Principles of Historical Linguistics 3rd Edition by Hans Henrich Hock ISBN 3110750260 9783110746327

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ISBN 10: 3110750260
ISBN 13: 9783110746327
Author: Hans Henrich Hock

Principles of Historical Linguistics 3rd Edition Table of contents:

1 Introduction

1.1 Language changes

1.2 Illustration of language change

1.3 Linguistic changes – An overview

1.3.1 Variation and philology

1.3.2 Sound change

1.3.3 Analogical change

1.3.4 Lexical borrowing and other contact changes

1.3.5 Semantic change

1.3.6 Syntactic change

1.4 Linguistic change and language relationship

1.5 A note on “language”, “dialect”, and speakers

1.6 A brief methodological note

2 Phonetics, transcription, terminology, abbreviations, glosses

2.1 Phonetics

2.1.1 Stops and place of articulation

2.1.2 Fricatives and sibilants

2.1.3 Voicing and aspiration

2.1.4 Obstruents vs. sonorants; syllabic vs. nonsyllabic

2.1.5 Liquids

2.1.6 Nasals and nasalization, stops vs. continuants

2.1.7 Semivowels/glides; consonantal vs. vocalic

2.1.8 Vowels – high/low, front/back

2.1.9 Vowels – long/short, diphthong/monophthong, etc

2.1.10 Secondary articulations

2.1.11 Suprasegmentals

2.1.12 Syllables, moras, and boundaries

2.2 Transcription

2.2.1 Phonetic transcription

2.2.2 Transcription of specific languages

2.3 Notation of changes, generalizations

2.4 Phonology – Contrast, phoneme, allophone/alternant

2.5 Morphology

2.6 Other terminology and concepts

2.7 Abbreviations and symbols

2.7.1 Abbreviations and symbols for sound change and phonological formulations

2.7.2 Morphological and syntactic abbreviations

2.7.3 Language abbreviations

3 Sound change: The regularity hypothesis

3.1 Grimm’s Law, Verner’s Law, Grassmann’s Law, and the Regularity Hypothesis

3.2 The Regularity Hypothesis

3.3 Apparent exceptions

3.3.1 Other sound changes

3.3.2 Analogy and the uniformitarian hypothesis

3.3.3 Borrowing

3.3.4 Fast speech, onomatopoeia, taboo

3.4 Attacks on the regularity hypothesis

3.5 Conclusions and outlook

4 Sound change and its phonological implications

4.1 Subphonemic change; merger and split

4.2 Phonological merger and split

4.3 Merger and split vs. contraction and diphthongization

4.4 Neutralization

4.5 Contrast and “margin of safety” – Polarization

5 Types of sound change

5.1 Typically regular sound changes

5.1.1 Assimilatory changes

5.1.2 Lenition/weakening

5.1.3 Loss

5.1.4 Timing and control

5.1.5 Remarks on assimilation, weakening, loss, timing, and control

5.2 Typically irregular changes: Dissimilation, metathesis, distant assimilation

5.2.1 Dissimilation

5.2.2 Metathesis

5.2.3 Distant assimilation

5.2.4 Regular dissimilation, metathesis, and distant consonant assimilation

5.3 Instability of segments and clusters

5.3.1 Liquids

5.3.2 Sibilants

5.3.3 Voiceless velar and glottal fricatives

5.3.4 The dental fricatives [θ] and [ð]

5.3.5 Palatalized labials, [ry], labiovelar segments

5.3.6 The semivowel [w]

5.3.7 Labials

5.3.8 Dental/alevolar nonsibilant obstruents + l and voiced stop + homorganic nasal

5.3.9 Unrounding of front rounded segments and features

5.3.10 Syllabic liquids and nasals

5.3.11 Consonant clusters

5.3.12 Vowel clusters or hiatus

5.4 Other changes

5.4.1 Excrescence

5.4.2 Effects of consonants on vowels

5.4.3 Geminate strengthening

5.4.4 Initial strengthening

5.5 Sound change: Structure and function

5.5.1 Contrast and neutralization

5.5.2 “Functional load”

