Petroleum Refining Technology Economics and Markets 6th Edition by Mark Kaiser, Arno de Klerk, James Gary, Glenn Handwerk ISBN 9781466563025 1466563028

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ISBN 10: 1466563028
ISBN 13: 9781466563025
Author: Mark Kaiser, Arno de Klerk, James Gary, Glenn Handwerk

Petroleum Refining Technology Economics and Markets 6th Edition Table of contents:

PART I Markets and Economics

SECTION I Industry Structure and Characteristics

Chapter 1 Performance

1.1 Refinery Supply Chains

1.1.1 Input–Output Model

1.1.2 Infrastructure

1.1.3 Location

1.1.4 Commercial Requirements

1.2 Performance

1.3 Refinery Economics

1.4 Refining Yields

1.5 Refining Margins

1.5.1 Gross Margin

1.5.2 Net Margin and Netback

1.5.3 Application

1.6 Margin Comparisons

1.6.1 Sweet vs. Sour Crude

1.6.2 Cracker vs. Coker Refinery

1.7 Factors That Impact Margins

1.8 Crack Spreads

1.9 Market Data

1.10 Eagle Ford Marker Price

References

Chapter 2 Products

2.1 Overview

2.2 Petroleum Gases

2.2.1 Methane

2.2.2 Ethane

2.2.3 Propane

2.2.4 Butane

2.2.5 Natural Gas Liquids

2.3 Light Distillates

2.3.1 Naphthas

2.3.1.1 Light Naphtha

2.3.1.2 Heavy Naphtha

2.3.2 Gasolines

2.3.2.1 Motor Gasoline

2.3.2.2 Aviation Gasoline

2.4 Middle Distillates

2.4.1 Jet Fuel

2.4.2 Kerosene

2.4.3 Automotive Diesel

2.4.3.1 High-Speed Diesel

2.4.3.2 Light Diesel Oil

2.4.3.3 Gas Oil

2.4.4 Marine Diesel

2.4.5 Light Fuel Oil

2.5 Heavy Fuel Oils

2.6 Specialty Products

2.6.1 Base Oils and Lubricants

2.6.2 Engine Oils

2.6.2.1 Single Grade

2.6.2.2 Multigrade

2.6.3 Greases

2.6.4 Waxes

2.6.5 Bitumen

2.6.6 Petroleum Coke

2.6.7 Carbon Black

References

Chapter 3 Processes

3.1 Overview

3.2 Separation

3.2.1 Perfect Batch Distillation

3.2.2 Distillation Curves

3.2.3 Fractions

3.2.4 Atmospheric Distillation

3.2.5 Vacuum Distillation

3.3 Conversion

3.3.1 Thermal Cracking

3.3.2 Catalytic Cracking

3.3.3 Hydrocracking

3.3.4 Coking

3.4 Finishing

3.4.1 Hydrotreating

3.4.2 Catalytic Reforming

3.4.3 Alkylation

3.4.4 Isomerization

References

Chapter 4 Prices

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Price Formation

4.3 Global Oil and Product Markets

4.4 Price Characteristics

4.4.1 Prices Are Volatile

4.4.2 Prices Are Unpredictable

4.4.3 Business Cycle Impacts Are Periodic

4.4.4 Price Shocks

4.4.5 Market Factors Dominate Price Signals

4.4.6 Private Factors Are Secondary in Price Formation

4.5 Supply and Demand

4.5.1 Supply Curves

4.5.2 Demand Curves

4.5.3 Three Laws of Economics

4.6 Market Factors

4.6.1 Demand

4.6.2 Supply

4.6.3 Production Cost

4.6.4 OPEC

4.6.5 Spare Production Capacity

4.6.6 Supply Disruptions

4.6.7 Technology Impacts

4.7 Private Factors

4.7.1 Quality

4.7.1.1 API Gravity

4.7.1.2 Sulfur Content

4.7.1.3 Naphthenic vs. Paraffinic Crudes

4.7.2 Yield

4.8 World Production circa 2018

4.9 Refined Product Prices

References

Chapter 5 Potpourri

5.1 Business Model

5.1.1 Required Spending

5.1.2 Discretionary Spending

5.1.3 Capital Investments

5.2 Company Classification

5.2.1 Firm Type

5.2.1.1 Integrated

5.2.1.2 Government-Sponsored

5.2.1.3 Independents

5.2.1.4 Joint Ventures

5.2.2 Ownership

5.2.3 Level of Integration

5.2.4 Business Objectives

5.3 U.S. and World Capacity Trends

5.3.1 Distillation

5.3.2 Coking

5.3.3 Catalytic Cracking

5.3.4 Hydrocracking

5.3.5 Hydrotreating

5.3.6 Reforming, Alkylation, and Isomerization

5.3.7 Aromatics and Lubricants

5.3.8 Hydrogen

5.3.9 Sulfur

5.3.10 Asphalt

5.4 U.S. Capacity Correlations

5.5 Market Valuation

5.6 Capital Investment

SECTION II Cost Estimation and Complexity

Chapter 6 Cost Estimation

6.1 Construction Cost Factors

6.1.1 ISBL

6.1.2 USGC Reference

6.1.3 Project Type

6.1.4 Unit Addition vs. Grassroots Refinery

6.1.5 Process Technology

6.1.6 Process Severity

6.1.7 Unit Requirements

6.1.8 Contract Type

