Property Law LA2003 – Module Guide (University of London) 2022nd Edition by Alison, Paul 9780511133237 0511133235

Property Law LA2003 – Module Guide (University of London) 2022nd Edition Rod Edmunds & Alastair Hudson & Paul Kohler & Lucinda Pattison & Anne Street & Claire De Than – Ebook PDF Instant Download/Delivery, ISBN: 9780511133237, 0511133235

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• ISBN 10: 0511133235
• ISBN 13:9780511133237
• Author:Alison, Paul

Property Law
Commentary and Materials

Table contents:

Part 1 The concept of property
1 Property law: the issues
1.1. Basic definition
1.2. Illustrative example
1.2.1. John
1.2.1.1. The unexcised body cell and the question of ownership
1.2.1.2. John’s interest in the excised body cell
1.2.1.3. Continuity of interests and John’s interest in the cell line
1.2.1.4. Enforceability of John’s interest in the cell line
1.2.1.5. Tracing into exchange products: property rights in Dr B’s £10m
1.2.2. Dr A and Dr B and the acquisition and transmission of property interests
1.2.3. The drugs company: constraints on the exercise of property rights
Notes and Questions 1.1
2 What we mean by ‘property’
2.1. Introduction
2.1.1. Property as a relationship and as a thing
2.1.2. Conceptualising ‘things’
2.1.3. Distinguishing property rights from other rights relating to things
2.1.4. Rights and other entitlements: Hohfeld’s rights analysis
2.1.4.1. Rights and duties, privileges and no-rights
2.1.4.2. Privileges and no-rights, and powers and liabilities
Abandonment
Effect of restrictions on alienation rights
2.1.4.3. Powers and liabilities, immunities and disabilities
2.1.5. Hohfeldian analysis of dynamic property relationships
2.1.5.1. Stage 1: Before the grant of the option
2.1.5.2. Stage 2: Grant of the option
2.1.5.3. Stage 3: Exercise of the option
2.1.6. Property rights, property interests and ownership
FUNDAMENTAL JURAL RELATIONS CONTRASTED WITH ONE ANOTHER
PRIVILEGES AND ‘NO-RIGHTS’
POWERS AND LIABILITIES
IMMUNITIES AND DISABILITIES
Notes and Questions 2.1
2.2. Private property, communal property, state property and no property
2.2.1. Introduction
2.2.2. Distinguishing no-property, communal property, state property
2.2.2.1. No-property: ownerless things
2.2.2.2. Open access communal property
Distinction between open access and limited access communal property
Distinction between open access communal property and no property
Distinction between open access communal property and state property
Distinction between allocation and provision of resources
Regulation of communal property
2.2.2.3. Limited access communal property
Distinction between communal property and co-ownership
Particular use rights rather than general use rights
2.2.2.4. State property
2.2.2.5. Anticommons property
2.3. Economic analysis of property rights
2.3.1. What economic analysis seeks to achieve
POSTULATE 1: INDIVIDUALS CHOOSE UNDER CONDITIONS OF SCARCITY; NO ONE HAS AS MUCH OF THE WORLD’S R
POSTULATE 2: INDIVIDUALS ACT RATIONALLY TO PURSUE THEIR SELF-INTEREST BY CONTINUALLY ADJUSTING TO TH
POSTULATE 3: SCARCITY AND RATIONAL BEHAVIOR RESULT IN COMPETITION FOR RESOURCES,ANDSOCIETAL RULES GO
POSTULATE 4: GIVEN INDIVIDUAL RATIONALITY AND SELF-INTEREST, A SYSTEM OF WELL-SPECIFIED AND TRANSFE
Notes and Questions 2.2
2.3.2. Key concepts in the economic analysis of property rights
2.3.2.1. Externalities
2.3.2.2. Transaction costs
Imperfect information
Costs of collective action
Free-riders and holdouts
2.3.2.3. Efficiency
Value
Pareto efficiency
Kaldor-Hicks efficiency
2.4. Things as thing and things as wealth
2.4.1. Functions of things
2.4.2. The idea of a fund
2.4.3. Thing versus wealth
2.4.4. Related conceptions
2.4.4.1. Fungibles and non-fungibles
2.4.4.2. ‘Use value’ and ‘exchange value’
