Biology Today and Tomorrow With Physiology 6th Edition by Cecie Starr, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr ISBN 9780357127544 0357127544

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ISBN 10: 0357127544
ISBN 13: 9780357127544
Author: Cecie Starr, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr

Biology Today and Tomorrow With Physiology 6th Edition Table of contents:

Chapter 1. Invitation to Biology

Application 1.1. The Secret Life of Earth

1.2. Life Is More Than the Sum of Its Parts

Life’s Organization

1.3. How Living Things Are Alike

Organisms Require Nutrients and Energy

Organisms Sense and Respond to Change

DNA Is Hereditary Material

1.4. How Living Things Differ

The Prokaryotes

The Eukaryotes

Organizing Information about Species

Taxonomy

Determining Relative Relatedness

1.5. The Science of Nature

Thinking about Thinking

Critical Thinking in Science

Experiments

The Scientific Method

Examples of Biology Experiments

1.6. Analyzing Experimental Results

Sampling Error

Digging Into Data

Statistical Significance

Bias

The Importance of Feedback

1.7. The Nature of Science

What Science Is

What Is Not Science

What Science Is Not

Why Science?

Summary

Self-Quiz

Critical Thinking

Unit 1. How Cells Work

Chapter 2. Molecules of Life

Application 2.1. A Big Fat Problem

2.2. Atoms

Atomic Structure

Elements

Isotopes

Why Electrons Matter

2.3. Chemical Bonds

Ionic Bonds

Covalent Bonds

Bond Polarity

2.4. Special Properties of Water

Hydrogen Bonds

Water as a Solvent

Water Stabilizes Temperature

Cohesion

2.5. Acids and Bases

Hydrogen Ions

Acids, Bases, and Buffers

2.6. The Chemistry of Biology

Organic Compounds

The Carbon Backbone

Modeling Organic Compounds

What Cells Do to Organic Compounds

2.7. Carbohydrates

Simple Sugars

Oligosaccharides

Polysaccharides

2.8. Lipids

Fatty Acids

Triglycerides

Phospholipids

Steroids

Waxes

2.9. Proteins

Protein Structure

The Peptide Bond

Closer Look

Digging Into Data

The Structure–Function Relationship

2.10. Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides

RNA and DNA

Summary

Self-Quiz

Critical Thinking

Chapter 3. Cell Structure

Application 3.1. Food for Thought

3.2. What Is a Cell?

Components of All Cells

The Surface-to-Volume Ratio

Microscopy

Cell Theory

3.3. Cell Membrane Structure

The Lipid Bilayer

Fluid Mosaic Model

Proteins Add Function

3.4. Prokaryotic Cells

Structural Features

Biofilms

3.5. Eukaryotic Organelles

The Nucleus

Mitochondria

Chloroplasts

The Endomembrane System

Closer Look

Digging Into Data

3.6. Elements of Connection

Cytoskeletal Elements

Extracellular Matrix

Cell Junctions

Closer Look

3.7. The Nature of Life

Summary

Self-Quiz

Critical Thinking

Chapter 4. Energy and Metabolism

Application 4.1. A Toast to Alcohol Dehydrogenase

4.2. Life Runs on Energy

Thermodynamics

Chemical Bonds Hold Energy

Work

Energy Transfers Are Inefficient

4.3. Energy in the Molecules of Life

Chemical Reactions

Bond Energy

Storing and Retrieving Energy in Organic Molecules

4.4. Enzymes and Metabolic Pathways

The Need for Speed

The Active Site

Environmental Effects on Enzyme Activity

Molecular Effects on Enzyme Activity

Metabolic Pathways

Digging Into Data

4.5. Diffusion across Membranes

Diffusion of Solutes

Tonicity and Osmosis

Turgor Pressure

4.6. Membrane Transport Mechanisms

Transport Proteins

Passive Transport

Active Transport

Closer Look

Vesicle-Based Transport

Summary

Self-Quiz

Critical Thinking

Chapter 5. Photosynthesis

Application 5.1. A Burning Concern

5.2. Overview of Photosynthesis

Storing Energy in Sugars

Stages of Reactions

Sites of Photosynthesis

Stomata

5.3. Light Energy

Visible Light

Photosynthetic Pigments

Fall Colors

5.4. Light-Dependent Reactions

Photosystems

The Noncyclic Pathway

Closer Look

Photosynthesis in the Dark

