Physical Aspects of the Human Body 2nd Edition by Hartmut Zabel ISBN 9783110756982 3110756986

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ISBN 10: 3110756986
ISBN 13: 9783110756982
Author: Hartmut Zabel

Physical Aspects of the Human Body 2nd Edition Table of contents:

1 Brief overview of body parts and functions

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Overview

1.2.1 Cell

1.2.2 Circulation

1.2.3 Heart

1.2.4 Kidneys

1.2.5 Respiratory system

1.2.6 Digestive system

1.2.7 Sensory organs

1.2.8 Nervous system

1.2.9 Locomotor system

1.2.10 Skin

1.2.11 Reproductive system

1.3 Summary

Suggestion for home experiments

2 Body mechanics and muscles

2.1 Basic mechanical terms

2.1.1 Body density

2.1.2 Symmetry planes

2.1.3 Center of gravity

2.2 Body mechanics

2.2.1 Mechanical models

2.2.2 Levers

2.2.3 Mechanical stability

2.2.4 Femur

2.2.5 Degrees of freedom

2.2.6 Biomechanics of walking

2.3 Skeletal muscles

2.3.1 Structure of skeletal muscles

2.3.2 Hierarchical organization

2.3.3 Muscle contraction

2.3.4 Muscle tension

2.3.5 Muscle activation

2.3.6 Coordination and feedback

2.4 Summary

Suggestions for home experiments

3 Elastomechanics: beams, bones, and fractures

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Elastic deformation

3.2.1 Strain and stress

3.2.2 Hooke’s law

3.2.3 Shear deformation

3.3 Elastic properties of beams

3.4 Plastic deformation and fracture

3.5 Viscoelastic materials

3.6 Structure of bones

3.6.1 Hierarchical structure of bones

3.6.2 Cellular structure of bones

3.7 Elastic and plastic properties of bones

3.7.1 Macroscopic level

3.7.2 Microscopic level

3.8 Summary

Suggestions for home experiments

4 Energy household of the body

4.1 The body as a thermodynamic machine

4.2 Metabolism

4.3 Caloric oxygen equivalent

4.4 Respiratory exchange ratio

4.5 Basal metabolic rate

4.6 Oxygen uptake

4.7 Efficiency of physical work

4.8 Metabolic heat production

4.9 Heat losses of the body

4.9.1 Heat conduction

4.9.2 Heat radiation

4.9.3 Convection

4.9.4 Sweating and shivering

4.9.5 Equilibrium condition

4.10 Summary

Suggestions for home experiments

5 Resting potential and action potential

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Cell membrane and ion channels

5.3 Resting potential

5.4 Action potential

5.5 Electrochemical properties of cells

5.5.1 Membrane capacitance

5.5.2 Transmembrane ion exchange

5.5.3 Transmembrane resistance

5.5.4 Depolarization time constant

5.5.5 Electrochemical potential

5.5.6 Hodgkin–Huxley model

5.6 Single channel conductance

5.7 ATP-powered Na+–K+ pump

5.8 Summary

Suggestions for home experiments

6 Signal transmission in neurons

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Overview on signal transmission