2.4.4.3. Property and personhood
THINGS AS THING
THINGS AS THING
SOME HESITATIONS AND REFINEMENTS
Use value/exchange value
A functional distinction
Notes and Questions 2.3
3 Justifications for property rights
3.1. Introduction: general and specific justifications
3.2. Economic justification of property rights
3.2.1. Property and scarcity
THE TRAGEDY OF FREEDOM IN A COMMONS
POLLUTION
RECOGNITION OF NECESSITY
THE COALESCENCE AND OWNERSHIP OF PROPERTY RIGHTS
D. PRIVATE OWNERSHIP AND THE ECONOMY
THE CONVERSION OF THE NORTH SEA INTO OWNED PROPERTY
Notes and Questions 3.1
3.2.2. Viability of single property systems
3.2.3. Criteria for measuring the success of a particular form of ownership
3.3. John Locke’s justification for private property
3.3.1. What Locke was attempting to establish
3.3.2. The political context
3.3.3. The problem of consent
3.3.4. Locke’s justification for original acquisition
3.3.5. The nature of Locke’s commons
3.3.6. Why mixing labour with a thing should give rise to entitlement
3.3.7. The sufficiency proviso
3.3.8. The spoilation proviso
3.3.9. The theological dimension to Locke’s theory
3.3.10. Present relevance of Locke’s theory
LOCKE’S THEORY OF ACQUISITION
THE PROVISO
Notes and Questions 3.2
4 Allocating property rights
4.1. Introduction
4.2. The first occupancy rule
4.2.1. Intuitive ordering
4.2.2. Preservation of public order
4.2.3. Simplicity
4.2.4. Signalling
4.2.5. The bond between person and possessions
4.2.6. The libertarian justification
4.2.7. The communitarian objection
4.2.8. Economic efficiency
I. THE PROBLEM OF PREMATURE OCCUPATION
Notes and Questions 4.1
4.3. New things
THE CASE OF THEMONTAN AMULE
Notes and Questions 4.2
4.4. Capture
Notes and Questions 4.3
1. THE PROBLEM OF CONTESTED WHALES
2. THE WHALING INDUSTRY
3. THE CALCULUS OF WEALTH MAXIMIZATION
4. HYPOTHETICAL WHALING NORMS
5. ACTUAL WHALING NORMS
5.1. Fast-fish, loose-fish
5.2. Iron-holds-the-whale
5.3. Split ownership
6. CONCLUDING REMARKS
4.5. Colonisation and property rights
4.5.1. Introduction
4.5.2. The Milirrpum decision and the doctrine of terra nullius
4.5.3. Mabo (No. 2)
4.5.3.1. Terra nullius
4.5.3.2. Property, sovereignty and the doctrine of radical title
4.5.3.3. Extinguishment
Express extinguishment
Implied extinguishment by inconsistent grant
Abandonment
Surrender but not alienation
Notes and Questions 4.4
4.5.4. Developments since Mabo (No. 2)
Part 2 The nature of proprietary interests
5 Personal and proprietary interests
5.1. Characteristics of proprietary interests
5.1.1. General enforceability
5.1.2. Identifiability of subject-matter
5.1.2.1. The basic principle
5.1.2.2. Fluctuating assets
5.1.3. Significance of alienability
5.1.3.1. Inalienability of communal property
5.1.3.2. Status rights
5.1.3.3. Appurtenant rights
5.1.4. Requirement for certainty
5.1.5. The numerus clausus of property interests
5.1.6. Vindication of property rights
5.1.7. Termination
5.1.7.1. Abandonment
5.1.7.2. Disclaimer
5.1.7.3. Forfeiture
5.1.8. Property rights and insolvency
5.2. Special features of communal property rights
5.2.1. Present scope of communal property
5.2.1.1. Rights of common
5.2.1.2. Customary rights
Notes and Questions 5.1
5.3. Aboriginal land rights
5.3.1. Nature of native title
5.3.2. Alienability
5.3.3. Abandonment
5.3.4. Variation
5.3.5. Extent of native title
5.3.6. Is native title proprietary?
5.3.6.1. Blackburn J’s view in Milirrpum
5.3.6.2. The view of the High Court in Mabo (No. 2)