5.5. Light-Independent Reactions

The Calvin–Benson Cycle

Efficiency of Sugar Production

Digging Into Data

Summary

Self-Quiz

Critical Thinking

Chapter 6. Releasing Chemical Energy

Application 6.1. Risky Business

6.2. Carbohydrate Breakdown Pathways

Overview of the Pathways

Glycolysis: Sugar Breakdown Begins

6.3. Aerobic Respiration

Aerobic Respiration Continues

Electron Transfer Phosphorylation

Overall ATP Yield of Aerobic Respiration

6.4. Fermentation

Alcoholic Fermentation

Lactate Fermentation

6.5. Food as a Source of Energy

Closer Look

Oxidizing Molecules in Food

The Ketogenic Diet

Digging Into Data

Summary

Self-Quiz

Critical Thinking

Unit 2. Genetics

Chapter 7. DNA Structure and Function

Application 7.1. A Hero Dog’s Golden Clones

7.2. The Function of DNA

Killer Bacteria and the Stupid Molecule

Properties of a Hereditary Material

Digging Into Data

DNA: The Molecule of Heredity

7.3. The Structure of DNA

Building Blocks of DNA

Discovery of DNA Structure

Anatomy of a DNA Molecule

DNA Sequence

7.4. Eukaryotic Chromosomes

DNA Packaging

Closer Look

The Chromosome Number

Autosomes and Sex Chromosomes

7.5. DNA Replication

The Process of DNA Synthesis

Closer Look

PCR: DNA Replication in a Tube

7.6. Mutations

Mutations: DNA Sequence Changes

Replication Errors

UV Light

Ionizing Radiation

Chemicals

Not All Mutations Are Dangerous

Summary

Self-Quiz

Critical Thinking

Chapter 8. Gene Expression and Control

Application 8.1. Ricin, RIP

8.2. DNA, RNA, and Gene Expression

Genes

Comparing DNA and RNA

Information Flow

8.3. Transcription: DNA to RNA

Comparing Transcription and DNA Replication

Coding and Noncoding Strands

RNA Synthesis

A New RNA Is Modified

8.4. RNAs in Translation

The Message in a Messenger RNA

The Translators: rRNA and tRNA

8.5. Translation: RNA to Protein

Closer Look

Translation in Eukaryotic Cells

Digging Into Data

How RIPs Interfere with Translation

8.6. Products of Mutated Genes

Harmful Mutations Are Rare

Base-Pair Substitutions

Deletions and Insertions

Mutations in Regulatory Sites

8.7. Control of Gene Expression

Molecular Switches

Why Cells Control Gene Expression

Master Regulators in Embryonic Development

DNA Methylations

Summary

Self-Quiz

Critical Thinking

Chapter 9. How Cells Reproduce

Application 9.1. Henrietta’s Immortal Cells

9.2. Multiplication by Division

The Cell Cycle

How Mitosis Maintains the Chromosome Number

Closer Look

Why Cells Divide by Mitosis

9.3. Mitosis and Cytoplasmic Division

Stages of Mitosis

Cytoplasmic Division

9.4. Cell Cycle Control

Checkpoints

Losing Control

Pathological Mitosis

Digging Into Data

The Role of Telomeres

9.5. Sex and Alleles

Introducing Alleles

On the Advantages of Sex

9.6. Meiosis in Sexual Reproduction

Stages of Meiosis

Closer Look

Crossing Over

Digging Into Data

From Gametes to Offspring

Summary

Self-Quiz

Critical Thinking

Chapter 10. Patterns of Inheritance

Application 10.1. Menacing Mucus

10.2. Tracking Traits

Early Thoughts about Heredity

Mendel’s Pea Plants

Closer Look

Inheritance in Modern Terms

10.3. Mendelian Inheritance Patterns

Segregation of Genes into Gametes

Independent Assortment of Genes into Gametes

10.4. Non-Mendelian Inheritance

Incomplete Dominance in Snapdragons

Codominance and Blood Type

Pleiotropy and Marfan Syndrome

Digging Into Data

Polygenic Inheritance

10.5. Complex Variation in Traits

Nature and Nurture

Examples of Environmental Effects on Phenotype

Continuous Variation

10.6. Human Genetic Analysis

Studying Inheritance in Humans

Genetic Disorders and Abnormalities

Discovering a Breast Cancer Gene

10.7. Inheritance Patterns in Humans

The Autosomal Dominant Pattern

The Autosomal Recessive Pattern

The X-Linked Recessive Pattern

10.8. Changes in Chromosome Number

Polyploidy and Aneuploidy

Down Syndrome

Sex Chromosome Aneuploidy

