The Newborn Lung Neonatology Questions and Controversies 3rd Edition by Eduardo Bancalari, Martin Keszler, Peter G Davis ISBN 9780323546058 0323546056

Section A. Lung Development and Injury

Chapter 1. Molecular Bases for Lung Development, Injury, and Repair

Overview of Lung Developmental Stages

Regulatory Mechanisms of Alveologenesis

Regulation of Pulmonary Vascular Development

Lung Injury and Repair: Disruption of Normal Lung Development

MicroRNA in Lung Development and Injury Repair

Conclusions

Chapter 2. Perinatal Events and Their Influence on Lung Development and Injury

Overview of Lung Development and Perinatal Events

Lung Development: The Substrate for Adverse Events

Lung Maturation

Antenatal Corticosteroids

Antenatal Infection/Inflammation

Intrauterine Growth Restriction/Small for GA

Summary: The Complexities

Chapter 3. Pulmonary Vascular Development and the Neonatal Circulation

Development of the Fetal Pulmonary Circulation

Physiology of the Fetal Pulmonary Circulation

Mediators of Early Pulmonary Vascular Development

Mediators of Early Pulmonary Vascular Function

Transitional Circulation and Postnatal Pulmonary Vascular Development

Features of Abnormal Pulmonary Vascular Development

Factors That Disrupt Fetal Pulmonary Vascular Development

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

Factors That Disrupt Postnatal Pulmonary Vascular Development

Conclusions

Chapter 4. The “-Omics” of the New Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

-Omics of Disease Processes

Genomics

Transcriptomics

Proteomics

Metabolomics

Microbiomics

Economics

Conclusion

Chapter 5. Role of Microbiome in Lung Injury

Role of Genital Mycoplasmas in Intrauterine Infection and Neonatal Lung Injury

Chapter 6. Definitions and Diagnostic Criteria of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Clinical and Research Implications

Clinical Presentation of BPD

BPD Diagnosis

Chapter 7. Patent Ductus Arteriosus and the Lung: Acute Effects and Long-Term Consequences

Why Does the Ductus Arteriosus Remain Open in Preterm Infants?

Systemic Consequences of a PDA

Pulmonary Consequences of a PDA

PDA and BPD

Management of the PDA and Respiratory Outcome

Respiratory Management of Infants With PDA

Chapter 8. Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia

Introduction

Definition

Epidemiology

Pathogenesis

Treatment

Conclusion

Chapter 9. Long-Term Pulmonary Outcome of Preterm Infants

Controversies

What Are the Long-Term Pulmonary Outcomes for Late Preterm Infants?

What Are the Long-Term Pulmonary Outcomes for Very Preterm Infants, and What Is the Effect of BPD on These Outcomes?

What Further Research Is Required?

Summary

Section B. Management of Respiratory Problems

Chapter 10. Respiratory and Cardiovascular Support in the Delivery Room

Understanding the Transition to Newborn Life

Anticipating the Need for Resuscitation

Preparation

Initial Assessment

Initial Steps for Nonvigorous and Preterm Newborns

Effective Ventilation: The Key!

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

Alternative Airways: Endotracheal Tube or Laryngeal Mask Airway

Oxygenation

Chest Compressions During Delivery Room Resuscitation

Medications During Delivery Room Resuscitation

Special Situations

Chapter 11. Noninvasive Ventilation of Preterm Infants: An Alternative to Mechanical Ventilation

Why Do Preterm Infants Experience Respiratory Failure and How Can Noninvasive Ventilation Help?

A Brief History of Invasive and Noninvasive Neonatal Ventilation

Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

Is CPAP With Early Intubation for Surfactant and Brief Mechanical Ventilation Better Than CPAP Alone?

Future Directions

Chapter 12. Newer Strategies for Surfactant Delivery

Techniques of Surfactant Administration Without an Endotracheal Tube

Surfactant Administration Via Brief Tracheal Catheterization

Scientific and Practical Considerations

Recommendations

Future Research Directions

Chapter 13. Respiratory Control and Apnea in Premature Infants

Biologic Challenges in Characterizing Neonatal Respiratory Control

Clinical Challenges in Defining Neonatal Apnea

Association Between Apnea of Prematurity, Intermittent Hypoxemia, and Bradycardia and Neonatal Outcomes

Association Between Apnea of Prematurity, Intermittent Hypoxemia, and Bradycardia and Longer-Term Outcomes

Mechanistic Insights Into Morbidity

Controversies in Therapy

Chapter 14. Oxygenation Instability in the Premature Infant

Mechanisms of Oxygenation Instability in Ventilated Infants

Oxygenation Instability in Spontaneously Breathing Infants After Mechanical Ventilation

Management of Oxygenation Instability

Consequences of Oxygenation Instability

Summary

Chapter 15. Optimal Oxygenation in Extremely Preterm Infants

Background

Observational Studies of Oxygenation Targeting

The Support Trial

Other Randomized Controlled Trials

Meta-Analyses of the Oxygen Saturation Targeting Trials

Subgroup Analyses

Achieved Oxygen Saturations in the Randomized Controlled Trials

Guidelines for Practice

Conclusions

Chapter 16. Patient-Ventilator Interaction

Patient-Ventilator Interaction During Conventional Mechanical Ventilation

Infant-Ventilator Asynchrony

Patient-Ventilator Interaction During Synchronized Mechanical Ventilation

Patient-Ventilator Interaction During Volume Targeted Ventilation

Patient-Ventilator Interaction During Neurally Adjusted Ventilatory Assist

Patient-Ventilator Interaction During Noninvasive Ventilation

Summary

Chapter 17. Pulmonary-Cardiovascular Interaction

Cardiorespiratory Interactions at Birth

The Physiology of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Interaction

Effect of the Cardiovascular System on the Respiratory System

Congenital Heart Disease

Interaction During Early Transition and Potential Clinical Implications

Interaction After Transition and Potential Clinical Implications

Conclusions

Chapter 18. Ventilator Strategies to Reduce Lung Injury and Duration of Mechanical Ventilation

Ventilator-Associated Lung Injury

Noninvasive Respiratory Support

Mechanical Ventilation Strategies

Basic Modes of Synchronized Ventilation

Choice of Assisted Ventilation Modes

Volume-Targeted Ventilation

Importance of the Open Lung Strategy

High-Frequency Ventilation

Evidence-Based Approach to Mechanical Ventilation

Chapter 19. Automation of Respiratory Support

Automation in Mechanical Ventilation

Automated Adjustment of Supplemental Oxygen

Summary

Chapter 20. Prenatal and Postnatal Steroids and Pulmonary Outcomes

Antenatal Corticosteroids

ANS After 34 Weeks’ Gestational Age

Postnatal Steroids

Summary and Future Directions

Chapter 21. Cell-Based Therapy for Neonatal Lung Diseases

Stem Cells

Endogenous Lung Stem Cells

Cell Therapies for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Mechanisms of Repair

Conclusion

Chapter 22. A Physiology-Based Approach to the Respiratory Care of Children With Severe Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Definitions and Scope of Severe BPD

Pathogenesis of Severe BPD

Pathophysiology of Severe BPD

Evaluation and Treatment of Severe BPD

Long-Term Outcomes

Index