6.1.9 Actual vs. Estimated Cost

6.1.10 Time

6.1.11 Location

6.2 Unit Cost

6.2.1 Source Data

6.2.2 Sample Size

6.2.3 Normalization

6.3 Cost Functions

6.3.1 Specification

6.3.2 Dependent Variable

6.3.3 Parameter Estimation

6.3.4 Data Processing

6.3.5 Data Exclusion

6.3.6 Cost Envelopes

6.4 USGC Grassroots Construction Cost

6.5 Operating Cost Factors

6.5.1 Common vs. Unique Factors

6.5.2 Utility Prices

6.5.3 Capacity, Complexity, Age

6.5.4 Time

6.5.5 Location

6.5.6 Exceptional Events

6.6 Operating Expenses

6.6.1 Data Sources

6.6.2 Consolidation Levels

6.7 U.S. Operating Cost Statistics, 2010–2014

References

Chapter 7 Refinery Complexity

7.1 Ideal Refinery

7.2 Nelson Complexity Index

7.2.1 Motivation

7.2.2 Complexity Factor

7.2.3 Refinery Complexity

7.3 Complexity Factors

7.3.1 Definition

7.3.2 Measurement

7.3.3 Complexity Cross Factor

7.3.4 Uncertainty

7.3.5 Traditional Approach

7.3.6 Cost Function Approach

7.4 Refinery Complexity

7.5 U.S. and World Statistics circa 2018

7.5.1 Regional Capacity

7.5.2 U.S. Refining Complexity

7.5.3 Largest World Refineries

7.5.4 Conversion Capacity

7.5.5 FCC-Equivalent Capacity

7.6 Complexity Equation

7.7 Cost Estimation

7.8 Complexity Factor at Reference Capacity

7.8.1 Specification

7.8.2 U.S. CFRC Statistics

References

Chapter 8 Classification

8.1 Refinery Categories

8.2 Very Simple Refinery

8.3 Simple Refinery

8.4 Complex Refinery

8.5 Krotz Springs, Louisiana, Cracking Refinery

8.6 St. Paul Park, Minnesota, Cracking Refinery

Chapter 9 Complexity Applications

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Complexity Functional

9.2.1 Reference Capacity Approach Extension

9.2.2 Complexity Factor Functional Average

9.2.3 Evaluation

9.2.4 Closed-Form Expressions

9.2.5 Comparison

9.2.6 U.S. Refinery Complexity

9.3 Complexity Moments

9.4 Spatial Complexity

9.5 Replacement Cost

9.6 Sales Price Models

9.6.1 Asset Transactions

9.6.2 Formulation

9.6.3 Constraints

9.7 Complexity Barrels

9.8 Inverse Problem

9.8.1 Three-Refinery Example

9.8.2 Matrix Formulation

References

Chapter 10 Three Refineries

10.1 Hydrocracker

10.2 Lubes

10.3 Integrated/Petrochemical

PART II Crude Oil and Refined Products

SECTION III Crude Oil and Properties

Chapter 11 Origin and Composition

11.1 Geologic Time

11.2 Generation, Migration, and Accumulation

11.2.1 Source Rock

11.2.2 Generation

11.2.3 Migration

11.2.4 Accumulation

11.2.5 Sedimentary Basins

11.3 The Hydrocarbon Source

11.3.1 Origin

11.3.2 Kerogen Type

11.3.3 Oil Window

11.3.4 Transformation Sequence

11.3.5 Alteration and Thermal Maturity

11.4 Molecular Composition

11.4.1 Naming Organic Chemicals

11.4.2 Early Classifications

11.4.3 Hydrocarbons

11.4.4 Paraffin (Alkane) Series

11.4.5 Naphthene (Cycloparaffin) Series

11.4.6 Aromatic (Benzene) Series

11.5 Crude Oil Classification

11.5.1 Component Groups

11.5.2 Ternary Diagram

11.5.3 Tissot-Welte Classification

11.5.4 Crude Oil Classes

11.5.4.1 Paraffinic Class

11.5.4.2 Paraffinic–Naphthenic Class

11.5.4.3 Naphthenic Class

11.5.4.4 Aromatic–Intermediate Class

11.5.4.5 Aromatic–Naphthenic and Aromatic–Asphaltic Classes

11.5.5 Marine vs. Nonmarine Organic Matter

11.5.6 High-Sulfur vs. Low-Sulfur Oils

11.6 Alteration and Thermal Maturity Pathways

11.6.1 Thermal Alteration

11.6.2 Deasphalting

11.6.3 Biodegradation

11.6.4 Water Washing

References

Chapter 12 Crude Quality

12.1 Indicators

12.1.1 Color

12.1.2 Density

12.1.3 Heteroatoms

12.1.4 Chemical Structure

12.1.5 Viscosity

12.2 Classification

12.3 Blends of Crude Oils

12.3.1 Additive Properties

12.3.2 Nonadditive Properties

References

Chapter 13 Distillation Profile

13.1 Distillation Curves

13.2 Laboratory Methods

13.2.1 Standards

13.2.2 ASTM D86

13.2.3 ASTM D1160

13.2.4 ASTM D2892

13.2.5 ASTM D2887

13.2.6 ASTM D6352, D7169

13.3 Hempel Method