10.9. Genetic Testing

Tests for Newborns

Tests for Prospective Parents

Prenatal Tests

Reproductive Interventions

Summary

Self-Quiz

Critical Thinking

Chapter 11. Biotechnology

Application 11.1. Personal Genetic Testing

11.2. Working with DNA

Restriction Enzymes

Recombinant DNA

Closer Look

DNA Cloning

PCR

11.3. Studying DNA

Sequencing

The Human Genome Project

Genomics

DNA Profiling

11.4. Genetic Engineering

GMOs

Modified Microorganisms

Designer Plants

Digging Into Data

Biotech Barnyards

11.5. Editing Genomes

Gene Therapy

CRISPR Gene Editing

Summary

Self-Quiz

Critical Thinking

Unit 3. Evolution and Diversity

Chapter 12. Evidence of Evolution

Application 12.1. Reflections of a Distant Past

12.2. Old Beliefs, New Discoveries

The Great Chain of Being

New Evidence

New Ideas

12.3. Natural Selection

Darwin and the HMS Beagle

Great Minds Think Alike

12.4. Fossil Evidence

Fossils

Digging into Data

The Fossil Record

Finding a Missing Link

Radiometric Dating

12.5. Changes in the History of Earth

Continents Drift

Plate Tectonics

The Geologic Time Scale

Closer Lok

12.6. Evidence in Form and Function

Homologous Structures

Analogous Structures

12.7. Molecular Evidence

Similarities in DNA and Proteins

Similarities in Development

Summary

Self-Quiz

Critical Thinking

Chapter 13. Processes of Evolution

Application 13.1. Farming Superbugs

13.2. Alleles in Populations

Variation in Shared Traits

An Evolutionary View of Mutations

Allele Frequency

13.3. Patterns of Natural Selection

Digging Into Data

Directional Selection

Stabilizing Selection in the Sociable Weaver

Disruptive Selection in the Black-Bellied Seedcracker

13.4. Natural Selection and Diversity

Survival of the Sexiest

Maintaining Multiple Alleles

13.5. Nonselective Evolution

Genetic Drift

Population Bottlenecks

The Founder Effect

Inbreeding

Gene Flow

13.6. Speciation

Closer Look

Reproductive Isolation

Allopatric Speciation

Sympatric Speciation

13.7. Macroevolution

Macroevolutionary Patterns

Evolutionary Theory

13.8. Phylogeny

Reconstructing Evolutionary History

Applications

Summary

Self-Quiz

Critical Thinking

Chapter 14. Prokaryotes, Protists, and Viruses

Application 14.1. The Human Microbiota

14.2. Origin of Cellular Life

Conditions on the Early Earth

The Building Blocks of Life

Origin of Metabolism

Origin of Genetic Material

Origin of Cell Membranes

Defining Plausible Pathways

14.3. Early Life

The Last Common Ancestor of All Life

An Early Divergence

Fossil Evidence of Prokaryotic Cells

The Great Oxygenation Event

14.4. Modern Bacteria and Archaea

Structural Traits

Reproduction

Gene Exchanges

Ecology and Diversity of Bacteria

Bacteria and Human Health

Antibiotics

The Archaea

14.5. Origin of Eukaryotes

Fossil Eukaryotes

A Mixed Heritage

The Endosymbiont Hypothesis

14.6. Protists

Cell Structure

Free-Living Aquatic Cells

Algae

Protists in the Human Body

Digging Into Data

Slime Molds

Protist Relatives of Animals

14.7. Viruses

Viral Structure

Viral Replication

Closer Look

Viruses and Human Health

Viral Mutation and Recombination

Summary

Self-Quiz

Critical Thinking

Chapter 15. Plants and Fungi

Application 15.1. Fungal Threats to Crops

15.2. Plant Traits and Evolution

Life Cycles

Structural Adaptations

Reproduction and Dispersal

15.3. Nonvascular Plants

Moss Life Cycle

Closer Look

Diversity and Ecology

15.4. Seedless Vascular Plants

Ferns

Closer Look

Horsetails and Lycophytes

Coal Forests

15.5. Rise of the Seed Plants

Seed Formation

Seed Dispersal

Wood Production

15.6. Gymnosperms

Conifers

Cycads and Ginkgos

15.7. Angiosperms—Flowering Plants

Floral Structure and Function

Flowering Plant Life Cycle

Angiosperm Success

Monocots and Eudicots

Ecological and Economic Importance

15.8. Fungal Traits and Diversity

Structure of a Fungus

Lineages and Life Cycles

