Blockchain Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence 1st Edition By Naveen Chilamkurti, T Poongodi, Balamurugan Balusamy ISBN 0367724480 9780367724481

Chapter 1: Blockchain

1.1 Introduction

1.1.1 Evolution of Blockchain

1.1.2 Characteristics of Blockchain Technology

1.2 Components of Blockchain

1.2.1 Cryptographic Hash Functions

1.2.2 Asymmetric-Key Cryptography

1.2.3 Transactions

1.2.4 Ledgers

1.2.5 Blocks

1.2.5.1 Merkle Tree

1.2.6 Consensus Algorithms

1.2.6.1 Proof of Work (PoW)

1.2.6.2 Proof of Stake (PoS)

1.2.6.3 Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT)

1.2.6.4 Delegated Proof of Stake (DPOS)

1.2.6.5 Round Robin Consensus Model

1.2.6.6 Proof of Authority (Identity) Model

1.2.6.7 Proof of Elapsed Time Consensus Model (PoET)

1.3 Types of Blockchain

1.3.1 Public Blockchain

1.3.2 Private Blockchain

1.3.3 Consortium Blockchain

1.3.4 Hybrid Blockchain

1.3.5 Permissionless Blockchain

1.3.6 Permissioned Blockchain

1.3.7 Stateless Blockchain

1.3.8 Stateful Blockchain

1.4 Blockchain Use Cases

1.4.1 Blockchain in Supply Chain Management

1.4.1.1 Provenance Tracking

1.4.1.2 Transparency

1.4.2 Blockchain in Logistics

1.4.2.1 DexFreight

1.4.2.2 GS1

1.4.3 Blockchain in Banking

1.4.3.1 Digital Identity Verification

1.4.3.2 Auditing and Accounting

1.4.3.3 Faster Payments

1.4.3.4 Clearance and Settlement Systems

1.4.3.5 Asset Management

1.4.4 Blockchain in Education

1.4.4.1 Certificates Management

1.4.4.2 Learning Outcome Management

1.4.4.3 Collaborative Environment

1.4.4.4 Transfer of Fees and Credits

1.4.5 Environmental Awareness and Waste Management

1.5 Challenges and Opportunities

1.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 2: Internet of Things

2.1 Overview of Internet of Things

2.1.1 Introduction

2.1.2 History of IoT

2.1.3 Characteristics of IoT

2.1.3.1 Interconnectivity

2.1.3.2 Heterogeneous Devices

2.1.3.3 Dynamic Nature

2.1.3.4 Ensuring Safety

2.1.3.5 Intelligence

2.1.3.6 Sensing

2.1.3.7 Energy Efficiency

2.1.3.8 Cost

2.1.4 Advantages of Internet of Things

2.1.5 IoT Challenges

2.1.5.1 Data Scalability

2.1.5.2 Huge Data Storage

2.1.5.3 Bandwidth Issues

2.1.5.4 Analytics of Data

2.1.5.5 Privacy and Security

2.2 IoT Architecture

2.2.1 IoT Devices

2.2.1.1 Sensors

2.2.1.2 Actuators

2.2.1.3 IoT Gateways

2.2.1.4 Cloud

2.2.1.5 Data Analytics

2.2.1.6 User Interface (UI)

2.2.2 IoT Protocols

2.2.2.1 Connectivity

2.2.2.2 Identification

2.2.2.3 Data Protocols

2.2.2.4 Communication Protocols

2.2.3 IoT Applications

2.2.3.1 Consumer Applications

2.2.3.2 Educational Applications

2.2.3.3 Industrial Applications

2.2.3.4 Agricultural Applications

2.3 Relevance of Blockchain

2.3.1 Blockchain Technology

2.3.2 Blockchain Component

2.3.3 Advantages of Blockchain

2.3.4 Applications of Blockchain

2.4 IoT Security Framework

2.4.1 IoT Layers

2.4.1.1 Application Layer

2.4.1.2 Network Layer

2.4.1.3 Perception Layer

2.4.2 Security Attacks in IoT

2.4.2.1 Identity-Based Attacks

2.4.2.2 Non-Identity Based Attacks

2.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 3: Artificial Intelligence

