Handbook of Biofuels Production Processes and Technologies 3rd edition by Rafael Luque, Carol Sze Ki Lin, Karen Wilson, Chenyu Du ISBN 0323911935‎ 978-0323911931

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ISBN 10: 0323911935
ISBN 13:‎ 978-0323911931
Author: Rafael Luque, Carol Sze Ki Lin, Karen Wilson, Chenyu Du 

Handbook of Biofuels Production: Processes and Technologies, Third Edition provides a comprehensive and systematic reference on a range of biomass conversion processes and technologies. In response to the global increase in the use of biofuels as substitute transportation fuels, advanced chemical, biochemical and thermochemical biofuels production routes are quickly being developed. Substantial additions for this new edition include increased coverage of emerging feedstocks, including microalgae, more emphasis on by-product valorization for biofuels’ production, additional chapters on emerging biofuel production methods, and co-production of biofuels and bioproducts.

The book’s editorial team is strengthened by the addition of an extra member, and a number of new contributors have been invited to work with authors from the first and second edition to revise existing chapters, with each offering fresh perspectives. This book is an essential reference for professional engineers in the biofuel industry as well as researchers in academia, from post-graduate level and up.

• Provides systematic and detailed coverage of the processes and technologies being used in the production of first, second and third generation biofuels
• Evaluates the latest advanced chemical, biochemical and thermochemical technologies, processes and production routes
• Takes an integrated biorefinery approach, guiding readers through the production of biofuels and their co-products in integrated biorefineries
• Includes videos of industrial production facilities and equipment, showing how complex processes and reaction apparatus work in a lab and industry setting

Handbook of Biofuels Production: Processes and Technologies 3rd Table of contents:

Chapter 1 Introduction: An overview of biofuels and production technologies

1.1: Introduction

1.2: Biofuel production processes and technologies

1.2.1: Biofuel production from various feedstocks

1.2.2: Physical, chemical, and biochemical processes and technologies

1.2.3: Microbes involved in biofuel production processes

1.3: Technoeconomic and environmental assessment

1.4: Challenges, opportunities, and future prospects in biofuel production

1.4.1: Challenges: Socioeconomic and technological challenges

1.4.2: Opportunities and future prospects in biofuel production: Replacement of fossil fuels

1.5: Conclusion

References

Chapter 2 Life cycle assessment of biofuels

2.1: Main challenges to biofuel sustainability

2.1.1: Need for “green” biofuels

2.1.2: Effective sustainability schemes for biofuels

2.1.3: Scientific studies on biofuel sustainability certification

2.2: LCA methodology

2.2.1: Goal and scope definition

2.2.2: Inventory analysis

2.2.3: LCIA

2.2.4: Interpretation

2.3: Biomass to biofuel conversion routes

2.3.1: First-generation biofuels

2.3.2: Second-generation biofuels

2.3.3: Third- and fourth-generation biofuels

2.4: Overview of major findings of selected LCA studies on biofuel production

2.4.1: Selected LCA studies on energy crops

2.4.2: Selected LCA studies on upgraded solid biofuels

2.4.3: Selected LCA studies on biofuel thermochemical pretreatment

2.4.4: Selected LCA studies on the overall effects of biofuel production

2.5: Conclusions

References

Further reading

Chapter 3 Biofuels: Technology, economics, and policy issues

3.1: Introduction

3.2: Moving from fossil fuel to biofuels: Insights from sociotechnical transition theory

3.3: Assessment of first- and next-generation biofuels

3.3.1: First-generation: Bioethanol, biodiesel, and other biofuels

3.3.2: Beyond the first-generation biofuels

3.3.3: Integrated biorefineries: Making biofuel along with other high-added-value products

3.4: Economic, environmental, and social issues

3.4.1: Socioeconomic issues

3.4.2: Socioenvironmental issues

3.5: Policy actions and regulatory frameworks

3.5.1: Brazilian incentive and regulatory systems

3.5.2: United States incentive and regulatory systems

3.5.3: European Union incentive and regulatory systems

3.6: Conclusions

References

Chapter 4 Feedstocks and challenges to biofuel development

4.1: Introduction

4.2: First-generation (1G) feedstocks

4.2.1: Sugar feedstocks

4.2.2: Starch feedstocks

4.2.3: Edible oil feedstocks

4.3: Second-generation (2G) feedstocks

4.3.1: Lignocellulosic feedstocks

4.3.2: Non-edible oil feedstocks

4.4: Third-generation (3G) feedstocks

4.5: Conclusions and future outlook

Disclaimer

References

Chapter 5 Production of biofuel via catalytic upgrading and refining of sustainable oleaginous feedstocks