5.3.6.3. The Canadian view
Notes and Questions 5.2
6 Ownership
6.1. The nature of ownership
6.1.1. The basis of ownership
6.1.1.1. Ownership and people
6.1.1.2. Ownership and things
6.1.2. An outline of the difficulties encountered in any consideration of ownership
6.1.2.1. The different meanings of ownership
6.1.2.2. Disagreements about ownership
6.1.2.3. Contradictions within ownership
6.1.2.4. The division of ownership
Between different types of owner
Between owners and non-owners
Notes and Questions 6.1
1. SCEPTICISM ABOUT PRIVATE PROPERTY
2. CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION
Notes and Questions 6.2
6.2. The contents of ownership
6.2.1. An introduction to Honoré’s analysis
1. THE RIGHT TO POSSESS
2. THE RIGHT TO USE
3. THE RIGHT TO MANAGE
4. THE RIGHT TO THE INCOME
5. THE RIGHT TO THE CAPITAL
6. THE RIGHT TO SECURITY
7. THE INCIDENT OF TRANSMISSIBILITY
8. THE INCIDENT OF ABSENCE OF TERM
9. THE DUTY TO PREVENT HARM
10. LIABILITY TO EXECUTION
11. OWNERSHIP AND LESSER INTERESTS:RESIDUARY CHARACTER
Notes and Questions 6.3
PROPERTY RIGHTS AS A UNIVERSAL AND NECESSARY FEATURE OF HUMAN SOCIETIES
Notes and Questions 6.4
6.3. The roles played by ownership
6.3.1. As a legal term of art
6.3.1.1. Ownership’s role in land
6.3.1.2. Ownership’s role in chattels
6.3.1.3. Ownership’s role in legislation
6.3.2. As an amorphous notion
6.3.2.1. Ownership as an organising idea
6.3.2.2. Ownership as a contested concept
6.4. The limitations of ownership
6.4.1. Nuisance
6.4.1.1. A brief introduction to nuisance
Public nuisance
Private nuisance
6.4.1.2. The requirements of private nuisance
6.4.1.3. Private nuisance and private property
Who can sue?
What is protected?
6.4.1.4. The allocation of entitlements
The traditional criteria
The role of the market
The role of public policy
6.4.1.5. The protection of entitlements
Property rules
Liability rules
Rules of inalienability
Notes and Questions 6.5
Notes and Questions 6.6
Notes and Questions 6.7
Notes and Questions 6.8
Notes and Questions 6.9
I. THE SETTING OF ENTITLEMENTS
I I. RULES FOR PROTECTING AND REGULATING ENTITLEMENTS
A. Property and liability rules
B. Inalienable entitlements
III. THE FRAMEWORK AND POLLUTION CONTROL RULES
Notes and Questions 6.10
6.5. Restrictive covenants
Notes and Questions 6.11
Notes and Questions 6.12
7 Possession
7.1. The nature of possession
7.1.1. Introduction
7.1.2. Possession, ownership and proprietary interests
7.1.3. What is possession?
7.1.3.1. Factual control
The relevance of title
The nature of the thing possessed
The purpose for which the thing is used
Control through agents and control of contents
7.1.3.2. Intention required
Intention to exclude
Effect of ignorance
Notes and Questions 7.1
7.2. Possession of land
7.2.1. Leases and licences
7.2.1.1. Why the distinction matters
7.2.1.2. Distinguishing leases from licences
Notes and Questions 7.2
7.2.2. Possession and particular use rights
7.2.2.1. General and particular use rights
7.2.2.2. Compatibility of particular and general use rights
7.3. Possession of goods: bailment
7.3.1. Nature of bailment
7.3.2. Rights, duties and obligations of bailor and bailee
7.4. Protection of possession
7.4.1. Protection of property rights by protection of possession
7.4.2. Tort and the protection of property rights
7.4.2.1. The role of tort in the protection of property rights
7.4.2.2. Scope of the property torts
Conversion
What amounts to a conversion of goods?
