Paul and the Gift 1st Edition by John M G Barclay ISBN 0802868894 978-0802868893

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ISBN 10: 0802868894

ISBN 13: 978-0802868893

Author: John M G Barclay

A fresh scholarly reading of grace in Paul’s theology

In this book esteemed Pauline scholar John Barclay presents a strikingly fresh reading of grace in Paul’s theology, studying it in view of ancient notions of “gift” and shining new light on Paul’s relationship to Second Temple Judaism.

Paul and the Gift centers on divine gift-giving, which for Paul, Barclay says, is focused and fulfilled in the gift of Christ. He offers a new appraisal of Paul’s theology of the Christ-event as gift as it comes to expression in Galatians and Romans, and he presents a nuanced and detailed discussion of the history of reception of Paul. This exegetically responsible, theologically informed, hermeneutically useful book shows that a respectful, though not uncritical, reading of Paul contains resources that remain important for Christians today.

Table of contents: 

I The Multiple Meanings of Gift and Grace

1 The Anthropology and History of the Gift 11

1.1 The Gift in Anthropological Perspective 12

1.1.1 Mauss and “the Gift” 12

1.1.2 The Anthropology of “Gift” Post-Mauss 17

1.2 Gift and Reciprocity in the Greco-Roman World 24

1.2.1 Greek Reciprocity and the Limits of the Gift 24

1.2.2 Civic Euergetism 32

1.2.3 Roman Patronage 35

1.2.4 Were the Jews Different? 39

1.2.5 Stoic Solutions to the Problems of the Gift 45

1.3 The Emergence of the Western “Pure” Gift 51

1.3.1 Persisting Modes of Gift Exchange 52

1.3.2 Modern Social and Ideological Transformations 54

1.3.3 The Modern Notion of the “Pure” Gift 59

1.4 Conclusions 63

2 The Perfections of Gift/Grace 66

2.1 Perfecting a Concept 67

2.2 Six Perfections of Grace 70

2.3 Grace as a Polyvalent Symbol 75

3 Interpreting Paul on Grace: Shifting Patterns of Perfection 79

3.1 Marcion 80

3.2 Augustine 85

3.2.1 Early Works on Romans 86

3.2.2 Further Wrestling with Romans 9: Ad Simplicianum 89

3.2.3 The Pelagian Controversy 92

3.2.4 Against the Massillians 95

3.3 Luther 97

3.3.1 The Context 97

3.3.2 Not by Works of the Law 102

3.3.3 But by Faith in Jesus Christ 106

3.3.4 The Lutheran Perfections of Grace 109

3.4 Calvin 116

3.4.1 Grace in Creation, Providence, and History 118

3.4.2 Grace in Justification 120

3.4.3 Grace in Sanctification 123

3.4.4 Calvin’s Perfections of Grace 128

3.5 From Barth to Martyn 130

3.5.1 Karl Barth 130

3.5.2 Rudolf Bultmann 135

3.5.3 Ernst Käsemann 140

3.5.4 J. Louis Martyn 147

3.6 Sanders and the New Perspective on Paul 151

3.6.1 E. P. Sanders 151

3.6.2 The New Perspective on Paul 159

3.7 Recent Discussions of Paul and Grace 166

3.7.1 After the New Perspective 166

3.7.2 Alain Badiou 175

3.7.3 New Research on Grace and Benefaction in the Roman World 179

4 Summary and Conclusions to Part I 183

II Divine Gift in Second Temple Judaism

5 The Wisdom of Solomon 194

5.1 Death and the Question of Justice (1:1-6:11) 195

5.2 Wisdom, the Ultimate Gift (6:12-10:21) 198

5.3 Divine Equity in the Exodus Events (10:15-19:22) 202

5.4 The Correlation of Mercy and Justice (11:21-12:22) 206

6 Philo of Alexandria 212

6.1 Ground Rules in the Interpretation of Divine Gift 214

6.2 God as the Sole and Singular Cause of Abundant Good 217

6.3 The Fitting Gift 223

6.4 Israel and the Reward of the Wise and Virtuous 229

6.5 Philo’s Perfections of Grace 237

7 The Qumran Hodayot (1QH^a) 239

7.1 Introduction 240

7.2 The Worthlessness of the Human 245

7.3 The Goodness of God 251

7.4 Predetermination and the Design of the Cosmos 255

7.5 Conclusions 261

8 Pseudo-Philo, Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum 266

8.1 Covenant Promises That Cannot Fail 268

8.2 Why Israel Is Special 272

8.3 The Mercy of God 278

9.4 Ezra 280

9.1 The Desolation of Zion and the World to Come (Episode 1): 3.1-5.20 283

9.2 Election and Future Judgment (Episode 2): 5.21-6.35 285

9.3 Mercy and Justice in a Two-Age Framework (Episode 3): 6.36-9.25 288

