Smart Cement Development Testing Modeling and Real Time Monitoring 1st Edition by Cumaraswamy Vipulanandan ISBN 9780367278373 0367278375

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 History

1.2 Cements

1.2.1 Portland Cement

1.2.2 Oil-Well Cement (OWC)

1.3 Cement Chemistry and Hydration

1.4 Applications

1.5 Standards

1.6 Additives

1.6.1 Setting Time and Thickening Time Altering Additives

1.6.2 Weighting Agents

1.6.3 Enhance Mechanical Properties

1.6.4 Other Extenders

1.7 Failures

1.7.1 Infrastructures

1.7.2 Wells

1.8 Smart Cement

1.8.1 Piezoresistive Behavior

1.8.2 Thermo-resistive Behavior

1.8.3 Chemo-Resistive Behavior

1.9 Behavior Models

1.10 Summary

Chapter 2 Material Characterisation and Real-Time Monitoring

2.1 History

2.2 Standards

2.3 Material Characterisation

2.3.1 Vipulanandan Impedance Model

2.3.1.1 Equivalent Circuits

2.3.1.2 CASE-1: General Bulk Material—Resistance and Capacitor

2.3.1.2 CASE-2: Special Bulk Material—Resistance Only

2.4 Vipulanandan Corrosion/Contact Index

2.5 Statistical Parameters for Model Predictions

2.6 Testing

2.6.1 Smart Cement

2.6.1.1 Specimen Preparation

2.6.1.2 Curing

2.6.2 Results

2.6.2.1 Smart Cement Only

2.6.2.2 Smart Cement with 10% Metakaolin

2.6.2.3 Smart Cement with 50% Fly Ash

2.6.2.4 Smart Cement with 20% Foam

2.6.2.5 Smart Cement with 75% Aggregates (Concrete)

2.7 Summary

Chapter 3 Rheological Behavior of Cement with Additives

3.1 History

3.2 Standards

3.3 Rheological Models

3.3.1 Herschel–Bulkley Model (1926)

3.3.2 Vipulanandan Rheological Model (2014)

3.4 Model Verification

3.5 Experimental Study and Model Verification

3.5.1 Rheological Test

3.5.2 Smart Cement

3.5.2.1 Comparison of the Constitutive Models for Rheological Properties

3.5.3 Metakaolin and Fly Ash

3.5.3.1 Metakaolin

3.5.3.2 Fly Ash

3.6 Summary

Chapter 4 Cement Curing Resistivity and Thermal Properties

4.1 Background

4.2 Three-Phase Model

4.2.1 Reactive Parameters

4.3 Hydration of Cement

4.3.1 Calorimetric Study

4.3.2 Setting Time

4.3.3 Electrical Resistivity

4.3.3.1 Initial Resistivity of Smart Cement Slurry

4.3.3.2 Two-Probe Method

4.4 Testing and Modeling

4.4.1 Vipulanandan Curing Model

4.4.2 Initial Resistivity (?0)

4.5 Curing

4.5.1 Resistivity Index (RI24)

4.5.2 Effect of Water-to-Cement Ratios

4.6 Effect of Additives

4.7 Long-Term Curing

4.7.1 Room Condition

4.7.2 Zero Moisture Loss

4.7.3 Underwater Curing

4.8 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Contamination

4.8.1 Results and Discussion

4.8.2 Curing

4.9 Thermal Conductivity

4.9.1 Cement

4.9.2 Additives

4.10 Summary

Chapter 5 Piezoresistive Smart Cement

5.1 Background

5.2 Models

5.2.1 Vipulanandan p-q Stress-Strain Model

5.2.2 Vipulanandan p-q Piezoresistivity Models

5.3 Materials and Methods

5.4 Results and Analyses

5.4.1 Cement

5.4.1.1 Compressive Behavior

5.4.1.2 Tensile Behavior

5.4.1.3 Bending Behavior

5.5 New Theory for Piezoresistive Cement

5.5.1 Region A

5.5.2 Region B

5.6 Materials and Methods

5.6.1 Resistivity of Slurry

5.6.2 Resistivity of Solidified Smart Cement

5.6.3 Piezoresistivity Test

5.7 Smart Cement

5.7.1 Compressive Behavior

5.7.2 Tensile Behavior

5.7.3 Bending Behavior

5.8 Vipulanandan Failure Model (2018) (3D Model)

5.9 Summary

Chapter 6 Chemo-Thermo-Piezoresistive Smart Cement

6.1 Background

6.2 Curing Methods

6.3 Sodium Meta Silicate (SMS)

6.3.1 Results and Discussion

6.3.2 Modeling Compressive Strength with Curing Time

6.3.3 Modeling Piezoresistive Strain at Failure with Curing Time