5.5.3 Phonological symmetry, economy, margin of safety

5.5.4 Chain shifts

5.5.5 Phonological pattern; conspiracies

5.5.6 Teleology?

5.6 Tonogenesis and other suprasegmental changes

5.6.1 Consonantal quality and tonogenesis

5.6.2 Contraction and tonogenesis

5.6.3 Pitch-accent melody, pitch assimilation, and tonogenesis

5.6.4 Loss with compensatory tone

5.6.5 Overlength and tone

5.6.6 OCP and alternating accent

5.6.7 Accent, weight, and accent protraction

5.6.8 Utterance finality, verb finality, accent retraction, and other developments

6 Analogical and phonological change

6.1 Traditional analogy

6.1.1 Systematic processes – Leveling and four-part analogy

6.1.2 Non-systematic processes

6.1.3 Analogy and phonological contrast

6.2 Tendencies of analogical change

6.2.1 Basicness and markedness, and the sphere of usage

6.2.2 The status of relics

6.2.3 Morphological distinctness and the polarity of language

6.3 Analogy and phonological change

6.3.1 Background information on generative phonology

6.3.2 Historical change and synchronic rules

6.3.3 Generative phonology, linguistic change, and rule extension

6.3.4 Rule reordering, transparency, and opacity

6.3.5 Rule reordering and relative chronology

6.3.6 Morphological opacity and the polarity of language

6.3.7 Summary and conclusions for section 6.3

6.4 A tentative typology of changes that affect phonological structure

7 Morphological change

7.1 Compounding and related phenomena

7.1.1 A survey of compounds and related phenomena

7.1.2 Developments in compound structures

7.1.3 Remarks on the origins of compounds

7.2 Periphrases, reinforcements, collocations, and morphological change

7.2.1 Adverbs, adpositions, case reinforcement, and periphrasis

7.2.2 Reinforcements in deictics and in affixes

7.2.3 Verbal collocations

7.3 Renewal and continuity in morphological systems

7.3.1 Compensatory developments responding to morphological loss or attrition?

7.3.2 Change and renewal in “volatile” morphological categories

7.4 Clitics, affixes, and exponence

7.4.1 Clitics and other sources for affixation

7.4.2 Exponence and morphological change

7.5 “Cycles” and “clines” in morphological change

7.5.1 The Grammaticalization Cline or Cycle

7.5.2 The Grammaticalization Cline and Auxiliaries vs. Light Verbs

7.5.3 Negation and the “Jespersen Cycle”

7.5.4 Typology and the “Morphological Cycle”

7.6 Paradigms, morphological systems, and morphological change

7.7 Language contact and morphological change

8 Semantic change

8.1 Polysemy, semantic overlap, and the issue of “core” meanings

8.2 Synonymy and homonymy

8.3 Is there a direct relation between sound and meaning? Or: The arbitrary nature of the linguistic sign

8.4 Factors responsible for semantic change

8.4.1 Metaphoric use of language

8.4.2 Avoidance of synonymy and semantic differentiation

8.4.3 Avoidance of excessive homonymy

8.4.4 Taboo

8.4.5 Onomatopoeia

8.4.6 Synaesthesia

8.4.7 Change in linguistic structure and semantic change

8.4.8 Nonlinguistic factors and semantic change

8.4.9 Reinterpretation

8.5 Some general effects and tendencies of semantic change

8.5.1 Phatic communion, politeness, honorificity

8.5.2 Some pervasive effects of social attitudes

8.5.3 Sweeping and systematic effects of semantic change

8.6 Conclusions and outlook

9 Lexical borrowing

9.1 The substance of borrowing

9.2 Dialect borrowing

9.3 Foreign borrowing

9.3.1 Phonological nativization

9.3.2 Lexical nativization

9.3.3 Nativization of inflectional morphology and gender assignment

9.4 Borrowing from a linguistic ancestor

9.5 Motivations for borrowing

9.5.1 Need

9.5.2 Prestige

9.5.3 Adoption vs. adaptation – Prestige vs. linguistic nationalism

9.6 The effects of borrowing

10 Lexical change

10.1 An overview of relevant linguistic processes

10.2 Special language uses that favor lexical change and its outcomes

10.2.1 Jargons

10.2.2 Slang

10.2.3 Argots

11 Syntactic change

11.1 Prosodic syntax

11.1.1 A prosodic explanation of Vedic Sanskrit vocative accent

11.1.2 Wackernagel’s Law and P2

11.1.3 Wackernagel’s Law, different domains, and linguistic change

11.1.4 Concluding remarks on prosodic syntax

