Routledge Handbook of Latin America and the Environment 1st Edition by Beatriz Bustos, Salvatore Engel Di Mauro, Gustavo Garcia Lopez, Felipe Milanez, Diana Ojeda 0367361868 9780367361860

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ISBN 10: 0367361868

ISBN 13: 9780367361860

Author: Beatriz Bustos, Salvatore Engel Di Mauro, Gustavo García-López, Felipe Milanez, Diana Ojeda

The Routledge Handbook of Latin America and the Environment provides an in-depth and accessible analysis and theorization of environmental issues in the region. It will help readers make connections between Latin American and other regions’ perspectives, experiences, and environmental concerns. Latin America has seen an acceleration of environmental degradation due to the expansion of resource extraction and urban areas. This Handbook addresses Latin America not only as an object of study, but also as a region with a long and profound history of critical thinking on these themes. Furthermore, the Handbook departs from most treatments on the topic by studying the environment as a social issue inextricably linked to politics, economy, and culture. The Handbook will be an invaluable resource for those wanting not only to understand the issues, but also to engage with ideas about environmental politics and social-ecological transformation. The Handbook covers a broad range of topics organized according to three areas: physical geography, ecology, and crucial environmental problems of the region. These are key theoretical and methodological issues used to understand Latin America’s ecosocial contexts, and institutional and grassroots practices related to more just and ecologically sustainable worlds. The Handbook will set a research agenda for the near future and provide comprehensive research on most subregions relative to environmental transformations, challenges, struggles and political processes. It stands as a fresh and much needed state of the art introduction for researchers, scholars, post-graduates and academic audiences on Latin American contributions to theorization, empirical research and environmental practices.

Routledge Handbook of Latin America and the Environment 1st Table of contents:

Part I Introduction

1 Suturing the open veins of Latin America, building epistemic bridges: Latin American environmentalism for the 21st century

Rationale and outline of the volume

Part II Biophysical processes and environmental histories

2 Latin American ecosystems vulnerability

Biodiversity and climate change

Modeling species and ecosystems distributions

Climate change impacts on biodiversity

Climate change ecosystem vulnerability

Latin American and Caribbean ecosystems

Climate change vulnerability assessments of Latin American and Caribbean ecosystems

References

3 Soil degradation and land cover change in Latin America

Introduction

Soils in Latin America

Land-cover change tendencies in Latin America

A future for land and people

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

4 Climate change impacts on Caribbean coastal ecosystems: Emergent ecological and environmental geography challenges

Climate change impacts in the Anthropocene

Threats of climate change to Caribbean coastal and marine ecosystems

Seagrasses

Coral reefs

Conclusions and regional strategies for climate change adaptation

Capacity building and technology transfer

Partnerships and financing

Access to information, data, and knowledge

Communications and awareness raising

Public health, post-natural disaster, and post-COVID-19 recovery

The community-based management alternative

Acknowledgments

References

5 An environmental history of the “second conquest”: Agricultural export boom and landscape-making in Latin America, ca.1850–1930

Notes

References

6 Extractivism: The port-a-cathed veins of Guatemala

Introduction

Land/labor

Debt

Strategies of resistance

Port-a-cath veins

References

7 Environmental colonialism and neocolonialism in Latin America

Introduction

An ontological break: Conquest, colonialism and the environment in Latin America

Independence and the era of environmental neo-colonialism

From dependent development to the commodities consensus

New frontiers of environmental colonialism

The pervasive logic of environmental colonialism

Resistance and change

Conclusion

Notes

References

8 Water scarcity in Latin America

Introduction

Scarcity in theory

Physical water availability in the Latin American region: the geographic distribution of climatic and hydrologic conditions

From physical to social: the study and construction of water scarcity in Latin America

Construction of urban water scarcity: São Paulo, Brazil

Producing water scarcity in Latin American oases: Mendoza, Argentina

Qualitative water scarcity: Uruguay

Producing scarcity by producing water: desalination in the Antofagasta desert, Chile

Constructing discursive water scarcity and abundance: Ica Valley, Peru

Conclusions

Note

References

Part III Latin American environmental issues in political-economic context

9 The political economy of the environment in Latin America

Introduction

The crisis of resource extractivism

A brief history of extractivism

Environmental futures

Notes

References

10 Ecological debt and extractivism

Introduction

Origin, definition, and application of the concept

Ecological debt, foreign debt and extractivism

The “cursed gifts” of extractivism

The Southern Peoples’ Ecological Debt Creditors Alliance (Apsade)

