Neuromodulation Comprehensive Textbook of Principles Technologies and Therapies 2nd Edition by Elliot S Krames, Hunter Peckham, Ali R Rezai ISBN 9780128053539 0128053534

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ISBN 10: 0128053534
ISBN 13: 9780128053539
Author: Elliot S Krames, Hunter Peckham, Ali R Rezai

Neuromodulation: Comprehensive Textbook of Principles, Technologies, and Therapies, Second Edition, serves as a comprehensive and in-depth reference textbook covering all aspects of the rapidly growing field of neuromodulation. Since the publication of the first edition seven years ago, there has been an explosion of knowledge in neuromodulation, optogenetics, bioelectronics medicine and brain computer interfacing. Users will find unique discussions of the fundamental principles of neuromodulation and therapies, and how they are applied to the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, autonomic nerves and various organs.

The book focuses on comprehensive coverage of spinal cord stimulation, non-interventional and interventional brain stimulation, peripheral nerve stimulation, and the emerging fields of neuromodulation, including optogenetics and bioelectronics medicine.

• Provides a comprehensive reference that covers all aspects of the growing field of neuromodulation
• Written by international, leading authorities in their respective fields of neuromodulation, pain management, functional neurosurgery and biomedical engineering
• Includes new chapters on optogenetics, bioelectronics medicine and brain computer interfacing

Neuromodulation Comprehensive Textbook of Principles Technologies and Therapies 2nd Edition Table of contents:

Volume 1

Section I. Defining Neuromodulation

Introduction

Introduction

Chapter 1. Perspectives on the History of Neuromodulation-Relevant Societies

Introduction

Perspectives on the History of the Neuromodulations Societies: Societies for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery

A Perspective on the History of the Neuromodulation Societies; The Early History of the International Neuromodulation Society

Formation of International Chapters

A Perspective on the History of the International Neuromodulation Society

Birth of a Chapter: History of the North American Neuromodulation Society

Chapter 2. Psychological Issues and Evaluation for Patients Undergoing Implantable Technology

Introduction

Selective Literature Review

Historical and Recommended Approach to the Psychological Evaluation

Assessment

Assessment Recommendations

Summary

Chapter 3. Anatomy of the Nervous System

Gross Structures

Spinal Cord

Autonomic Nervous System

Sensory System

Pyramidal Motor System

Chapter 4. Clinical Study Designs for Neuromodulation

Introduction

Study Design: General

Study Population

Study Endpoints

Statistical Considerations

Blinding

Grading Evidence

Cui Bono?

Conclusions

Section II. Introduction to the Brain Initiative

Introduction

Chapter 5. The Brain Initiative—Implications for a Revolutionary Change in Clinical Medicine via Neuromodulation Technology