13.3.1 Procedure

13.3.2 Pressure Correction

13.3.3 Temperatures beyond 790°F

13.3.4 Midpercent Curves

13.3.5 Heavy Hydrocarbons

13.4 Distillation Profile Construction

13.5 Hasting Field, Texas

13.6 North Slope Crude, Alaska

References

Chapter 14 Crude Properties

14.1 Bayou Choctaw and West Hackberry Blends

14.2 Crude Oil Assay

14.3 Chemical Properties

14.3.1 Elemental Analysis

14.3.2 PNA Composition

14.3.3 Carbon Residue

14.4 Composition

14.4.1 Carbon–Hydrogen Ratio

14.4.2 Sulfur

14.4.3 Nitrogen

14.4.4 Metals

14.4.5 Asphaltenes

14.4.6 Resins

14.4.7 Waxes

14.4.8 Salt Content

14.4.9 Acid Number

14.5 Physical Properties

14.5.1 API Gravity

14.5.2 UOP Characterization Factor

14.5.3 Viscosity

14.5.4 Pour Point

14.5.5 Reid Vapor Pressure

References

Chapter 15 Fraction Characterization

15.1 Correlation Relations

15.2 Carbon Hydrogen Weight Ratio

15.3 Carbon Residue

15.4 Asphaltene Content

15.5 Molecular Weight

15.6 Aniline Point

15.7 Smoke Point

15.8 Viscosity

15.9 Refractive Index

15.10 Cloud Point

15.11 Pour Point

15.12 Freezing Point

15.13 Cetane Index

15.14 Molecular Type Composition

References

SECTION IV Fuel Specifications

Chapter 16 Standards, Specifications, and Fuel Quality

16.1 Types of Specifications

16.2 Consensus Specifications Definitions

16.3 Test Methods

16.4 Transportation Fuel Specifications

16.4.1 Gasoline – ASTM D4814

16.4.2 Jet Fuel – ASTM D1655

16.4.3 Diesel – ASTM D975

16.4.4 European Automotive Fuels

16.5 Mandatory and Suggested Specifications

16.6 Enforcement

16.7 Fuel Quality

16.8 Properties Not in Specifications

References

Chapter 17 Gasoline

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Octane Number

17.3 Volatility

17.3.1 Vapor Pressure

17.3.2 Distillation Profile

17.3.3 Vapor–Liquid Ratio

17.3.4 Vapor Lock Index

17.3.5 Drivability Index

17.3.6 Volatility Specifications and Schedules

17.4 Composition

17.5 Corrosion

17.6 Storage and Stability

17.7 Energy Content

17.7.1 Heating Value

17.7.2 Power

17.7.3 Fuel Economy

17.8 Additives and Blending Components

17.9 Fuel Ethanol for Blending

17.9.1 Purity

17.9.2 Water, Methanol, Chloride Content

17.9.3 Acidity

17.9.4 Sulfur Content

17.9.5 Denaturants

17.9.6 Workmanship

17.10 Aviation Gasoline

References

Chapter 18 Jet Fuels

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Specifications

18.3 Fluidity

18.4 Volatility

18.5 Stability

18.6 Heat Content

18.7 Combustion Characteristics

18.8 Composition

18.9 Lubricity

18.10 Corrosion

18.11 Contaminants

18.12 Additives

References

Chapter 19 Diesel Fuel

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Specifications

19.3 Cetane Number

19.4 Distillation

19.5 Flash Point

19.6 Lubricity

19.7 Ash Content

19.8 Carbon Residue

19.9 Low Temperature Operability

19.10 Stability

19.11 Blendstocks

19.12 Biodiesel

19.13 Other Middle Distillate Products

References

Chapter 20 Product Blending

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Gasoline Blendstocks

20.3 Reid Vapor Pressure

20.3.1 Theoretical Method

20.3.2 Blending Indices

20.4 Octane Blending

20.5 Blending for Other Properties

20.6 Gasoline Blending Case Study

20.7 Ethanol Blending

20.8 Diesel and Jet Fuel Blendstocks

References

PART III Technology

SECTION V Separation Processes

Chapter 21 Crude Oil Desalting

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Desalting Technology

21.2.1 General Description

21.2.2 Tight Emulsions and Metal Containing Organic Compounds

References

Chapter 22 Crude Oil Distillation

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Atmospheric Distillation

22.2.1 General Description

22.2.2 Front-End Design Configurations

22.2.3 Light Naphtha Stabilizer Column

22.3 Vacuum Distillation

References

Chapter 23 Solvent Deasphalting

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Solvent Deasphalting Technology