5.1: Introduction: Renewable diesel

5.2: Overview of biodiesel production and feedstock

5.2.1: The advantages of biodiesel

5.2.2: Oil feedstocks for biodiesel production

5.3: Catalytic biodiesel production

5.3.1: Recent advances in low-cost catalysts for biodiesel production

5.3.2: Effect of pore networks and surface functionality

5.3.3: Hierarchical macroporous-mesoporous solid acid and solid base materials

5.4: Production of green diesel

5.4.1: Fatty acid deoxygenation

5.4.2: Reaction pathways

5.4.3: Factors affecting reaction rate

5.4.4: Deoxygenation of palm fatty acid distillate

5.5: Concluding remarks

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 6 Biotechnological production of biofuels

6.1: Introduction

6.2: Lipases

6.3: Enzymatic production of biodiesel

6.3.1: Extracellular and intracellular lipases

6.3.2: Lipase immobilization

6.3.3: Variables affecting the enzymatic transesterification reaction

6.4: New tendencies in the enzymatic production of biodiesel

6.4.1: Novel immobilization techniques

6.4.2: Use of a combination of lipases from different sources

6.4.3: Ionic liquids as a solvent in enzyme-catalyzed transesterification

6.4.4: Enzyme-catalyzed transesterification under a supercritical CO2 medium

6.4.5: Statistical approaches for reaction optimization

6.4.6: Enzyme-catalyzed transesterification for low-cost and high free-fatty-acid feedstocks

6.5: Biofuels similar to biodiesel produced using acyl acceptors other than methanol

6.5.1: Biodiesel produced together with glycerol triacetate in the same transesterification process as oils and fats

6.5.2: Biodiesel produced with fatty acid glycerol carbonate esters in the same transesterification process as oils and fats

6.5.3: Biodiesel produced together with monoacylglycerol in the same transesterification process as oils and fats

6.6: Industrial biodiesel production using enzymes

6.7: Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 7 Biodiesel production from microbial lipids using oleaginous yeasts

7.1: Introduction

7.2: Oleaginous yeasts

7.3: SCO metabolism in oleaginous yeasts

7.3.1: SCO synthesis

7.3.2: TAG and fatty acid degradation

7.3.3: Regulation of TAG and fatty acid synthesis

7.4: Oleaginous microorganism engineering

7.4.1: Enhancing the synthetic pathway

7.4.2: Blocking competitive pathways

7.4.3: Lipid synthesis regulation

7.5: Feedstock for SCO production

7.5.1: Lignocellulose

7.5.2: Nonfood biomass

7.5.3: Industrial and agricultural by-products

7.5.4: Industrial and urban wastewater

7.6: SCO production techniques

7.7: High-value-added polyunsaturated fatty acids

7.8: Conclusions and future prospects

References

Chapter 8 Biochemical production of bioalcohols

8.1: Introduction

8.2: Types of bioalcohols

8.2.1: Biomethanol

8.2.2: Bioethanol

8.2.3: Biobutanol

8.2.4: Biopropanol

8.3: Bioalcohol production from lignocellulose hydrolysate

8.3.1: Processing of biomass

8.4: Bioalcohol production from lignocellulose via CBP using single microbes

8.4.1: Bioethanol production from cellulose via CBP

8.4.2: Biobutanol production from lignocellulose via CBP

8.5: Bioalcohol production from lignocellulose via CBP through co-cultivation

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 9 Production of biogas via anaerobic digestion

9.1: Introduction

9.1.1: Process steps of anaerobic digestion

9.2: Factors affecting the AD process

9.2.1: Temperature

9.2.2: pH, volatile, and long-chain fatty acids, free ammonia

9.2.3: Feedstock composition

9.2.4: Trace elements

9.3: Feedstocks used for biogas and fertilizer production

9.3.1: Sewage sludge

9.3.2: Food waste

9.3.3: Agro-industrial wastes

9.3.4: Lignocellulosic biomass

9.3.5: Algae biomass

9.3.6: Co-digestion

9.4: Anaerobic bioreactor technology

9.4.1: Complete mixed anaerobic digester: Anaerobic contact process

9.4.2: Fixed-bed reactors

9.4.3: Expanded-fluidized bed reactors

9.4.4: Anaerobic baffled reactors (ABRs)

9.4.5: Up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors (UASBRs)

9.4.6: Plug flow reactor (PFR)

9.4.7: Anaerobic membrane digesters (AnMBRs)

9.4.8: Leach bed reactors (LBRs)

9.5: Anaerobic digestion modeling

9.6: Biological biogas upgrade

9.7: Integration of biogas plants in the circular economy concept

9.8: Conclusions and future trends

References

Chapter 10 Lignocellulose biorefinery advances the liquid biofuel platform

10.1: Introduction

10.2: A low-carbon future

10.2.1: Renewable resources

10.2.2: Biorefinery

10.3: Advanced liquid biofuel platform

10.3.1: Bioethanol in benchmark technology

10.3.2: Holocellulose-derived biofuels

10.3.3: Lignin-derived biofuels

10.4: Conclusion

References

Chapter 11 Chemical routes for the conversion of cellulosic platform molecules into high-energy-density biofuels