To conclude

Notes

References

11 Trajectories of adaptation to climate change in Latin American cities: Climate justice blind spots

Introduction

Capitalist urbanization, socio-environmental inequality and climate justice

Towards a denaturalization of approaches to climate change adaptation

Toward a re-politicization of the concept: the analysis of adaptation trajectories

Climate change adaptation programs in Latin American cities

The challenges of adaptation policies in the Metropolitan Region of Buenos Aires (Argentina)

Conclusions

Notes

References

12 Environmental disasters and critical politics

Introduction

The right to remain

Colonialism and the state in question

Disastrous infrastructure and environmental justice

Conclusions

Notes

References

13 Latin America in the chemical vortex of agrarian capitalism,

Introduction

Commodity booms and the dynamics of sociometabolic circuits

Modern agriculture and the chemical gaze

Industrialization, protectionism, and substitution: rubber

Evolving metabolic pathways in the post-war era: soybeans

The age of chemical versatility: flex crops

Nutritionism and superfoods

Latin America in the global pesticide complex

A brief history of synthetic pesticides

From the circle of poison to the global pesticides complex

Tracking the pesticide treadmill

Conclusions

References

14 Resource radicalisms

Introduction

Resource radicalisms

Conclusion

Notes

References

15 The fruits of labor or the fruits of nature?: Toward a political ecology of labor in Central America

Introduction

Labor and dependency theory

Toward a political ecology of work

Dead labor and the question of value

Conclusions

Notes

References

16 Transnationals, dependent development and the environment in Latin America in the 21st century

Introduction

Theoretical debates and challenges

Dependency theory

Ecologically unequal exchange

Reprimarization and the environment in Latin America

Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest

Agroindustry, soy, pesticides, and GMOs

Environmental impacts of mining

Final considerations

Notes

References

17 Challenging the logic of “the open veins”?: The geography of resource rents distribution in Peru and Bolivia

Introduction

The geography of resource rents distribution in Peru and Bolivia

Challenging the logic of the open veins?

Concrete, steel and resource dependency

Uneven development

Conclusions

Notes

References

Part IV Environmental struggles and resistance

18 Resistance of women from “sacrifice zones” to extractivism in Chile: A framework for rethinking a feminist political ecology

Introduction

The hidden face of Latin American neo-extractivism: the sacrifice zones

Eruption of a territorial and feminized political ecology in Chile

In closing

Notes

References

19 Environmental conflicts and violence in Latin America: Experiences from Peru

Introduction

Changes in social metabolism and environmental conflicts

The Peruvian social metabolism

The extraction

The conflicts

The violence

Racism, coloniality, and violence

Conclusion

Notes

References

20 Quilombos and the fight against racism in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

Brazilian diversity and inequality in pandemic times

Quilombola territories and identity

Concluding remarks

Notes

References

21 The “Greening” by Sustainable Development: Stretching Biopiracy

Introduction

The Commons Perspectives: World Bank vs Ecofeminism

Forestry Concessions for wood production

Land Change Use—The case of cacao production

Land expropriation has disrupted

Culture of subsistence but expanded corruption

Forest Finance Capitalism—Carbon Stock: The Norway–Germany REDD+

The reproductive labor of nature is used as a resource

The reproductive labor of Indigenous People is devalued

The reproductive labor of nature and Indigenous People drops to dependence

The reproductive labor of nature and Indigenous people is reduced to deviance

Conclusion

References

22 Territorialization through the Milpa: Zapatismo and Indigenous autonomy

Introduction

Zapatista Mayan reterritorializing struggles against colonial structures of power

Re/territorialization through the milpa

The challenges of establishing claims through legal means

Final critical reflections in the support of territorial claims

Notes

References

23 Indigenous autonomies as alternative horizons in Latin America: Societal movements and other territorialities in Bolivia and Mexico

Introduction

Self-determination and Indigenous autonomy

The autonomy of Guaraní people in Bolivia: between subordination and self-determination

The rebel Zapatista Indigenous autonomy in Chiapas: the construction of self-government from below and without permission from the state

Territorialities in dispute, autonomous and counterhegemonic re-existences

Conclusion

Note

References

24 Land occupations and land reform in Brazil

Occupations, landless encampments, and agrarian reform movements

The conditions for the possibility of agrarian reform settlements

Conclusions

Notes

References

25 From Chico Mendes to Berta Cáceres: Responses to the murders of environmental defenders

Introduction

The legacy of Chico Mendes

The seeds of Berta Cáceres

Situating responses to environmental defender killings

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Notes

References

Part V Environmental disputes and policies

26 Latin America’s approach in the international environmental debate: Between “eco-development” and “sustainable development”