23.2.1 General Description

23.2.2 Bitumen Froth Treatment

23.3 Deasphalting

23.3.1 Oil Solubility

23.3.2 Asphaltenes

References

SECTION VI Residue Conversion Processes

Chapter 24 Visbreaking

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Visbreaking Technology

24.2.1 Feed Material

24.2.2 General Description

24.2.3 Hydrovisbreaking and Hydrogen Donor Visbreaking

24.2.3.1 Hydrovisbreaking

24.2.3.2 Hydrogen Donor Visbreaking

24.3 Thermal Cracking

24.3.1 Reaction Chemistry

24.3.2 Conversion

24.3.3 Equivalent Residence Time

24.4 Visbreaker Operation

24.4.1 Operating Parameters

24.4.1.1 Temperature and Residence Time

24.4.1.2 Pressure

24.4.2 Fuel Properties

24.4.2.1 Asphaltenes

24.4.3 Feed Pretreatment

References

Chapter 25 Coking

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Coking Technology

25.2.1 Feed Material

25.2.2 Delayed Coking Technology

25.2.2.1 Coke Removal from Delayed Coking

25.2.3 Fluid Coking Technology

25.2.3.1 Flexicoker Fuel Gas

25.3 Thermal Carbonization

25.3.1 Reaction Chemistry and Phase Separation

25.3.2 Role of Solids

25.4 Delayed Coker Operation

25.4.1 Operating Parameters

25.4.1.1 Furnace Coil Outlet Temperature

25.4.1.2 Pressure

25.4.1.3 Recycle Ratio

25.4.1.4 Coker Cycle Time

25.4.2 Coke Properties

25.4.3 Fuel Properties

25.4.4 Yield Estimation

25.5 Fluid Coker Operation

25.5.1 Operating Parameters

25.5.1.1 Temperature

25.5.1.2 Pressure

25.5.2 Fuel Properties

25.5.3 Yield Estimates

References

Chapter 26 Residue Hydroconversion

26.1 Introduction

26.2 Residue Hydroconversion Technology

26.2.1 Feed Material

26.2.2 Reactor Types

26.2.3 Fixed Bed Residue Hydroconversion Technology

26.2.4 Moving Bed Residue Hydroconversion Technology

26.2.5 Ebullated Bed Residue Hydroconversion Technology

26.2.6 Slurry Bed Residue Hydroconversion Technology

26.3 Thermal Conversion Combined with Catalytic Hydrotreating

26.3.1 Reaction Chemistry

26.3.2 Sediment Formation

26.3.3 Residue Hydroconversion Catalysts

26.4 Residue Hydroconversion Operation

26.4.1 Operating Parameters

26.4.1.1 Operating Temperature

26.4.1.2 Operating Pressure and H2 Partial Pressure

26.4.1.3 Fresh H2 and H2-to-Oil Feed Rate

26.4.1.4 Space Velocity

26.4.1.5 Catalyst Replacement Rate

26.4.2 Product Yields

References

Chapter 27 Fluid Catalytic Cracking

27.1 Introduction

27.2 Fluid Catalytic Cracking Technology

27.2.1 Feed Material

27.2.2 General Description

27.2.3 Residue Fluid Catalytic Cracking

27.2.4 FCC for Petrochemicals Production

27.3 Catalytic Cracking

27.3.1 Reaction Chemistry

27.3.2 Conversion

27.3.3 FCC Catalysts

27.3.4 Catalyst Deactivation and Equilibrium Catalyst

27.3.5 Catalyst Additives

27.4 Fluid Catalytic Cracking Operation

27.4.1 Operating Parameters

27.4.1.1 Fresh Feed to Recycled Feed Ratio

27.4.1.2 Preheat Temperature