6.2.1 Components of neurons

6.2.2 Afferent and efferent neurons

6.2.3 Unipolar and multipolar neurons

6.3 Sensory receptor potential

6.4 Signal transduction

6.5 Saltatory polarization current

6.6 Electrochemical properties of axons

6.6.1 Transmembrane capacitance

6.6.2 Resistance and time constant

6.6.3 Decay length of action potential

6.6.4 Propagation velocity of action potentials

6.6.5 Experimental test of propagation velocity

6.7 Communication across axons

6.8 Neuromuscular junction – triggering muscle contraction

6.9 Electric and magnetic signals from the body

6.9.1 Electromyography (EMG)

6.9.2 Electroencephalography (EEG)

6.9.3 Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

6.10 Summary

Suggestions for home experiments

7 Electrophysical aspects of the heart

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Cardiac action potential

7.2.1 Temporal evolution

7.2.2 Spatial evolution

7.3 Electric polarization of the heart

7.3.1 Transmembrane potential

7.3.2 Dipole looping

7.3.3 Isopotential lines

7.4 Einthoven triangle

7.4.1 Coordinate system

7.4.2 Heart vector

7.5 Electrocardiogram

7.5.1 Einthoven leads

7.5.2 Goldberger leads

7.5.3 Wilson leads

7.6 Electrocardiography

7.6.1 Procedures

7.6.2 New developments

7.7 Magnetocardiography

7.8 Artificial pacemaker

7.9 Summary

Suggestions of home experiments

8 The physical aspects of the circulatory system

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Two circuits

8.3 The heart as a pump

8.3.1 Four phases

8.3.2 Stroke volume

8.3.3 Energy, power, and efficiency

8.4 Hemostatics of the systemic circuit

8.4.1 Hemostatic pressures

8.4.2 Elastic properties of blood vessels

8.5 Hemodynamics of the systemic circuit

8.5.1 Basic equations and assumptions

8.5.2 Pulsatile flow

8.5.3 Perfusion and flow resistance

8.5.4 Total peripheral flow resistance

8.5.5 Turbulent flow and Windkessel function

8.5.6 Mathematically modeling

8.5.7 Flow velocity and pulse wave velocity

8.5.8 Methods for determining PWV

8.6 Physical properties of blood

8.6.1 Composition of blood

8.6.2 Viscosity of blood

8.6.3 Osmotic pressure

8.7 Blood as an oxygen carrier

8.7.1 Structure of hemoglobin

8.7.2 Saturation curve

8.7.3 Ferritin

8.7.4 Light absorbance

8.8 Cardiopulmonary bypass intervention

8.8.1 Cardiopulmonary bypass

8.8.2 Oxygenator

8.9 Summary

Suggestions for home experiments

9 Physical aspects of the respiratory system

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Organs of the respiratory system (overview)

9.3 Gas exchange

9.3.1 Partial pressures of the atmosphere

9.3.2 Alveolar pressures

9.3.3 Solubility of gases in water

9.3.4 Solubility of oxygen in blood

9.3.5 Carbon dioxide transport in blood

9.3.6 Gas exchange in the alveoli

9.3.7 Respiratory coefficient and exchange rate

9.4 Tidal volume and vital capacity

9.4.1 Inspiratory and expiratory air volumes

9.4.2 Inspirational oxygen flow and cardiac output

9.5 Pulmonary volume and pressure changes

9.6 Volume work, compliance, and surface tension

9.6.1 Volume work

9.6.2 Compliance

9.6.3 Surface tension

9.7 Airway resistance

9.7.1 Total airway resistance

9.7.2 Turbulent flow

9.7.3 Time constant

9.8 Lung ventilators and oxygen generators

9.8.1 Invasive and noninvasive ventilators

9.8.2 Oxgen generators

9.9 Summary

Suggestions for home experiments

10 Physical aspects of the urinary system

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Global properties of kidneys

10.3 Structure of kidneys

10.4 Filtration

10.5 Reabsorption

10.6 Renal clearance

10.6.1 Renal clearance fundamentals

10.6.2 Case studies of renal clearance

10.6.3 Creatinine clearance

10.6.4 Urinary excretion

10.7 Artificial filtering: Hemodialysis

10.8 Bladder, urethra, and urination

10.8.1 Structure and function

10.8.2 Neural control

10.8.3 Urostatics and urodynamics

10.9 Summary

Suggestion for home experiments

11 Physical aspects of vision

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Anatomical aspects of the eye

11.3 The dioptric eye

11.3.1 The refractive power of the eye

11.3.2 Accommodation

11.3.3 Resolving power

11.3.4 Visual acuity

11.3.5 Lens aberrations

11.3.6 Intraocular pressure

11.3.7 The visual field

11.4 Photoreception

11.4.1 Structure of the retina

11.4.2 Sensitivity and adaptation

11.5 Phototransduction

11.5.1 Visual pigment rhodopsin

11.5.2 Photoisomerization

11.5.3 Three cycles to control receptor potential

11.5.4 Phototransduction: from photoreceptors to ganglion cells

11.6 Retinal signal processing

11.6.1 On–off bipolar cells

11.6.2 Receptive field

11.6.3 Lateral inhibition

11.7 Optic pathway

11.7.1 The optic nerve

11.7.2 Lateral geniculate nucleus and primary visual cortex

11.7.3 Binocular vision

11.8 Color perception

11.8.1 Tricolor and four-color systems

11.9 Summary

Suggestions for home experiments

12 Sound, sound perception, and balance

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Sound waves

12.2.1 Acoustic impedance

12.2.2 Crossing borders

12.2.3 Sound intensity and loudness

12.3 Outer and middle ear

12.3.1 Outer ear

12.4 Sound detection in the inner ear

12.4.1 Structure of the cochlea

12.4.2 Elastic properties of the cochlea

12.4.3 Organ of Corti

12.4.4 Inner and outer hair cells

12.4.5 Mechanoelectric transduction

12.4.6 Frequency coding

12.4.7 Selectivity, sensitivity, latency, and adaptation

12.4.8 Pathway to the auditory cortex

12.4.9 Sound localization

12.5 From sound generation to hearing loss

12.5.1 Tone, sound, and noise

12.5.2 Hearing loss

12.5.3 Hearing devices

12.5.4 The making of sound

12.6 Organ of equilibrium

12.7 Summary

Suggestions for home experiments

13 Prosthetics

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Exoprostheses

13.2.1 Lower limb prostheses

13.2.2 Upper limb prostheses

13.3 Hip replacement

13.3.1 Anatomical basics

13.3.2 Replacement procedures

13.3.3 Material considerations

13.3.4 Alternative approaches

13.4 Knee replacement

13.5 Cardiovascular stents

13.6 Retinal implants

13.6.1 Epiretinal microelectrode array

13.6.2 Subretinal micro-photodiode array

13.7 Summary

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Tags: Hartmut Zabel, Physical Aspects, Human Body