6.4 Metakaolin

6.4.1 Tensile Piezoresistivity Behavior

6.5 Fly Ash

6.5.1 Tensile Piezoresistive Behavior

6.6 Contamination

6.6.1 Clay

6.6.1.1 Relationship between Curing Time and Strength and Piezoresistive Strain at Failure

6.6.2 Drilling Oil-Based Mud (OBM) Contamination

6.7 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Contamination

6.8 Summary

Chapter 7 Smart Cement with Nanoparticles

7.1 Background

7.2 NanoSiO2

7.2.1 XRD Analysis

7.2.2 TGA analysis

7.2.3 Density and Initial Resistivity

7.2.4 Curing

7.2.5 Compressive Stress-Strain Behavior

7.2.5.1 Curing Time

7.2.6 Compressive Piezoresistivity

7.2.6.1 Curing Time

7.2.7 Nonlinear Model (NLM)

7.2.8 Compressive Strength-Resistivity Index Relationship

7.3 Comparing Nano Fe2O3 to Nano Al2O3

7.3.1 XRD Analyses

7.3.2 TGA Analyses

7.3.3 Density and Initial Resistivity

7.3.4 Curing

7.3.5 Compressive Stress-Strain behavior

7.3.5.1 Curing Time

7.3.6 Compressive Piezoresistivity

7.3.6.1 Curing Time

7.3.7 Gauge Factor

7.3.7.1 Curing Time

7.4 Summary

Chapter 8 Gas Leak Detection, Fluid Loss, and Sensing Dynamic Loadings Using Smart Cement

8.1 Background

8.2 Fluids Flow Models and Verifications

8.3 CIGMAT Testing Facility

8.4 Results and Analyses

8.4.1 In Sand

8.4.2 Smart Cement

8.5 Gas Leak Detection with Smart Cement

8.6 Smart Cement with Polymer Treatment

8.6.1 Curing of Cement Slurry

8.6.2 Compressive Strength

8.6.3 Piezoresistivity Behavior

8.6.4 Fluid Loss and Gas Leak

8.7 Sensing Gas Leaks

8.8 Dynamic Loadings

8.9 Summary

Chapter 9 Laboratory and Field Model Tests

9.1 Background

9.2 Laboratory Model Tests

9.2.1 Small Model

9.2.2 Large Model Test

9.3 Numerical Model (Machine Learning)

9.4 Field Model Test

9.4.1 Instrumentation

9.4.2 Monitoring

9.5 Summary

Chapter 10 Smart Cement Grouts

10.1 Background

10.2 Materials and Methods

10.3 Curing

10.3.1 Minimum Resistivity

10.3.2 Moisture Loss and Resistivity

10.4 Compressive Behavior

Repaired Smart Cement

10.6 Relationship between SS Concentrations and Strength/Piezoresistivity

10.6.1 Repaired Strength and Cured Age of Smart Cement

10.6.2 Repaired Piezoresistive Axial Strain at Failure and Cured Age of Smart Cement

10.7 Summary

Chapter 11 Smart Foam Cement

11.1 Background

11.2 History of Foam Cement

11.3 Materials and Methods

11.3.1 Materials

11.3.2 Foam Characterisation

11.3.3 Methods of Testing

11.4 Results and Analyses

11.4.1 Physical Properties

11.4.2 Piezoresistivity of the Slurry

11.4.3 Rheological Properties

11.4.4 Fluid Loss

11.4.4.1 Vipulanandan Fluid Loss Model for Cement Slurry

11.4.5 Curing

11.4.6 Compressive Behavior

11.5 Summary

Chapter 12 Concrete with Smart Cement Binder

12.1 Background

12.2 Modeling

12.3 Materials and Methods

12.4 Results and Discussion

12.4.1 Physical Properties

12.4.2 Quality Control

12.4.3 Curing

12.4.4 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity

12.4.5 Resistivity versus Pulse Velocity

12.4.6 Compressive Strength

12.4.7 Compressive Strength versus RI24

12.4.8 Piezoresistivity

12.5 Load and Stress Distributions between the Smart Cement Binder and the Aggregates

12.5.1 Loads and Stress After One Day of Curing

12.5.2 Comparing the Load and Stress Distribution in Selected Concretes

12.5.3 Loads and Stresses after 28 Days of Curing

12.5.4 Comparing the Load and Stress Distribution in Selected Concretes

12.6 Concrete Failure Models

12.6.1 Model Verifications

12.7 Summary

Chapter 13 Conclusions

References

Index