Introduction – The BRAIN Initiative

History

Initial Government Contributors

Initial Private Sector Partners

BRAIN Initiative Programs for Neuromodulation Therapies

NIH BRAIN Programs for Neuromodulation Therapies

NIH Programs to Support Noninvasive Neuromodulation Strategies

Invasive Neuromodulation Strategies

The BRAIN Initiative Public–Private Partnership Program

Big Data and Ethics of Neuromodulation

DARPA Programs for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology

FDA Support of BRAIN Neuromodulation Therapy Programs

National Science Foundation Neuromodulation Initiatives

Beyond “The BRAIN”: Related Programs

Conclusion

Section III. Fundamentals and Mechanisms of Neuromodulation

Introduction

Introduction

Chapter 6. Fundamentals of Electrical Stimulation

Overview

Some Basic Concepts

Resting Potential Across the Axon Membrane

Voltage-Gated Ion Channels

Action Potentials

Electrically Generating Action Potentials

Choosing the Duration of the Stimulus

Electrochemistry of Stimulating Electrodes

Electrode Behavior Under Pulsed Conditions

How Stimulus Waveform Choices Affect Tissues

Current–Voltage Stimulation

Chapter 7. The Safe Delivery of Electrical Currents and Neuromodulation

Introduction

Mechanisms of Stimulation-Induced Tissue Damage

Charge Balance and Stimulation Waveforms

Other Electrode Considerations

Future Trends in Stimulation Waveforms – Inhibitory Electrical Stimulation

Regulatory Considerations

Additional Practical Considerations

Chapter 8. Waveforms for Neural Stimulation

Introduction

Performance Requirements for Stimulation Waveforms

Excitation Properties With Conventional Rectangular Pulses

Alternative Waveform Shapes to Enhance Performance

Chapter 9. Neuromodulation and Neuronal Plasticity

Introduction

Topographic Organization of the Central Nervous System: Historical Overview

Neuronal Plasticity in Disease States

Neurostimulation and Neuronal Plasticity

Conclusion

Chapter 10. Fundamentals of Kilohertz Frequency Alternating Current Nerve Conduction Block of the Peripheral Nervous System

Introduction

History

Characteristics of KHFAC Block

Electrode Designs for KHFAC Block

Mechanisms

Caveats for KHFAC Waveforms

Clinical Applications and Future Trends

Chapter 11. MRI and fMRI for Neuromodulation

Introduction

Conclusion

Chapter 12. Patient-Specific Modeling of Deep Brain Stimulation

Deep Brain Stimulation

Patient-Specific DBS Models

Modeling Neural Stimulation

Quantifying the Neural Response to DBS

Clinical Application of DBS Models

Conclusions

Chapter 13. Big Data and Deep Brain Stimulation

Neurodegenerative Diseases Are Common Diseases With Significant Public Health Burden

Neurological Data Are Complex

Conclusion

Chapter 14. Fundamentals of Burst Stimulation of the Spinal Cord and Brain

Historical Context of Burst Stimulation

What Is so Special About Burst Firing in the Brain?

Burst Stimulation of Auditory Cortex for Tinnitus

Burst Stimulation for Pain

Working MOA of Burst Stimulation

What Stimulation Parameters Are Important for Pain Suppression?

Is Burst Stimulation Applicable to the Entire Nervous System?

Future Trends

Conclusion

Chapter 15. Spinal Cord Stimulation: Mechanisms of Action

Introduction

Mechanisms of Action Overview

High-Frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation

Use of the Electrically Evoked Compound AP to Study Types of Fibers Activated by SCS

Future Directions

Conclusions

Chapter 16. Fundamentals and Mechanisms of Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation

Introduction

The DRG as a Target for Neuromodulation

Mechanisms of Pain Relief

Outcomes of DRG Stimulation

Conclusions

Chapter 17. Mechanisms of Action of Deep Brain Stimulation: A Review

Introduction

Five Hypotheses for Mechanism(s) of Action of Deep Brain Stimulation

Conclusions

Chapter 18. Vagus Nerve Stimulation: Mechanism of Action

Anatomy of the Vagus Nerve

The History of Vagus Nerve Stimulation

Electrical Activation of Vagus Nerve Fibers

The Nucleus of the Solitary Tract as a Relay for Central Effects of Vagus Nerve Stimulation

Anticonvulsant Effects of Vagus Nerve Stimulation

Antidepressant Mechanisms

Analgesic Mechanisms

Mechanisms Underlying Effects of Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Cognition

Cardiac Effects of Vagus Nerve Stimulation

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Vagus Nerve Stimulation

Conclusions

Chapter 19. Mechanisms of Action of Sacral Nerve and Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Disorders of the Bladder and Bowel

Introduction

Neural Control of Lower Urinary Tract and Distal Bowel

Putative Mechanisms of Neuromodulation

Clinical Studies of the Mechanisms of SNS

Experimental Studies of Neuromodulation in Animal Models

Future Directions

Section IV. Technology and Devices

Introduction

Introduction

Chapter 20. Electrodes for the Neural Interface

Introduction

Neural Science Fundamentals

Design Principles for Neural Interface Electrodes

Neural Interface Electrode Examples

Conclusion

Chapter 21. Implantable Neural Stimulators

Introduction

Implantable Neural Stimulator Technology

The Neural Interface: Electrodes and Leads

Stimulating and Processing Circuitry

The Power System

Device Communication and Telemetry

Sensors for Device Command and Closed-Loop Control

Future Directions in Implantable Neurostimulator Technology

Chapter 22. Microstimulators: Minimally Invasive Implantable Neuromodulatory Devices