Introduction

Stockholm 72: Latin America and the first North–South confrontation in the environmental debate

Environment and development—a single issue for Latin Americans

The ecodevelopment concept

From Sustainable Development to Rio 92

The Rio 92 Environmental Summit

From Rio 92 to Rio + 20, from illusion to disappointment

The climate change example: The Ecuadorian case of Yasuni ITT

Notes

References

27 Degrowth and Buen Vivir: Perspectives for a great transformation

Introduction

Central elements of the Degrowth perspective

Buen Vivir, an alternative to development

As a prologue to a permanent transformation

Notes

References

28 Social cartographies in Latin America

Introduction

Social cartographies in Latin America

Cartographies’ becoming through difference

The myriad landscapes of social cartographies

Final thoughts

Note

References

29 Rights of nature in the courts of Latin America: Moving forward to better protect our environment?

Nature as a subject of law in Latin American constitutions

The creation of special courts and tribunals as a guarantee of access to environmental justice

The cases of Costa Rica and Chile

Costa Rica

Chile

Effectiveness of environmental protection

Conclusions

Notes

References

30 How can tenure reform processes lead to community-based resource management?: Experiences from Latin America

Introduction

Tenure reforms in Latin America: implications over natural resources governance

Guatemala: Community Forest Concessions (CFC)

Peru: Indigenous native community titling

Discussion

Intersection between the recognition for rights and the ability to realize rights and benefit from reform processes

Emergence of community-based organizations: making up new political subjects

Ongoing governance challenges

Concluding remarks

Notes

References

31 Environmental policy and institutional change: The consequences of mobilization

Introduction

Theoretical considerations

Institutions and policy change in Chile

Mining policy in Central America

Prior consultation and policy change in Bolivia and Ecuador

Policy implementation and rollback in Brazil

Concluding remarks

Notes

References

Part VI Toward oppression-free futures

32 Feminist thought and environmental defense in Latin America

Introduction

Critiques of hegemonic productions of nature

The defense of the body-territory

The production of the commons in common

Conclusions

Notes

References

33 Decolonizing time through communalizing spatial practices

Introduction. From commodities to the common

Axial premises

Resisting the subalternization of the region

Defending the relational character of territories

Repoliticizing the reproduction of life

Recentering use value

The potential of Latin-American movements to expand post-developmentalist agendas

Notes

References

34 Environmental thought in movement: Territory, ecologisms, and liberation in Latin America

Introduction

Eco-theology of liberation

The territorial turn, autonomies, and nature

Popular ecologisms

Latin American eco-feminisms

Conclusions

References

35 Agroecology and food sovereignty in the Caribbean: Insights from Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Sint Maarten

Introduction

Caribbean food systems in context

Historical disadvantages

Sunny side up?

Famer-to-farmer agroecology movement in Cuba

Re-peasantization dynamics in Puerto Rico

Reclaiming healthy diets in Sint Maarten/Saint Martin

Going forward

Agroecology-based farm design principles

Social and political values of food sovereignty

References

36 Re-existence struggles and socio-ecological alternatives for reproduction of dignified and sustainable life in territories affected by the extractivist offensive in Latin America

Introduction

Extractivist offensive and violent appropriation of nature

Survival re-existence struggles

The reconstitution of a politics centered on the care of life

Emergence of an ecological and interdependent sensibility

The strength of women: the emotional and affective work of re-existence

The prefiguration of anti-capitalist horizons

Conclusions

Notes

References

37 The dimensions of life: Environment, subject, and the wild thought

Epistemology and the savage life

The gift of life

Us and the plants

Conclusion

References

38 Environmental justice movements as movements for life and decolonization: Experiences from Puerto Rico

Introduction: Confronting the death politics of colonial-capitalism

Resisting toxic military-industrial projects and fossil fuel colonialism

Defending public lands and beaches against urbanization enclosures

Environmental sovereignty and just transition initiatives as decolonial life alternatives to the disasters of colonial-capitalism

Conclusions: connecting EJ struggles across the Caribbean and Latin American geographies

Acknowledgments

Notes

References

39 Community contributions to a Just Energy Transition

An energy model to be transformed

Outlines for a “just” energy transition

Changing the energy model, not just the way energy is produced

Energy for what, for whom and at what cost?

Energy as a human right and the common good

Democratize energy and universalize its access

Nationalization of companies in the energy sector energy sector

Justice for working men and women

Stop the violation of human rights

Cultural transformation

Social or fair energy tariffs

Conflicting discussions for the integration of proposals

Community energy for a just transition

Principles of community energies

Community training school

Community energy dates for a just transition

Concluding remarks

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