11.1: Introduction

11.2: Oxygenated fuels via 5-HMF: Furanic compounds

11.2.1: 2,5-Dimethylfuran (DMF)

11.2.2: 5-Ethoxymethylfurfural (EMF), an ether of 5-HMF

11.2.3: Acetoxymethylfurfural (AMF), an ester of 5-HMF

11.3: Levulinic acid as a platform molecule for oxygenated fuels: Alkyl levulinates and valeric biofuels

11.3.1: Esterification: Alkyl levulinates

11.3.2: γ-Valerolactone (GVL) and valeric biofuels

11.4: Oxygenated fuels via furfural: Furan derivatives

11.4.1: Furfural hydrogenation toward oxygenated biofuels

11.4.2: Esters and ethers from furfuryl alcohol

11.4.3: GVL from furfural

11.5: Blending of oxygenated biofuels with conventional fuels

11.6: Furan derivatives as platform molecules for liquid hydrocarbon fuels

11.6.1: 5-HMF upgrading via C—C coupling reactions

11.6.2: Furfural upgrading via C—C coupling reactions

11.7: Catalytic conversion of LA and its derivatives into fuel-range hydrocarbons

11.7.1: Direct conversion of LA: Aldol condensation and ketonization

11.7.2: Upgrading of ALs to long-chain hydrocarbons

11.7.3: Upgrading of GVL into long-chain hydrocarbons

11.8: Final remarks and future outlook

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 12 The catalytic processes for the deoxygenation and densification of biofuels

12.1: Introduction

12.2: Catalytic approaches for deoxygenation of bio-crude

12.3: C–C coupling strategies for bio-crude densification

12.4: Hydrotreatment of bio-crude

12.5: Type of reactors for embedding catalysts for near complete deoxygenation

References

Chapter 13 Production of bio-syngas and bio-hydrogen by gasification

13.1: Introduction

13.2: The gasification process

13.3: Feedstocks

13.4: Syngas production

13.4.1: SMR

13.4.2: ATR

13.4.3: Combined reforming

13.4.4: POX

13.4.5: Membrane reactors

13.5: H2 production

13.5.1: Biomass

13.5.2: Solid waste

13.5.3: Black liquor

13.6: Products and product quality

13.6.1: Syngas

13.6.2: H2

13.7: The future

References

Chapter 14 Production of biofuels via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: Biomass-to-liquids

14.1: Introduction

14.2: Biomass-to-liquid process steps and technologies

14.2.1: Biomass gasification to syngas

14.2.2: Synthesis of biofuels via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

14.2.3: Upgrading of biomass-to-liquid products

14.3: Biomass-to-liquid final fuel products

14.3.1: Biomass-to-liquid diesel

14.3.2: Biomass-to-liquid naphtha

14.3.3: Biomass-to-liquid jet fuel

14.4: Environmental and economic considerations of the BTL process

14.5: Commercial status of the biomass-to-liquid processes

14.6: Future prospects and challenges

References

Chapter 15 Integrated biorefineries for the co-production of biofuels and high-value products

15.1: Introduction

15.2: Integrated production of biofuels and high-value products

15.2.1: Coproduction of two or more types of biofuels

15.2.2: Co-production of biofuel with biochemicals

15.2.3: Co-production of biofuels with biopolymers

15.2.4: Co-production of biofuel with other value-added products

15.3: Case studies

15.3.1: Case study 1: Biodiesel production with glycerol

15.3.2: Case study 2: Bioethanol co-production with arabinoxylans

15.4: Conclusion and future work

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 16 Microalgae for biofuels: A prospective feedstock

16.1: Introduction

16.2: Scaling-up of microalgae cultivation system

16.2.1: Open-pond system

16.2.2: Photobioreactor system

16.3: Photoautotrophic, heterotrophic and mixotrophic cultivation of microalgae

16.4: Limiting factors for mass microalgae cultivation

16.4.1: Light

16.4.2: Temperature

16.4.3: Oxygen and carbon dioxide

16.4.4: pH

16.4.5: Nutrients

16.4.6: Culture period

16.5: Microalgal lipids

16.5.1: Lipid content of microalgae

16.5.2: Lipid productivity of microalgae

16.5.3: Fatty acid composition of microalgae

16.6: Microalgal lipid biosynthesis

16.6.1: Microalgal fatty acid biosynthesis

16.6.2: Microalgal TAG assembly

16.6.3: Microalgal LD packaging

16.7: Microalgal biomass harvesting

16.7.1: Centrifugation

16.7.2: Flocculation

16.7.3: Filtration

16.7.4: Flotation

16.8: Microalgae dewatering

16.9: Microalgal oil extraction and transesterification

16.10: Conclusions and future perspectives

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