Background

Definition of a Microstimulator

Technical Aspects of Microstimulators

Microstimulator Human Factors

Clinical Experience with Microstimulators

Commercial Interest in Microstimulators

Challenges and Future Directions

Conclusion

Chapter 23. Designing Neuromodulation Devices for Feedback Control

Overview

Spinal Cord Stimulation for Treatment of Chronic Pain

Cortical and Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Treatment of Epilepsy

Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment of Movement Disorders

Design Strategies for Future Neuromodulation Devices for Feedback Control

Chapter 24. MRI Safety and Neuromodulation Systems

Introduction

Static Magnetic Fields

Gradient Magnetic Fields

Radiofrequency Fields

MRI Safety and Screening Patients for MRI Procedures

Evaluation of MRI Issues for Neuromodulation Systems

MRI Procedures and Neuromodulation Systems

Conclusions

Section V. Brain, Computer and Machine Interfacing

Introduction

Introduction

Chapter 25. Brain–Computer Interfaces: Why Not Better?

Introduction

Brain–Computer Interface Clinical Goals

Basic Elements of a Brain–Computer Interface

Fundamental Neuroscience Advances

Computation: The Challenge of Better Decoding

Technological Challenges

Synthesis

Chapter 26. Noninvasive Brain–Computer Interfaces

Introduction

Brain–Computer Interfaces to Replace Function

Brain–Computer Interfaces to Restore Function

Brain–Computer Interfaces to Enhance Function

Brain–Computer Interfaces to Improve Function

Summary of the Current State of Noninvasive Brain–Computer Interfaces

Chapter 27. Invasive Brain–Computer Interfaces for Functional Restoration

Introduction

Recording Technologies Used in Invasive Brain–Computer Interfaces

Cortical Areas and Signals of Interest for Invasive Brain–Computer Interfaces

Neural Decoding

Current Applications of Invasive Brain–Computer Interfaces for Motor Restoration

Current Challenges and Future Directions of Invasive Brain–Computer Interfaces

Chapter 28. Prospects for a Robust Cortical Recording Interface

Motivation, Progress, and Challenges for Intracortical Recording Electrodes

Commonly Used Electrodes for Intracortical Recording

Summary of Intracortical Recording Electrode Failure Mechanisms

The Biological Response to Electrode Implantation

Intracortical Electrode Technologies to Evade the Inflammatory Response and Improve Long-Term Performance

Perspectives on the Future of Neural Recording Interfaces

Chapter 29. Advances in Invasive Brain–Computer Interface Technology and Decoding Methods for Restoring Movement and Future Applications

Introduction

Historical Perspective

Restoring Movement in Quadriplegia

Designing and Developing Effective Brain–Computer Interface Systems

Conclusion

Section VI. Emerging Technologies and Techniques

Introduction

Introduction

Chapter 30. Gene-Based Neuromodulation

Introduction

Gene Therapy Vectors

Viral Vectors

Control of Transgene Expression

Human Clinical Safety and Efficacy Data for CNS Gene Therapy

Genetic Diseases

Neurodegenerative Diseases

Brain Tumors

Discussion of Future Trends and Pathways to Expanding the Knowledge Base

Novel Disease Targets

Novel Modulatory Gene Therapy Approaches

Novel Approaches for Noninvasive Gene Delivery

Chapter 31. Focused Ultrasound Ablation for Neurological Disorders

Introduction

Initial Applications of Focused Ultrasound Ablation for Neurosurgery

Transcranial Focused Ultrasound Ablation for Neurosurgery

Summary

Chapter 32. Implanted Sensors in Neuromodulation via Electrical Stimulation

Introduction

Sensing and Using Sensed Data

Compound Action Potential Recording

Sensing Brain Electrophysiology During DBS

Sensing Spinal Cord Electrophysiology During SCS

Concluding Remarks

Chapter 33. Gaming for the Brain: Video Gaming to Rehabilitate the Upper Extremity After Stroke