11.2 Morphosyntactic change

11.2.1 Agreement

11.2.2 Verbal prefixation, adpositions, and case control

11.2.3 Differential argument marking

11.3 Change in word order

11.3.1 Word order change in Hebrew

11.3.2 SOV to V2 (and beyond) in Germanic and other languages

11.3.2 Consequences of the change to SVO in English

11.3.3 Wackernagel, univerbation, and SOV → VSO in Insular Celtic

11.4 Typology, word order, and the syntax of complex sentences

11.4.1 A critical examination of word and clause order correlations

11.4.2 Typology and syntactic change

11.4.3 How strict is “strict” OV? Historical implications

11.4.4 Further developments of relative-correlatives

11.5 Changes in the syntax of grammatical relations

11.5.1 Passive and change in passive constructions

11.5.2 Ergative and change in ergative constructions

11.5.3 Obligational constructions

11.5.4 P-oriented constructions, oblique subjects, and control

11.6 Concluding remarks

12 Dialect interaction and dialectology

12.1 Dialect interaction – dialectology

12.1.1 General patterns of dialect interaction

12.1.2 Dialectology as a diagnostic tool

12.1.3 Isoglosses, dialect classification, and “wave theory” vs. “tree theory”

12.1.4 Migration and dialectology

12.2 Interaction between standard languages and local dialects or vernaculars

12.3 Origin and development of standard languages

12.4 Koinés

13 Language contact

13.1 Common linguistic developments in language contact

13.1.1 Interference or transfer

13.1.2 Interlanguage

13.1.3 Accommodation and reverse transfer

13.1.4 Code Mixing and Code Switching

13.1.5 Foreigner Talk

13.2 Link languages, their sources, and their developments

13.3 Structural effects of language contact – Subversion and convergence

13.3.1 Subversion or unidirectional influence

13.3.2 Convergence or bidirectional interaction

13.3.3 Convergence illustrated – The case of Kupwar

13.3.4 Some major convergence areas and their problems

13.4 Pidgins, trade jargons, and creoles

13.4.1 The origin of pidgins and trade jargons

13.4.2 Trade jargons and other pidgin-like languages

13.4.3 Creoles and depidginization

13.4.4 Decreolization and African American English

13.5 “Bilingual Mixed Languages”

13.6 Language endangerment and language death

14 Comparative linguistics and reconstruction

14.1 Establishing linguistic relationship and the issue of long-distance relationships

14.1.1 The problem of false friends

14.1.2 Solutions to the problem of “false friends”

14.1.3 “Unrelated” languages and “long-distance” relationships

14.2 Reconstruction

14.2.1 General issues of methodology

14.2.2 Phonological reconstruction

14.2.3 Morphological and syntactic reconstruction

14.2.4 Reconstruction, variability, and dialectology or subgrouping

14.2.5 Problems and controversies in reconstruction

14.2.6 Typology and reconstruction

14.2.7 The issue of confidence and realism in reconstruction

14.3 Linguistic palaeontology and ideology

14.3.1 Preliminaries

14.3.2 Religion and society

14.3.3 Material culture

14.3.4 Economy

14.3.5 Horses, wheels, and chariots

14.3.6 On the time and original home (“Urheimat”) of the Indo-Europeans

14.3.7 Genetics, Genomics, and “Race”

14.3.8 Ideology vs. comparative linguistics and linguistic palaeontology

14.3.9 Conclusions and outlook for Section 14.3

15 Linguistic change: Its nature and causes

15.1 “Decay”, “progress”, and the Uniformitarian Principle

15.2 Neogrammarian views on the nature of linguistic change

15.3 Neogrammarian views on the causes of linguistic change

15.4 Language transmission as a cause of change

15.5 Functionalism

15.6 The linguistic unpredictability of linguistic change

15.7 Further problems

15.7.1 Is sound change gradual and imperceptible?

15.7.2 Typically irregular sound change

15.7.3 Are sound change and analogy fundamentally different?

15.8 The anti-regularist position I

15.9 The anti-regularist position II – Schuchardt and beyond

15.10 Lexical diffusion

15.11 Labov and the sociolinguistic motivation of change

15.12 The issue of regularity revisited

15.13 Other ramifications of the Labovian approach

15.14 Conclusions and outlook

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