Who can sue
Remedies
Trespass
What amounts to trespass
Who can sue
Remedies
7.4.3. Self-help remedies
7.4.3.1. Survival of self-help remedies
7.4.3.2. Restrictions and deterrents
7.4.4. Unlawful eviction and harassment
7.4.5. Trespassing and the criminal law
PROPERTY
DISTRESS FOR RENT
Notes and Questions 7.3
8 Fragmentation of ownership
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Present and future interests
8.2.1. Interests in possession, in reversion and in remainder
8.2.2. Absolute entitlements, contingent entitlements and mere
8.2.2. Absolute entitlements, contingent entitlements and mere expectancies
8.2.2.1. Absolute entitlements
8.2.2.2. Contingent interests and expectancies
8.2.2.3. Alternative contingencies
8.2.3. When interests vest
8.2.4. Alienation, management and control
8.2.5. Interests of contingent duration
8.2.5.1. Determinable interests
8.2.5.2. Interests subject to a condition subsequent
8.2.5.3. Distinguishing determinable and forfeitable interests
8.2.6. Requirement of certainty
8.2.7. Successive interests in land and the doctrine of tenures and estates
8.2.7.1. Tenures and estates
8.2.7.2. Estates in particular use rights
8.2.7.3. Leases
8.2.8. Restrictions on the power to create future interests
8.3. Legal and equitable interests
8.3.1. Origin of the legal/equitable distinction
8.3.1.1. Failed formality interests
8.3.1.2. Novel interests
8.3.2. Legal and equitable interests now
8.3.2.1. Interests in land
8.3.2.2. Interests in goods
8.3.3. The significance of the legal/equitable distinction
8.3.4. Three common fallacies
8.3.4.1. Equitable interests and beneficial interests
8.3.4.2. Over-identification of equitable interests with trusts
8.3.4.3. Absolute ownership does not include equitable beneficial ownership
THE BREADTH OF THE SUBMISSION
THE PRACTICAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE BANK’S ARGUMENT