27.4.1.3 FCC Riser Outlet Temperature

27.4.1.4 Pressure

27.4.1.5 Catalyst Activity and Selectivity

27.4.1.6 Catalyst-to-Oil Ratio and Catalyst Circulation Rate

27.4.1.7 Regenerator Temperature and Hot Catalyst Temperature

27.4.1.8 Combustion Airflow Rate

27.4.2 Pressure Balance

27.4.3 Heat Balance

27.4.4 Fuel Properties

27.4.4.1 Naphtha for Motor Gasoline

27.4.4.2 Light Cycle Oil for Jet Fuel or Diesel Fuel

27.4.5 Feed Pretreating

27.4.6 Yield Estimation

References

Chapter 28 Hydrocracking

28.1 Introduction

28.2 Hydrocracking Technology

28.2.1 Feed Material

28.2.2 General Description

28.2.3 Hydroisomerization to Produce Lubricant Base Oil

28.2.4 Hydrodewaxing

28.4.5 Mild Hydrocracking

28.3 Catalytic Hydrocracking

28.3.1 Reaction Chemistry

28.3.2 Conversion

28.3.3 Hydrocracking Catalysts

28.3.3.1 Acid Sites and Acid Support Materials

28.3.3.2 Metal Sites and Metal Site Activation

28.3.3.3 Metal-to-Acid Site Activity Ratio

28.3.4 Competitive Adsorption

28.4 Hydrocracker Operation

28.4.1 Operating Parameters

28.4.1.1 Temperature

28.4.1.2 Total Pressure and H2 Partial Pressure

28.4.1.3 Hydrogen-to-Feed Ratio

28.4.1.4 Liquid Hourly Space Velocity

28.4.2 Fuel Properties

28.4.2.1 Naphtha for Motor Gasoline

28.4.2.2 Kerosene for Jet Fuel

28.4.2.3 Gas Oil for Diesel Fuel

28.4.3 Yield Estimates

References

SECTION VII Distillate, Naphtha, and Gas Conversion Processes

Chapter 29 Hydrotreating

29.1 Introduction

29.2 Hydrotreating Technology

29.2.1 Feed Material

29.2.2 General Description

29.3 Catalytic Hydrotreating

29.3.1 Reaction Chemistry

29.3.1.1 Olefin and Diolefin Saturation

29.3.1.2 Hydrodearomatization

29.3.1.3 Hydrodesulfurization

29.3.1.4 Hydrodenitrogenation

29.3.1.5 Hydrodeoxygenation

29.3.1.6 Hydrodemetallization

29.3.2 Reaction Thermodynamics

29.3.3 Conversion

29.3.4 Hydrotreating Catalysts

29.3.4.1 Sulfided Base Metal Catalysts

29.3.4.2 Reduced Noble Metal Catalysts

29.4 Hydrotreater Operation

References

Chapter 30 Butane and Naphtha Hydroisomerization

30.1 Introduction

30.2 C4–C6 Hydroisomerization Technology

30.2.1 Feed Material

30.2.2 General Description

30.2.3 Process Configurations with Recycle

30.3 Catalytic Hydroisomerization

30.3.1 Reaction Chemistry

30.3.2 Reaction Thermodynamics

30.3.2.1 C4 Hydroisomerization

30.3.2.2 C5 Hydroisomerization

30.3.2.3 C6 Hydroisomerization

30.3.3 Hydroisomerization Catalysts

30.4 C4–C6 Hydroisomerization Operation

30.4.1 Operating Parameters

30.4.2 Fuel Properties

References

Chapter 31 Catalytic Naphtha Reforming

31.1 Introduction

31.2 Naphtha Reforming Technology

31.2.1 Feed Material

31.2.2 General Description

31.2.3 Catalyst Regeneration Configurations

31.2.3.1 Continuous Catalyst Regeneration

31.2.3.2 Semiregenerative

31.2.3.3 Cyclic Regeneration

31.2.4 Catalyst Regeneration