Rehabilitation Gaming Can Address Major Care Disparities

The Pros and Cons of Available Gaming Technologies

Theoretical Differences That Favor Gaming Rehabilitation

Theoretical Differences That Favor Conventional Therapy

Comparative Effectiveness of Rehabilitation Gaming Systems

Future Directions

Chapter 34. The Use of New Surgical Technologies for Deep Brain Stimulation

Introduction

Precise Identification of Targets and Improved Stereotactic Targeting

Stimulation Titration For Modulation of Dysfunctional Networks With DBS

Conclusions

Chapter 35. Neuromodulation Using Optogenetics and Related Technologies

Introduction

History of Optogenetics

Implementation and Technical Considerations

Optogenetic Tools

Related Technologies

Translation and Prospects for Clinical Use

Resources

Section VII. Surgical Procedures and Techniques

Introduction

Introduction

Chapter 36. Deep Brain Stimulation: Surgical Technique

Introduction

Chapter 37. Spinal Cord Stimulation: Placement of Surgical Leads via Laminotomy: Techniques and Benefits

Introduction

Common Indications

Patient Selection

Anatomic Mapping

Lead Geometry and Canal Morphometry

Surgical Technique

Complication Avoidance

Future Directions

Chapter 38. Subcutaneous Peripheral Nerve Field Stimulation for Intractable Pain

Introduction

Patient Selection

Surgical Implantation

Electrode Implantation

Electrode Internalization and Implantation of Spinal Cord Stimulation Generator

PNFS for Chronic Pain/Low Back Pain

Adverse Events

Advantages of PNFS Therapy

Summary

Chapter 39. Surgical Placement of Leads for Occipital Nerve Stimulation

Introduction

Trial Stimulation

Permanent Implant – Percutaneous Wire Electrodes

Permanent Implant – Paddle Electrode

Wireless Trial and Permanent Implants

Conclusion

Chapter 40. Surgical Technique: Intrathecal Medication Delivery System Implantation

Surgical Planning/Preoperative Considerations

Positioning and Surgical Preparation

Catheter Insertion

Pump Preparation and Insertion

Closure

Postoperative Considerations

Chapter 41. Neuroprosthetic Surgical Strategies for Neuromuscular Stimulation

Introduction

Inclusion Criteria: Better Clinical Outcomes and Lessening the Risk for Complications

Surgical Procedure: Details of Implantation for a Networked Neuroprosthesis for Hand Function

Surgical Preparation

Prophylactic Antibiotics

Surgical Procedure

Trunk Control Electrode Placement

Upper Extremity Electrode Placement

Final Coupling

Postoperative Management

Postoperative Surveillance

Chapter 42. The Surgical Technique of Vagus Nerve Stimulator Implantation

Introduction

Surgical Anatomy

Operative Technique

Replacement of the Electrode Lead

Replacement of the Pulse Generator

Complications of Surgery

Conclusion

Volume 2

Neuromodulation for Pain Control

Section VIIIA. Spinal Cord Stimulation for Pain Control

Introduction

Introduction

Chapter 43. Physiology and Pathophysiology of Chronic Pain

Physiology and Pathophysiology of Chronic Pain

Nerve, Root, and Spinal Mechanisms

Spinal and Subcortical Pain Signaling

Cortical and Subcortical Signaling

Conclusion

Chapter 44. Management Strategies for Chronic Pain

Introduction

Evaluation of the Patient With Chronic Pain

Management of the Patient With Chronic Pain

Conclusion

Chapter 45. History of Spinal Cord Stimulation

Surgical Procedures for Pain Control

Historical Uses of Electrical Stimulation

The Gate-Control Theory of Pain

Peripheral Nerve Stimulation

Dorsal Column Stimulation

Early Devices

General Clinical Application

Screening Methods

Device Manufacturers

Scientific Progress

Technical Progress

“Totally Implantable” Systems

Rechargeable Systems

Paresthesia Mapping

Reimbursement

Refinement of Selection Criteria

New Technology

Conclusions

Chapter 46. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Neuromodulation of Pain