THE RELEVANT PRINCIPLES OF TRUST LAW
THE RETENTION OF TITLE POINT
THE SEPARATION OF TITLE POINT
RESULTING TRUST
Notes and Questions 8.1
8.4. Fragmentation of management, control and benefit
8.4.1. Corporate property holding
BERLE AND MEANS AND THE PROBLEM OF CORPORATE PROPERTY
PUBLICLY CONTROLLING THE PRIVATE CORPORATION
8.4.2. Managerial property holding
8.4.2.1. Trust
The trustee
The settlor
The beneficiaries
8.4.2.2. Administration of property on death
8.4.2.3. Bankruptcy and liquidation
Notes and Questions 8.2
8.5. Group ownership
8.6. General and particular use rights
Notes and Questions 8.3
9 Recognition of new property interests
9.1. Why are certain interests regarded as property?
9.1.1. The function of property
9.1.1.1. As a means of allocating scarce resources
9.1.1.2. As an incentive to promote their management
9.1.1.3. As a moral, philosophical or political statement
9.1.2. The danger of property
9.1.3. The requirements of property
9.2. The dynamic nature of property
9.2.1. The recognition and limits of the covenant as a proprietary interest
Notes and Questions 9.1
9.2.2. The recognition of a proprietary right to occupy the matrimonial home
Notes and Questions 9.2
9.3. The general reluctance to recognise new property rights
9.3.1. The facts of Victoria Park Racing v. Taylor
9.3.2. The views of the majority
9.3.3. The views of the minority
9.3.4. The significance of the case
Notes and Questions 9.3
9.4. A comparative confirmation and an economic critique
Notes and Questions 9.4
9.5. The future of property
9.5.1. The new property thesis
Notes and Questions 9.5
9.5.2. The emergence of quasi-property
Notes and Questions 9.6
Part 3 The acquisition and disposition of property interests
10 Title
10.1. What we mean by ‘title’
10.2. Acquiring title: derivative and original acquisition of title
10.2.1. Derivative acquisition: disposition or grant
10.2.2. Original acquisition
10.3. Relativity of title
10.4. Proving title
10.4.1. Role of registration
10.4.2. Possession as a root of title
10.4.3. Provenance
10.4.4. Extinguishing title by limitation of action rules
10.4.5. Relativity of title and the ius tertii
10.5. The nemo dat rule
10.5.1. Scope of the nemo dat rule
10.5.2. General principles applicable to all property
10.5.2.1. Registration and the nemo dat rule
10.5.2.2. Dispositions to volunteers
10.5.2.3. Powers of sale
10.5.3. The application of the nemo dat rule to goods
10.5.4. The application of the nemo dat rule to money
10.5.5. The application of the nemo dat rule to land
10.5.5.1. The general principle
10.5.5.2. After-acquired property
10.5.5.3. Interests by estoppel
10.6. Legal and equitable title
11 Acquiring title by possession
11.1. Introduction
11.2. The operation of adverse possession rules
11.2.1. Unregistered land
11.2.2. Registered land
11.2.3. What counts as ‘adverse’ possession
11.2.4. Effect on third party interests
11.3. Why established possession should defeat the paper owner
11.4. Adverse possession and registration
11.5. Good faith and the adverse possessor
A.FIRST POSSESSION: PRIOR IN TIME IS HIGHER IN RIGHT
B.ADVERSE POSSESSION
1. Tension between principle and proof
Notes and Questions 11.1
I. TIME AND PROPERTY THEORY
A. Lockean entitlement
B. Utilitarianism
C. Property and personhood
II. ADVERSE POSSESSION
A. Entitlement and utilitarianism:principle versus pragmatics?
B. Property theory and adverse possession
Notes and Questions 11.2
Notes and Questions 11.3
ADVERSE POSSESSION
ADVERSE POSSESSION AND THE LAND REGISTRATION ACT 2002
THE NECESSARY EVIL ARGUMENT
Stale claims in registered land
Stale claims under the 2002 Act
Distinguishing the ‘good’ squatter from the ‘bad’ squatter
Problems of proof
Effect of the 2002 Act changes on the incidence of adverse possession
The incompatibility argument
Notes and Questions 11.4
11.6. Goods
11.6.1. Taking and theft
11.6.2. Protection of title by tort
11.6.3. The Limitation Act 1980 and title to goods
11.6.4. Finders
Notes and Questions 11.5
12 Transfer and grant
12.1. Derivative acquisition
12.2. Formalities
12.2.1. Nature and content of formalities rules
12.2.2. Registration and electronic transactions
12.2.3. Validity and enforceability against third parties
12.2.4. Effect of compliance on passing of title
12.2.5. Transactions excepted from formalities rules
12.2.5.1. Equitable modification of legal rules
12.2.5.2. Implied rights
12.2.5.3. Rights acquired by possession or prescription
12.2.6. Deeds and prescribed forms
12.2.7. Why have formalities rules
12.2.7.1. The evidentiary function
12.2.7.2. The cautionary function
12.2.7.3. The channelling function
12.2.7.4. Other functions
Clarifying terms
Publicity
State functions
12.2.8. Disadvantages
12.2.8.1. Hard cases
12.2.8.2. Costs
Notes and Questions 12.1
§ 2. THE EVIDENTIARY FUNCTION
§ 3. THE CAUTIONARY FUNCTION
§ 4. THE CHANNELING FUNCTION
§ 5. INTERRELATIONS OF THE THREE FUNCTIONS
§ 6. WHEN ARE FORMALITIES NEEDED? THE EFFECT OF AN INFORMAL SATISFACTION OF THE DESIDERATA UNDERLYI
Notes and Questions 12.2
12.3. Contractual rights to property interests
12.3.1. Estate contracts and the rule in Walsh v. Lonsdale
12.3.2. Application to property other than land
12.3.3. The failed formalities rule
12.3.3.1. The general rule
12.3.3.2. The failed formalities rule as it applies to land
12.3.3.3. Failed formalities rule as it applies to other property
Notes and Questions 12.3
Notes and Questions 12.4
12.3.4. Options to purchase, rights of pre-emption and rights of first refusal
Notes and Questions 12.5
RIGHTS OF PRE-EMPTION
Notes and Questions 12.6
12.4. Unascertained property
12.4.1. The problem of identification
12.4.2. Unascertained goods
12.4.3. Other unascertained property
Notes and Questions 12.7
13 Acquiring interests by other methods
13.1. Introduction
13.2. The difference between adverse possession and prescription
13.3. Why long use should give rise to entitlement
13.4. Rationale
13.4.1. Ascendancy of the presumed grant rationale
13.4.2. Effect of the ‘revolting fiction’
13.5. When long use gives rise to a prescriptive right
13.5.1. The problem of negative uses
13.5.2. Rights that can be granted but not acquired by prescription
13.6. User as of right and the problem of acquiescence
13.7. The future of prescription
ABOLITION OR IMPROVEMENT?