31.2.5 Aromatization for Petrochemical Production

31.3 Catalytic Naphtha Reforming

31.3.1 Reaction Chemistry

31.3.2 Conventional Reforming Catalysts

31.4 Catalytic Naphtha Reforming Operation

31.4.1 Operating Conditions

31.4.2 Fuel Properties

31.4.3 Yield Estimation

References

Chapter 32 Aliphatic Alkylation

32.1 Introduction

32.2 Aliphatic Alkylation Technology

32.2.1 Feed Material

32.2.2 HF-Catalyzed Aliphatic Alkylation

32.2.2.1 HF Alkylation Plant Safety

32.2.3 H2SO4-Catalyzed Aliphatic Alkylation

32.2.3.1 Autorefrigeration Process

32.2.3.2 Effluent Refrigeration Process (Stratco Process)

32.2.3.3 Packed Column Process

32.2.4 Comparison of HF- and H2SO4-Catalyzed Processes

32.3 Reaction Chemistry

32.3.1 Liquid Acid Catalysts

32.3.2 Solid Acid Catalysts

32.4 Aliphatic Alkylation Operation

32.4.1 Operating Parameters

32.4.1.1 Temperature

32.4.1.2 Acid Strength

32.4.1.3 Isobutane-to-Olefin Ratio

32.4.1.4 Residence Time

32.4.2 Fuel Properties

References

Chapter 33 Olefin Oligomerization

33.1 Introduction

33.2 Olefin Oligomerization Technology

33.2.1 Feed Material

33.2.2 Fixed Bed Olefin Oligomerization

33.2.3 Liquid Phase Olefin Oligomerization

33.2.4 Catalyst Selection

33.2.5 Refinery Benzene Reduction

33.3 Reaction Chemistry

33.3.1 Acid Catalysts

33.3.2 Organometallic Catalysts

33.4 Oligomerization Operation

33.4.1 Operating Parameters

33.4.1.1 Temperature

33.4.1.2 Pressure

33.4.1.3 Space Velocity

33.4.2 Fuel Properties

33.4.2.1 Naphtha for Motor Gasoline

33.4.2.2 Kerosene for Jet Fuel

33.4.2.3 Distillate for Diesel Fuel

References

Chapter 34 Etherification

34.1 Introduction

34.2 Etherification Technology

34.2.1 Feed Material

34.2.2 General Description

34.3 Etherification

34.3.1 Reaction Chemistry

34.3.2 Reaction Thermodynamics

34.3.3 Etherification Catalysts

34.4 Etherification Operation

34.4.1 Operating Parameters

34.4.2 Volumetric Yield

34.4.3 Fuel Properties of Alcohols and Ethers

References

SECTION VIII Lubricants and Supporting Technologies

Chapter 35 Lubricant Base Oils

35.1 Introduction

35.2 Lubricant Base Oil Production Technology

35.2.1 Feed Material

35.2.2 Technology Selection

35.2.3 Propane Deasphalting

35.2.4 Solvent Extraction

35.2.4.1 Furfural Extraction

35.2.4.2 Phenol Extraction

35.2.4.3 NMP Extraction Process

35.2.5 Solvent Dewaxing

35.2.5.1 Ketone Dewaxing

35.2.5.2 Propane Dewaxing

35.2.6 Clay Treating

References

Chapter 36 Supporting Technologies

36.1 Hydrogen Production and Purification

36.2 Light Hydrocarbon Gas Processing

36.3 Acid Gas Removal

36.4 Sulfur Recovery from Acid Gas

36.4.1 Claus Process

36.4.2 Claus Tail Gas Treatment

References

Appendix A: Glossary

Appendix B: Discussion Questions

Appendix C: Problems

Index

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