Introduction

Functional Imaging Modalities

Clinical Applications

Conclusion

Chapter 47. The Development of Algorithms for Pain Care Including Neuromodulation Therapies: Introducing the SAFE Principles

Introduction

Prior Algorithms to Chronic Pain Treatment

The SAFE Principles

Summary

Conclusion

Chapter 48. Neurostimulation for the Treatment of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome

Introduction

Spinal Cord Stimulation

The Role of SCS in the Comprehensive Interdisciplinary Treatment Model of CRPS

Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation

Peripheral Nerve Stimulation

Chapter 49. Spinal Cord Stimulation for Peripheral Neuropathic Pain

Overview

History and Mechanisms of Action of Spinal Cord Stimulation

Peripheral Neuropathic Pain and Conventional Spinal Cord Stimulation

Current Research and Future Directions

Chapter 50. Spinal Cord Stimulation for the Treatment of Low Back Pain

Introduction

Spinal Cord Stimulation Without Paresthesia

Other Stimulation Targets for Low Back Pain

Comparative Efficacy Studies and the Role of Spinal Cord Stimulation

Neuropathic Low Back Pain

Conclusion

Chapter 51. Complications of Spinal Cord Stimulation

Introduction

Background

Overview of Complications

Identification and Management of Complications

Complications Related to Biological Causes

Conclusion

Chapter 52. Clinical Aspects of Burst Stimulation for Pain Control

Introduction

Introducing Burst Stimulation

A Hypothesis on the Mechanisms of Action

Clinical Outcomes of Burst Stimulation

Cost Effectiveness of Burst Stimulation

Future Directions

Conclusion

Chapter 53. Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation for Pain Control

Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation: The Intervention

Implantation: Surgical Considerations

Outcomes

Conclusions

Chapter 54. Ten Kilohertz (10kHz) High-Frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation

Introduction

Clinical Data

Clinical Outcomes of SCS Using Other Higher Frequencies

Safety

Patient Selection: Psychological Evaluation for Implantable Devices

Implantation Technique

Discussion and Conclusions

Chapter 55. A Review of Spinal Cord Stimulation Cost Studies

Introduction

Review of Cost Studies

How Can the Cost Effectiveness of SCS Be Optimized?

Additional Considerations

Conclusions

Section VIIIB. Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Pain Control

Introduction

Introduction

Chapter 56. Anatomy and Physiology Related to Peripheral Nerve Stimulation

Nerve Trunks

Fascicular Anatomy

Blood Supply of Peripheral Nerves

Neural Electrode Interface

Conclusion

Chapter 57. Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Pain Suppression

Introduction

Multiple Theories Exist as to the Exact Mechanism/s Through Which PNS Achieves Pain Relief

PNS Has a Long History of Success, But Existing Technology and Early Methods of Implantation Previously Required Precise Neurosurgical Placement, Limiting Clinical Use

Leads Initially Designed for Spinal Cord Stimulation Have Been Used for PNS, But Studies Indicated That Technology Designed Specifically for PNS Was Needed to Overcome Challenges

New Technique Introduced to Overcome Barriers to PNS

Peripheral Field Stimulation

Ultrasound Guidance Improves Outcomes

Recent FDA Clearance of Next-Generation PNS Systems May Enable the Potential of PNS Documented in Research Studies to Be Translated into Routine Clinical Practice

StimQ PNS System Has Received FDA Clearance

StimRouterTM Neuromodulation System Has Received FDA Clearance

SPRINT® PNS System Has Received FDA Clearance

Other Investigational PNS Systems Are in Development

Conclusion

Chapter 58. Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Facial Pain

Introduction

Mechanism of Action of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation

Patient Selection for Peripheral Nerve Stimulation

Efficacy of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Facial Pain

Adverse Events and Serious Adverse Events

Summary

Chapter 59. Combined Spinal Cord Stimulation and Peripheral Nerve Field Stimulation for the Treatment of Chronic Back and Neck Pain

Introduction

Combined SCS and PNFS for Low Back Pain

Combined SCS and PNFS for Neck Pain

Adverse Events

Programming

Advantages of Combination Therapy

Summary

Chapter 60. Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for the Management of Postoperative Pain

Existing Treatments for Postoperative Pain

History: Treating Postoperative Pain With Electrical Stimulation

Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Postoperative Pain

Ultrasound Guidance for Percutaneous Lead Insertion

Open-Coil Lead: Design and Safety Profile

Stimulation Paradigm

Clinical Studies of Percutaneous PNS for Postoperative Pain

Future Directions

Chapter 61. Peripheral Nerve Field Stimulation for Intractable Pain

Introduction

Mechanisms of Action

Using Two Different Systems at the Same Time

PNfS and TENS

Can PNfS Be Used to Treat Nociceptive Pain?