Recommendation in favour of abolition
Minority view in favour of retention
Notes and Questions 13.1
14 Enforceability and priority of interests
14.1. Rationale of enforceability and priority rules
14.2. Enforceability and priority rules
14.2.1. The basic rules
14.2.2. Impact of registration
Notes and Questions 14.1
14.3. The doctrine of notice
14.3.1. Notice
14.3.2. Good faith
14.3.3. Effectiveness of the doctrine of notice as an enforceability rule
Notes and Questions 14.2
14.4. Overreaching
14.4.1. Nature and scope of overreaching
14.4.2. Operation of overreaching
14.4.3. Overreaching the interests of occupying beneficiaries
14.4.4. Transactions capable of overreaching beneficiaries’ interests
14.4.5. The two-trustees rule
PART II THE PRESENT LAW
Introductory
Overreaching
Safeguard for beneficiaries
PART I II NEED FOR REFORM
Change of circumstances
Protecting occupation of property
PART IV REFORM PROPOSALS
Principal recommendation
Notes and Questions 14.3
15 Registration
15.1. What are registration systems for?
15.2. Characteristics of the English land registration system
15.2.1. Privacy
15.2.2. Comprehensiveness
15.2.3. Boundaries
15.2.4. Restricted class of registrable interests
15.2.4.1. Distinguishing ‘substantive’ registration and ‘protection’ on the register
15.2.4.2. Registration
15.2.4.3. ‘Protection’ by notice or restriction
15.2.4.4. The overriding interest class
15.2.5. The mirror, curtain and guarantee principles
THE ‘MIRROR PRINCIPLE’
THE ‘CURTAIN PRINCIPLE’
THE ‘INSURANCEPRINCIPLE’