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Intellectual Overview of AI

3.2.1 Problem Solving by Searching Algorithms

3.2.1.1 Distinct Problem and Solutions

3.2.1.2 Searching for Solutions

3.2.1.3 Uninformed Search

3.2.1.4 Informed Search

3.2.1.5 Pure Heuristic Search

3.2.2 Task Domains of AI

3.3 Frontiers of AI

3.3.1 Knowledge Representation

3.3.1.1 Types of Knowledge in AI

3.3.1.2 Relation between Knowledge and Intelligence

3.3.1.3 Techniques of Knowledge Representation

3.3.2 Computational Logics

3.3.2.1 Approaches

3.3.2.2 Types of Computational Logic

3.3.2.3 Representations of Computational Logic Connectives

3.4 AI Algorithms and Approaches

3.4.1 Machine Learning

3.4.2 AI Algorithms

3.4.3 Types of Problem-Solving Using AI Algorithms

3.5 Challenges Faced in Converging Blockchain and AI Techniques

3.5.1 AI and Blockchain–Technologies Integration

3.5.2 Impact of Blockchain-AI Convergence

3.5.2.1 Challenges

3.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 4: Blockchain for Internet of Things I

4.1 Introduction

4.1.1 Overview

4.1.2 Applications of IoT

4.1.2.1 Traffic Management

4.1.2.2 Waste Management

4.1.2.3 Smart Home and Buildings

4.1.2.4 Smart Grid

4.1.2.5 Smart E-Health

4.1.2.6 Smart Industry and Manufacturing

4.1.2.7 Smart Logistics and Retail

4.1.2.8 Smart Agriculture

4.1.3 Blockchain Integrated IoT Architecture

4.1.4 Security Frameworks Using Blockchain

4.2 Blockchain IoT Paradigm

4.2.1 Blockchain-Enabled IoT Security

4.2.2 Challenges

4.2.2.1 Storage: Capacity and Scalability

4.2.2.2 Security: Weakness and Threats

4.2.2.3 Privacy: Anonymity and Data Privacy

4.3 Blockchain Technologies for IoT Environment

4.3.1 Universal Digital Ledgers

4.3.2 Distributed Ledgers in IoT

4.3.3 Distributed Ledgers SOTA

4.3.4 Consensus Mechanism

4.3.5 Decentralization

4.3.6 Self-Sovereign Identity

4.3.6.1 Overview

4.3.6.2 Traditional Identity Management System (IdMS)

4.3.6.3 Blockchain Identity Solutions

4.3.6.4 Challenges in IdMS

4.3.7 Smart Contract and Compliance

4.4 Conclusion

References

Chapter 5: A Comprehensive Overview of Blockchain-Driven IoT applications

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Blockchain Overview

5.2.1 The Key Components of Blockchain Technology

5.2.1.1 Decentralization

5.2.1.2 Distributed Shared Ledger

5.2.1.3 Cryptography

5.2.2 Consensus Mechanism in Blockchain

5.2.2.1 Proof of Work (PoW)

5.2.2.2 Proof of Stake (PoS) [15,16]

5.2.2.3 Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT)