9.4 Breakthrough to a Bifocal Vision (Episode 4): 9.26-10.59 300

9.5 The Messianic Future (Episodes 5 and 6): 11.1-13.58 303

9.6 Ezra ad Agent of Revelation (Episode 7): 14.1-50 305

9.7 Conclusions 306

10 The Diverse Dynamics of Grace in Second Temple Judaism 309

10.1 Summary 309

10.2 Diversity and Debate 313

10.3 Beyond Covenantal Nomism 318

10.4 Placing Paul in the Mix 321

III Galatians: The Christ-Gift and the Recalibration of Worth

11 Configuring Galatians 331

11.1 Gift in Galatians 331

11.2 The Conflict in Galatia 333

11.3 Pauline Polarities 337

11.4 Four Readings of Galatians 339

11.4.1 Luther 339

11.4.2 Dunn 342

11.4.3 Martyn 344

11.4.4 Kahl 347

12 The Christ-Gift and the Recalibration of Norms (Galatians 1-2) 351

12.1 Greeting in Grace (1:1-5) 351

12.2 The Good News and the Disjunction of Divine from Human Norms (1:6-12) 353

12.3 Paul’s Call as the Drama of an Incongruous Gift (1:13-24) 356

12.4 Jerusalem and the Relativization of Previous Culture Capital (2:1-10) 362

12.5 The Antioch Incident and the Suspension of the Torah as Norm (2:11-21) 365

12.5.1 The Antioch Incident 365

12.5.2 The Logic of 2:15-21 370

12.5.3 Galatians 2:15-16 371

12.5.4 Galatians 2:17-21 384

13 The Christ-Gift, the Law, and the Promise (Galatians 3:1-5:12, with 6:11-18) 388

13.1 The Christ-Gift and the Refusal of Pre-constituted Systems of Worth 389

13.1.1 Galatians 3:1-5 389

13.1.2 Galatians 5:2-6 391

13.1.3 Galatians 6:11-16 394

13.1.4 Galatians 3:26-28 396

13.1.5 Galatians 4:12-20 398

13.2 The Christ-event and the Story of the Law 400

13.2.1 The Distinction between Torah and Promise 401

13.2.2 The Incapacity of the Torah to Create Worth 404

13.3 The Christ-event as the Fulfillment of the Promise 411

13.3.1 Divine Promise and Human History: Narrative Trajectory and Radical Caesura 411

13.3.2 The Christological Re-reading of Scripture 415

13.3.3 A Unique Place for Israel? 418

13.4 Conclusions 421

14 The New Community as the Expression of the Gift (Galatians 5:13-6:10) 423

14.1 Freedom for the Spirit’s Regime of Love 425

14.1.1 Flesh and Spirit 425

14.1.2 Freedom for Slavery 428

14.1.3 Love and the Law of Christ 430

14.2 From Rivalry to Reciprocal Support 432

14.2.1 The Competitive Quest for Honor 432

14.1.2 Paul’s Counter-Strategy 435

14.3 Social Practice as the Realization of the Gift 439

14.4 Conclusions to Part III 442

IV Romans: Israel, the Gentiles, and God’s Creative Gift

15 The Creative Gift and Its Fitting Result (Romans 1:1-5:11) 449

15.1 Gift and Mercy in Romans 449

15.2 From Galatians to Romans 452

15.3 The Occasion of Romans 455

15.4 The Framework of the Good News (1:1-7; 15:7-13) 459

15.5 Human Sin and the Creative Power of God (1:16-3:20) 461

15.6 The Christ-Gift (3:21-26; 5:1-11) 474

15.7 The Abrahamic Family Trait 479

15.8 Conclusions 490

16 New Life in Dying Bodies: Grace and the Construction of a Christian Habitus (Romans 5:12-8:39; 12:1-15:13) 493

16.1 Under the Reign of Grace (Romans 5-6) 494

16.2 Newness of Life: An “Eccentric” Existence in Christ 500

16.3 The Body and the Construction of a Christian Habitus 504

16.4 A Community Constructed by Unconditioned Welcome (Romans 12:1-15:13) 508

16.5 Conclusions 516

17 Israel, Christ, and the Creative Mercy of God (Romans 9-11) 520

17.1 The Crisis of Israel 521

17.2 The Creation of Israel by the Incongruity of Grace (Romans 9:6-29) 526

17.3 God’s Incongruous Act in Christ (Romans 9:30-10:21) 536

17.4 The Momentum of Mercy and the Salvation of Israel (Romans 11:1-36) 544

17.5 Conclusions 556

18 Conclusions 562

18.1 Grace as Gift 562

18.2 Distinct Perfections of Grace 563

18.3 Paul among Jewish Theologians of Grace 565

18.4 Paul’s Theology of Grace in Its Original Social Context 566

18.5 New Contexts and New Meanings of Grace 569

Appendix: The Lexico of Gift: Greek, Hebrew, Latin, and English 575

Bibliography 583

Index of Authors 620

Index of Subjects 628

Index of Ancient Sources 630

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