15.2.6. Consequences of non-registration
REGISTRATION SYSTEMS: CONTINENTAL EUROPE
Notes and Questions 15.1
FIRST REGISTRATION
Compulsory use of electronic conveyancing
Do-it-yourself conveyancing
THE POWER TO MAKE ELECTRONIC CONVEYANCING COMPULSORY AND TO REQUIRE THAT ELECTRONIC DISPOSITIONS SHO
The objective of the power
The application of the power
Notes and Questions 15.2
15.3. Enforceability and priority of interests under the Land Registration Act 2002
15.3.1. Registrable interests
15.3.2. All other interests
15.3.2.1. Enforceability
15.3.2.2. Priority
15.4. Overriding interests
15.4.1. Justifications for overriding interests
15.4.2. Principles to be applied
15.4.3. Overriding interests under the 2002 Act
15.4.4. Easements and profits
15.4.5. Interests of persons in actual occupation: the 1925 Act
15.4.5.1. What rights are covered?
5.4.5.2. Actual occupation
Physical presence
Personal occupation
Non-residential premises
15.4.6. Interests of persons in actual occupation: the 2002 Act
INTERESTS OF PERSONS IN ACTUAL OCCUPATION
15.4.6.1. Causal link between interest and occupation
15.4.6.2. Meaning of ‘actual occupation’
15.4.6.3. The ‘notice’ element
15.4.6.4. Can minors be in actual occupation?
15.4.6.5. Occupation of part
15.4.7. Complexity
Notes and Questions 15.3
15.5. Indemnity
15.5.1. Function of indemnity
15.5.2. Shortfall in the provision of indemnity
15.5.3. Cost
Part 4 Proprietary relationships
17 Leases and bailment
17.1. Introduction
17.2. Leases and bailments compared
17.2.1. Consensuality
17.2.2. Contract
17.2.3. Enforcement
17.2.4. Duration and purpose
17.2.5. Beneficial use
17.2.6. Proprietary status
17.2.7. Inherent obligations of the possessor
17.3. Leases
17.3.1. Nature of the lease
17.3.1.1. Duration: the four basic categories
17.3.1.2. Fixed-term tenancies
The legal position
Length of fixed-term leases in practice
Commonhold as an alternative to the long residential lease
Commercial premises
Assignment and premature termination of fixed-term lease
17.3.1.3. Periodic tenancies
Nature
Contractual fetters on notice to quit
17.3.1.4. Tenancy at will
Tenancy at sufferance
Notes and Questions 17.1
17.3.1.5. Certainty of duration
Notes and Questions 17.2
17.3.1.6. Grant of possession not giving rise to fixed-term/periodic tenancy
Passage 2
Passage 3
Passage 4
Notes and Questions 17.3
17.3.1.7. The tolerated trespasser status
Notes and Questions 17.4
17.3.1.8. Non-proprietary leases?
Notes and Questions 17.5
17.3.2. Alienability
17.3.2.1. Inherent alienability
Alienability of tenant’s interest
Subleases and other derivative interests granted by the tenant
Effect of termination of lease on derivative interests
Alienability of landlord’s interest
Concurrent leases and other derivative interests granted by the landlord
17.3.2.2. Restrictions on alienability
17.3.2.3. Statutory control of contractual restrictions
Notes and Questions 17.6
17.3.3. Effect of alienation on enforceability
17.3.3.1. Introduction: the basic principle
Automatic transmission of benefit and burden of proprietary terms: the privity of estate principle
Post-assignment liability: the privity of contract principle
Combined effect of automatic transmission of benefit and burden and post-assignment liability
17.3.3.2. Non-proprietary terms
17.3.3.3. Derivative interest holders
17.3.3.4. Statutory restriction of post-assignment liability
17.4. Bailment
17.4.1. Essential features of bailment
17.4.2. Categories of bailment
17.4.3. Characteristics of bailment
17.4.4. Liabilities of the bailee
Notes and Questions 17.7
17.4.5. Is bailment proprietary?
17.4.5.1. Possession and exclusivity
17.4.5.2. Alienability
17.4.5.3. Enforceability against third parties
17.4.5.4. Other proprietary indicia
18 Security interests
18.1. The nature and function of security
18.1.1. Nature of security
18.1.1.1. Terminology problems
18.1.1.2. Legal and equitable rights to redeem
18.1.1.3. Creation, attachment and perfection of security
18.1.2. Function
18.1.2.1. Right of first recourse
18.1.2.2. Attachment to the asset
18.1.2.3. Non-judicial enforcement
18.1.2.4. The hostage function
18.1.2.5. Signalling, monitoring and control
18.1.3. Efficiency
18.1.4. Use of security
18.2. Forms of security
18.2.1. Property transfer securities: the mortgage
18.2.2. Possessory securities: pledge or pawn
18.2.3. Hypothecations: the charge
18.2.4. Liens
18.2.5. Property retention securities
18.2.6. Charge by way of legal mortgage
INAPPROPRIATENESS OF FORM
MORTGAGE BY DEMISE
Notes and Questions 18.1
18.3. Control over the terms of the relationship
18.3.1. Equitable supervisory jurisdiction
18.3.2. The Kreglinger principles
18.3.3. Statutory intervention
Notes and Questions 18.2
18.4. Enforcement of security
18.4.1. Remedies
18.4.2. Possession
18.4.3. Sale
18.4.3.1. When the power arises
18.4.3.2. When the power becomes exercisable
18.4.4. Duties on enforcement
INTRODUCTION
MORTGAGE ARREARS
General principles
The handling of arrears: initial action taken by lenders
Alleviating arrears problems
The levying of charges on accounts in arrear
POSSESSION
Methods of obtaining possession
CML/GOVERNMENTSTATEMENT ONARREARS ANDPOSSESSION PROCEDURES
SALE OF PROPERTIES IN POSSESSION
Proceeds of sale
Indemnity insurance
Loss recovery procedures
Notes and Questions 18.3
16 Co-ownership
16.1. Introduction
16.2. The classical approach to co-ownership: joint tenancies and
tenancies in common
16.2.1. Basic concepts
OWNERSHIP IN COMMON
JOINT OWNERSHIP
CONCURRENT INTERESTS IN FINANCIAL ASSETS
CONCURRENT INTERESTS IN LAND
Notes and Questions 16.1
Unity of possession
Unity of interest
Unity of title
Unity of time
16.2.2. A comparison of joint tenancies and tenancies in common
16.2.2.1. Four unities versus one
Notes and Questions 16.2
16.2.2.2. The right of survivorship (and how to avoid it)
Severance at common law
16.2.2.3. Acting upon one’s share
16.2.2.4. Mutual agreement
16.2.2.5. Mutual conduct
16.2.2.6. Statutory severance
Notes and Questions 16.3
16.2.3. Use of co-owned property
16.2.3.1. Land
12 THE RIGHT TO OCCUPY
13 EXCLUSION AND RESTRICTION OF RIGHT TO OCCUPY
Notes and Questions 16.4
16.2.3.2. Chattels
Notes and Questions 16.5
16.2.4. Sale and other dispositions of co-owned property
16.2.4.1. Land
Notes and Questions 16.6
16.2.4.2. Chattels
16.3. Other forms of co-ownership
16.3.1. Commonhold
16.3.2. Unincorporated associations
Notes and Questions 16.7
16.3.3. Extending the limits of co-ownership: public trusts

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