Complications

Results

Conclusions

Chapter 62. Occipital Nerve Stimulation for Treatment of Intractable Headache Syndromes

Introduction

Medical Treatment of Headache Disorders

Neurosurgical Diagnosis and Management of Occipital Pain

Neurology and Chronic Headaches

Neuromodulation

Occipital Nerve Anatomy

ONS Implant Technique

Intraoperative Stimulation Testing

Electrode Fixation and Tunneling

Implantable Pulse Generator Implantation

Summary of Technique Elements

Results

Complications

Mechanisms of Action

Disruptive Innovations

Conclusions

Chapter 63. Neuromodulation for Headaches—Sphenopalatine Ganglion Stimulation

Introduction

Diagnostic Criteria of the Primary Headache Disorders Targeted With SPG Inhibition

SPG Anatomy and Headache Pathophysiology

Brief History of the Role of SPG Modulation in Headache Treatment

Randomized Controlled Trial

Open-Label Efficacy Data

Registry and Safety Data

Proof of Concept of SPG Neuromodulation in Cluster Headache

The Future

Conclusions

Section VIIIC. Intrathecal Therapies for Pain Control and the Control of Spasticity

Introduction

Introduction

Chapter 64. Relevant Anatomy for Spinal Drug Delivery

Introduction

Relevant Anatomy

Anatomical Issues and Considerations

Surgical Techniques Spinal Drug Delivery

Distribution of Agents

Conclusion

Chapter 65. Evolution of the Spinal Delivery of Opiate Analgesics

Introduction

Neuraxial Drugs: The First 20Years

Neuraxial Opiates: The Last 40Years

Development of Catheter-Based Infusion Techniques

Evolution of the Neuraxial Delivery of Targeted Therapeutics

Other Intrathecal Analgesics

Side-Effects of IT Administration of Opiates

Concluding Commentary

Chapter 66. Pharmacology of Intrathecal Therapy

Introduction

Indications

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

CSF and Catheter Placement

Agent Selection

Future Therapy

Summary

Chapter 67. Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics and Intrathecal Delivery

Introduction

Understanding Dynamic CSF Flow

CSF Production and Reabsorption

Intrathecal Drug Transport and Delivery

In Vitro and Mathematical Models for Predicting IT Drug Dispersion

Chapter 68. Exploring Nonopioid Analgesic Agents for Intrathecal Use

Introduction

Adenosine

Resiniferatoxin

Oxytocin

Midazolam

Gabapentin

Neostigmine

Conclusion

Chapter 69. Potent Neurotoxins for Cancer Pain Treatment: Resiniferatoxin and Saporin

Introduction

Resiniferatoxin

Saporin

Conclusion

Chapter 70. The Development of Guidelines for Intrathecal Therapies for Pain Control. History and Present Guidelines

Introduction

Conclusion

Chapter 71. Compounding for Intrathecal Analgesic Agents

Introduction

What Is Compounding?