15.9. Ecological Roles of Fungi

Decomposers

Fungal Infections of Plants

Digging into Data

Fungal Infections of Animals

Fungal Infections in Humans

Fungal Partnerships

Human Uses of Fungi

Summary

Self-Quiz

Critical Thinking

Chapter 16. Animal Evolution

Application 16.1. Medicines from the Sea

16.2. Traits and Evolutionary Trends

Animal Origins

Evolutionary Tree of Animals

Early Animals

Cambrian Adaptive Radiation

16.3. Sponges and Cnidarians

Sponges

Cnidarians

16.4. Flatworms, Annelids, and Mollusks

Flatworms

Annelids

Mollusks

16.5. Roundworms and Arthropods

Roundworms

Arthropods Traits

Digging Into Data

Arthropod Lineages

16.6. Echinoderms and Chordates

Echinoderms

Chordates

Invertebrate Chordates

Vertebrate Traits and Trends

16.7. Fishes and Amphibians

Jawless Fishes

Jawed Fishes

Amphibians

Declining Amphibian Populations

16.8. Escape from Water—Amniotes

Reptiles

Mammals

16.9. Primate and Human Evolution

Primate Origins and Diversification

Early Hominins

Early Humans

Homo Sapiens

Closer Look

Neanderthals and Denisovans

Summary

Self-Quiz

Critical Thinking

Unit 4. Ecology

Chapter 17. Population Ecology

Application 17.1. Managing Canada Geese

17.2. Characteristics of Populations

Population Size and Density

Population Distribution

Age Structure

Collecting Population Data

Digging Into Data

17.3. Models of Population Growth

Exponential Growth

Density-Dependent Limiting Factors

Carrying Capacity

Closer Look

Logistic Growth

Density-Independent Factors

Combined Effects of Limiting Factors

Human Effects on Carrying Capacity

17.4. Life History Patterns

Biotic Potential

Describing Life Histories

Adaptive Value of Life History Traits

Opportunistic Life History

Equilibrial Life History

Predation and Life History Evolution

Effects of Humans as Predators

17.5. Human Populations

Population Size and Growth Rate

Fertility Rates and Future Growth

Effects of Industrial and Economic Development

Summary

Self-Quiz

Critical Thinking

Chapter 18. Communities and Ecosystems

Application 18.1. Invasion of the Red Imported Fire Ants

18.2. Community Structure

Nonbiological Factors

Biological Factors

18.3. Direct Species Interactions

Interspecific Competition

Predation

Herbivory

Parasitism

Biological Pest Control

Commensalism

Mutualism

18.4. How Communities Change

Ecological Succession

The Role of Disturbance

Species Losses or Additions

18.5. The Nature of Ecosystems

Food Chains and Webs

Energy Capture and Transfers

Biological Accumulation and Magnification

18.6. The Water, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Cycles

The Water Cycle

The Phosphorus Cycle

Closer Look

The Nitrogen Cycle

Nutrient Pollution and Algal Blooms

18.7. The Carbon Cycle and Climate Change

The Carbon Cycle

Digging Into Data

Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide

Ocean Acidification

The Greenhouse Effect

Global Climate Change

Summary

Self-Quiz

Critical Thinking

Chapter 19. The Biosphere and Human Effects

Application 19.1. Decline of the Monarchs

19.2. Climate and the Distribution of Biomes

Solar Energy and Latitude

Air Circulation and Rainfall

Ocean Currents

Distribution of Biomes

19.3. Forest Biomes

Tropical Forests

Temperate Deciduous Forests

Coniferous Forests

Deforestation

19.4. Grasslands, Chaparral, Deserts, and Tundra

Fire-Adapted Biomes

Desert

Desertification

Tundra

19.5. Aquatic Ecosystems

Streams and Rivers

Lakes

Nearshore Marine Ecosystems

Coral Reefs

The Open Ocean and Seafloor

19.6. Global Effects of Pollution

Talking Trash

Digging Into Data

Acid Rain

Destruction of the Ozone Layer

Global Climate Change

19.7. Conservation Biology

The Extinction Crisis

The Value of Biodiversity

Setting Priorities

Protection and Restoration

Reducing Human Impacts

Summary

Self-Quiz

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