromodulation, Target Selection, and Approach
Indications and Patient Selection Criteria
Implant Procedure Details
Programming and Other Points of Consideration
Most Recent Literature
Complications and Avoidance
What the Future Holds (Next 5Years)
Conclusions
Chapter 76. Deep Brain Stimulation for Dystonia
Introduction
Diagnosis and Classification of Dystonia
Medical Therapy for Dystonia
Surgical Therapy for Dystonia
The DBS Procedure
Programming the Device
Clinical Results
Complications of DBS Therapy
Alternative Targets for Deep Brain Stimulation in Dystonia
Conclusions
Chapter 77. Deep Brain Stimulation in Tourette Syndrome
Introduction
Surgical Treatment of Tourette Syndrome
Selection Criteria and Surgical Evaluation
Present and Future Perspectives
Chapter 78. Surgical Management of Hemifacial Spasm and Meige Syndrome
Hemifacial Spasm
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Operative Technique
Surgical Outcome
Complications
Conclusions
Meige Syndrome
Clinical Manifestations and Pathophysiology
Management
Outcome and Complications
Conclusions
Chapter 79. Deep Brain Stimulation of the Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus Improves Static Balance in Parkinson’s Disease
Introduction
Methods and Materials
Results
Discussion
Highlights
Chapter 80. Infusion Therapy for Movement Disorders
Review of the Current Knowledge Base of the Topic
GDNF and NTN
Preclinical Studies of GDNF and NTN Delivery for PD
Intraventricular Administration of GDNF and NTN in Rodents
Intraventricular Administration of GDNF and NTN in Nonhuman Primates
Clinical Trials of Intraventricular Infusion of GDNF for PD
Localized Intraparenchymal Delivery of GDNF in Rodents
Intraputamenal Delivery of GDNF and NTN in Nonhuman Primate Studies
Chronic Intraputamenal Infusion of GDNF and Related Toxicity
Clinical Trials of Intraputamenal Delivery of GDNF
A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial of Intraputamenal GDNF Infusion for PD
Clinical Trials of Intraputamenal AAV-NTN Gene Therapy
Convection-Enhanced Delivery of GDNF to the Brain
The Rationale for Chronic Intermittent CED
Alternative Neurotrophins—The CDNF/MANF Family
Section X. Neurostimulation for Epilepsy
Introduction
Introduction
Chapter 81. Epilepsy: Anatomy, Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Disorders
Introduction
Diagnosis of Epilepsy
Pathophysiology
Prognosis—Drug-Resistant Epilepsy
Neurostimulation for the Control of Seizures in Humans
Chapter 82. Vagal Nerve Simulation
NCP Device Components
Theoretical Basis of VNS
Clinical Utility of VNS
Operative Procedure
Complications and Adverse Events
Chapter 83. Deep Brain Stimulation for Epilepsy
Introduction
Limbic Network as Conduit of Seizure Propagation
Deep Brain Stimulation of the Anterior Nucleus of the Thalamus
Deep Brain Stimulation of the Hippocampus
Deep Brain Stimulation Side-Effects and Complications
Conclusions
Chapter 84. Closed-Loop Responsive Stimulation for Epilepsy
Introduction
Closed Loop Neurostimulation
The Responsive Neurostimulator System
Future Directions
Conclusion
Section XI. Neuromodulation for Behavioral and Cognitive Disorders
Introduction
Introduction
Chapter 85. Deep Brain Stimulation for Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
Introduction
Pathophysiology of Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
Deep Brain Stimulation for Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
Patient Selection, Team Approach, and Ethical Considerations
Surgical Techniques of Deep Brain Stimulation Implantation
Conclusion
Chapter 86. High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Surgery for the Treatment of Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
Introduction
Neural Circuitry of Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
History of High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound
Principles of Transcranial Magnetic-Resonance-Guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery
Bilateral Thermal Capsulotomy With MRgFUS as a Treatment for Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
Controversial Issues
Conclusions
Chapter 87. Deep Brain Stimulation for Highly Refractory Depression
Introduction
Treatment of Depression
Development of DBS in Neuropsychiatry
Technical Aspects of DBS
DBS for Primarily Depressive Illness
Issues Independent of DBS Target
Adverse Effects
Ethical Considerations
Perspective
Summary
Chapter 88. Neuromodulation in Anorexia Nervosa
Introduction
Clinical Aspects
Neurobiology and Neuroimaging
Clinical Treatment and Refractory Anorexia Nervosa Nervosa
Neuromodulation
Ethical Aspects
Conclusions
Chapter 89. Deep Brain Stimulation for Alcoholism
Introduction and Background
Scientific Rationale for the Use of DBS for Alcoholism
Animal Studies
Human Studies
Mechanisms of Action
Chapter 90. Surgical Treatment for Refractory Drug Addiction
Overview
The Development of Stereotactic Surgery for Drug Addiction
The Pathophysiology of Drug Addiction
Neurosurgical Procedures
Mechanisms
Future Expectations
Conclusions
Chapter 91. Subgenual Cingulate Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression
Introduction
Surgical Interventions for MDD: Background
DBS of the Subgenual Cingulate Cortex
Issues in Optimizing Patient Outcomes in SCC DBS
Mechanisms of Action
Summary and Future Directions
Chapter 92. Cortical Stimulation for Depression
Introduction
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
Conclusion
Volume 3
Section XII. Neuromodulation for Functional Restoration
Introduction
Introduction
Chapter 93. The History of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation—The Evolution of Functional Neuromuscular Stimulation and Future Directions
Chapter 94. Functional Electrical Stimulation for Return of Function After Stroke
Introduction
Upper-Limb Applications
Lower-Limb Applications
Shoulder Pain
Conclusions
Chapter 95. Invasive Neurostimulation for Poststroke Motor Recovery
Introduction
Proposed Mechanisms Underlying Functional Recovery
Neurostimulation-Based Approaches to Enhance Motor Poststroke Motor Recovery
Future Trends and Pathways
Conclusion
Chapter 96. Stimulation for Return of Upper-Extremity Function
Historical Perspective
Pertinent Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease Pathophysiology
Rationale for Neuromodulation Target Selection and Approach
Indications and Patient Selection Criteria
Technology Description and User Control
Implant Procedure Details
Programming and Other Points of Consideration
Outcomes
Complications and Avoidance
What the Future Holds
Conclusions
Chapter 97. Lower Extremity Motor System Neuroprostheses
Neuroprosthetic Options for Restoring or Improving Ambulation
Neuroprostheses for Controlling Seated and Standing Balance
Neuroprostheses for Recreation and Exercise
Chapter 98. Neuromodulation of the Spinal Cord for Movement Restoration
Historical Perspective
Rationale for Neuromodulation Target Selection and Approach
Programming and Other Points of Consideration
Voluntary Movement
Standing
Stepping
Summary and Future Directions
Chapter 99. A Brief History of the Cochlear Implant and Related Treatments
Introduction
Steps Toward Ever-Better Hearing With Cochlear Implants and Related Treatments
Steps 1–3: From Proof-of-Concept Demonstrations to Multisite Implants
Status of the Field as of the Late 1980s
Step 4: Better Processing Strategies
Status of the Field as of the Mid-1990s
Step 5: Adjunctive Stimulation
The Steps Reprised and the Growth in the Number of Implants Over the Years
Comment About Medical (and Other) Breakthroughs
Recognitions of the Achievement
The Future
Dedication
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