Standards for Compounding

Regulatory Considerations

Avoidable Errors and Their Tragic Consequences

Standards

The Compounding Process

Endotoxins

Stability Considerations

Provider Liability

Conclusion

Chapter 72. Intrathecal Baclofen Therapy for the Control of Spasticity

Introduction

Patient Selection

Patient Selection for IBT

IBT Trialing

Therapy Initiation

Therapy Maintenance

Summary

Section VIIID. Intracranial Procedures for Chronic Pain

Introduction

Introduction

Chapter 73. Deep Brain Stimulation for Pain

Relevant History of the Topic Including Developments Over the Past Decade

Review of the Current Knowledge Base of the Topic

Summary of the Safety and Efficacy Data

Discussion of Future Trends and Pathways to Expanding the Knowledge Base

Section IX. Neuromodulation for Movement Disorders

Introduction

Introduction

Chapter 74. Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson’s Disease

Introduction

Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson’s Disease

Selection Criteria for DBS in PD

Target Selection and Surgical Technique

Deep Brain Stimulation Programming in Parkinson’s Disease

Conclusion

Chapter 75. Deep Brain Stimulation for Tremor

Historical Perspective

Pertinent Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease Pathophysiology

Rationale for Neuromodulation, Target Selection, and Approach

Indications and Patient Selection Criteria

Implant Procedure Details

Programming and Other Points of Consideration

Most Recent Literature

Complications and Avoidance

What the Future Holds (Next 5Years)

Conclusions

Chapter 76. Deep Brain Stimulation for Dystonia

Introduction

Diagnosis and Classification of Dystonia

Medical Therapy for Dystonia

Surgical Therapy for Dystonia

The DBS Procedure

Programming the Device

Clinical Results

Complications of DBS Therapy

Alternative Targets for Deep Brain Stimulation in Dystonia

Conclusions

Chapter 77. Deep Brain Stimulation in Tourette Syndrome

Introduction

Surgical Treatment of Tourette Syndrome

Selection Criteria and Surgical Evaluation

Present and Future Perspectives

Chapter 78. Surgical Management of Hemifacial Spasm and Meige Syndrome

Hemifacial Spasm

Etiology and Pathophysiology

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Management

Operative Technique

Surgical Outcome

Complications

Conclusions

Meige Syndrome

Clinical Manifestations and Pathophysiology

Management

Outcome and Complications

Conclusions

Chapter 79. Deep Brain Stimulation of the Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus Improves Static Balance in Parkinson’s Disease

Introduction

Methods and Materials

Results

Discussion

Highlights

Chapter 80. Infusion Therapy for Movement Disorders

Review of the Current Knowledge Base of the Topic

GDNF and NTN

Preclinical Studies of GDNF and NTN Delivery for PD

Intraventricular Administration of GDNF and NTN in Rodents

Intraventricular Administration of GDNF and NTN in Nonhuman Primates

Clinical Trials of Intraventricular Infusion of GDNF for PD

Localized Intraparenchymal Delivery of GDNF in Rodents

Intraputamenal Delivery of GDNF and NTN in Nonhuman Primate Studies

Chronic Intraputamenal Infusion of GDNF and Related Toxicity

Clinical Trials of Intraputamenal Delivery of GDNF

A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial of Intraputamenal GDNF Infusion for PD

Clinical Trials of Intraputamenal AAV-NTN Gene Therapy

Convection-Enhanced Delivery of GDNF to the Brain

The Rationale for Chronic Intermittent CED

Alternative Neurotrophins—The CDNF/MANF Family

Section X. Neurostimulation for Epilepsy

Introduction

Introduction

Chapter 81. Epilepsy: Anatomy, Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Disorders

Introduction

Diagnosis of Epilepsy

Pathophysiology

Prognosis—Drug-Resistant Epilepsy

Neurostimulation for the Control of Seizures in Humans

Chapter 82. Vagal Nerve Simulation

NCP Device Components

Theoretical Basis of VNS

Clinical Utility of VNS

Operative Procedure

Complications and Adverse Events

Chapter 83. Deep Brain Stimulation for Epilepsy

Introduction

Limbic Network as Conduit of Seizure Propagation

Deep Brain Stimulation of the Anterior Nucleus of the Thalamus

Deep Brain Stimulation of the Hippocampus

Deep Brain Stimulation Side-Effects and Complications

Conclusions

Chapter 84. Closed-Loop Responsive Stimulation for Epilepsy

Introduction

Closed Loop Neurostimulation

The Responsive Neurostimulator System

Future Directions

Conclusion

Section XI. Neuromodulation for Behavioral and Cognitive Disorders

Introduction

Introduction

Chapter 85. Deep Brain Stimulation for Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder

Introduction

Pathophysiology of Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder

Deep Brain Stimulation for Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder

Patient Selection, Team Approach, and Ethical Considerations

Surgical Techniques of Deep Brain Stimulation Implantation

Conclusion

Chapter 86. High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Surgery for the Treatment of Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder

Introduction

Neural Circuitry of Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder

History of High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound

Principles of Transcranial Magnetic-Resonance-Guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery

Bilateral Thermal Capsulotomy With MRgFUS as a Treatment for Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder

Controversial Issues

Conclusions

Chapter 87. Deep Brain Stimulation for Highly Refractory Depression

Introduction

Treatment of Depression

Development of DBS in Neuropsychiatry

Technical Aspects of DBS

DBS for Primarily Depressive Illness

Issues Independent of DBS Target

Adverse Effects

Ethical Considerations

Perspective

Summary

Chapter 88. Neuromodulation in Anorexia Nervosa

Introduction

Clinical Aspects

Neurobiology and Neuroimaging

Clinical Treatment and Refractory Anorexia Nervosa Nervosa

Neuromodulation

Ethical Aspects

Conclusions

Chapter 89. Deep Brain Stimulation for Alcoholism

Introduction and Background

Scientific Rationale for the Use of DBS for Alcoholism

Animal Studies

Human Studies

Mechanisms of Action

Chapter 90. Surgical Treatment for Refractory Drug Addiction

Overview

The Development of Stereotactic Surgery for Drug Addiction

The Pathophysiology of Drug Addiction

Neurosurgical Procedures

Mechanisms

Future Expectations

Conclusions

Chapter 91. Subgenual Cingulate Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression

Introduction

Surgical Interventions for MDD: Background

DBS of the Subgenual Cingulate Cortex

Issues in Optimizing Patient Outcomes in SCC DBS

Mechanisms of Action

Summary and Future Directions

Chapter 92. Cortical Stimulation for Depression

Introduction

Electroconvulsive Therapy

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Conclusion

Volume 3

Section XII. Neuromodulation for Functional Restoration

Introduction

Introduction

Chapter 93. The History of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation—The Evolution of Functional Neuromuscular Stimulation and Future Directions

Chapter 94. Functional Electrical Stimulation for Return of Function After Stroke

Introduction

Upper-Limb Applications

Lower-Limb Applications

Shoulder Pain

Conclusions

Chapter 95. Invasive Neurostimulation for Poststroke Motor Recovery

Introduction

Proposed Mechanisms Underlying Functional Recovery

Neurostimulation-Based Approaches to Enhance Motor Poststroke Motor Recovery

Future Trends and Pathways

Conclusion

Chapter 96. Stimulation for Return of Upper-Extremity Function

Historical Perspective

Pertinent Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease Pathophysiology

Rationale for Neuromodulation Target Selection and Approach

Indications and Patient Selection Criteria

Technology Description and User Control

Implant Procedure Details

Programming and Other Points of Consideration

Outcomes

Complications and Avoidance

What the Future Holds

Conclusions

Chapter 97. Lower Extremity Motor System Neuroprostheses

Neuroprosthetic Options for Restoring or Improving Ambulation

Neuroprostheses for Controlling Seated and Standing Balance

Neuroprostheses for Recreation and Exercise

Chapter 98. Neuromodulation of the Spinal Cord for Movement Restoration

Historical Perspective

Rationale for Neuromodulation Target Selection and Approach

Programming and Other Points of Consideration

Voluntary Movement

Standing

Stepping

Summary and Future Directions

Chapter 99. A Brief History of the Cochlear Implant and Related Treatments

Introduction

Steps Toward Ever-Better Hearing With Cochlear Implants and Related Treatments

Steps 1–3: From Proof-of-Concept Demonstrations to Multisite Implants

Status of the Field as of the Late 1980s

Step 4: Better Processing Strategies

Status of the Field as of the Mid-1990s

Step 5: Adjunctive Stimulation

The Steps Reprised and the Growth in the Number of Implants Over the Years

Comment About Medical (and Other) Breakthroughs

Recognitions of the Achievement

The Future

Dedication

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