5.2.2.4 Smart Contracts [5,19]

5.3 IT Protocols Stack

5.3.1 Security Concerns in IoT Applications

5.3.1.1 Data Privacy

5.3.1.2 IoT Device Authentication

5.3.1.3 Trustable Users

5.3.1.4 Access Control of IoT Devices

5.3.1.5 Cryptographic Keys and Hashing of Data

5.3.2 Blockchain-Driven IoT Applications

5.3.2.1 Intelligence Transport System (ITS)

5.3.2.2 Supply Chain Management Systems

5.3.2.3 Smart Healthcare

5.3.2.4 Smart City

5.3.2.5 IoT Ecosystem

5.4 Beyond Cryptocurrencies and Bitcoin

5.4.1 Public Blockchain

5.4.2 Private Blockchain

5.4.3 Ethereum

5.4.4 Hyperledger

5.4.5 Hyperledger Fabric

5.4.6 R3 Corda

5.5 Case Study on Decentralized Block Chain Approach for Healthcare Systems

5.5.1 Scenario 1: Primary Patient Care

5.5.2 Scenario 2: Healthcare Data Aggregation for Study and Research Purpose

5.5.3 Application Scenario for Healthcare Systems

5.5.4 Proposed Framework of Blockchain-Driven Healthcare Systems

5.6 Performance Challenges of Blockchain-Driven IoT Applications

5.6.1 Integrity

5.6.2 Anonymity

5.6.3 Scalability

5.7 Conclusion and Future Scope

References

Chapter 6: Artificial Intelligence for Blockchain I

6.1 Introduction

6.1.1 Advantages of Blockchain

6.1.2 Flaws in Blockchain

6.1.3 Artificial Intelligence: Simulation of Human Intelligence

6.1.4 Integration of Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain

6.2 Blockchain Ledger Data Decision Using Artificial Intelligence

6.2.1 Distributed Ledger

6.2.2 System Overview

6.2.2.1 Environment

6.2.2.2 Transactions

6.2.2.3 Staking

6.2.2.4 Tasks

6.2.2.5 Protocol

6.3 Increasing Blockchain Efficiency Using AI

6.3.1 Significance of AI and Blockchain Collaboration

6.3.2 Blockchain Efficiency

6.3.3 Benefits of Integration of AI and Blockchain

6.3.4 Challenges of AI and Blockchain Integration

6.4 Blockchain-Based Decentralized Artificial Intelligence

6.4.1 Centralized Network

6.4.2 Decentralized Network

6.4.3 Distributed Network

6.4.4 Decentralized Artificial Intelligence

6.4.5 AI & Blockchain: The Magnificent Unification

6.4.6 Centralized versus Decentralized Artificial Intelligence

6.4.7 The Data Centralization Problem

6.4.8 The Model Centralization Problem

6.4.9 Some Other Centralization Problems

6.4.10 Trust Problem with Centralized Big Data

6.4.11 Collaboration between Blockchain and AI

6.4.12 Blockchain-Based Platform for AI

6.4.13 Blockchain Contribution in Decentralization

6.4.14 Design Overview

6.4.14.1 Training Process Design

6.5 Sensitive Blockchain Backup Using AI

6.5.1 Types of AI

6.5.2 The Working of Artificial Intelligence

6.5.3 AI and Virtual Machine Backups

6.6 Combining Blockchain and AI for Monetization of Data

6.6.1 Data Monetization

6.6.1.1 Direct Data Monetization

6.6.1.2 Indirect Data Monetization

6.6.2 Data Monetization with Blockchain Technology

6.6.2.1 Recognize Different Types of Data and Their Use Cases

6.6.2.2 Identify Prospective Buyers

6.6.2.3 Select a Suitable Blockchain-Based Data Monetization Company

6.6.3 Data Monetization with Artificial Intelligence

6.6.3.1 Creating New Digital Services

6.6.3.2 Addressing Customer Churn

6.6.3.3 Unlocking Value and Insights

6.7 Trusting AI Decision Making for Blockchain Environment

6.7.1 State-of-the-Art

6.7.2 Blockchain-Based Framework for Trustworthy AI

6.8 Conclusion

References

Chapter 7: Artificial Intelligence for Blockchain II

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Performing Data-Centric Analysis and Information Flow by Integrating Blockchain and AI

7.2.1 AI and Blockchain Use in Cardiovascular Medicine

7.2.2 Integration of Blockchain with AI in Cardiovascular Medicine

7.2.3 Challenges

7.3 AI-Based Healthcare Using Smart Contracts (Blockchain)

7.3.1 Opportunities That AI Bring to Smart Contracts

7.3.2 AI Factors Need to Be Considered in Blockchain

7.3.3 Smart Contracts Integration with AI

7.3.4 Use Cases of Blockchain with AI in Healthcare

7.3.5 Future Scope of Smart Contracts in AI

7.4 Decentralizing and Accelerating Biomedical Research and Healthcare by Integrating Blockchain Technology and Artificial Intelligence

7.4.1 Advancements in AI

7.4.2 Introduction to Highly Distributed Storage Systems

7.4.3 Exonum Framework for Blockchain Projects

7.4.3.1 Network

7.4.3.2 Transport Layer

7.4.3.3 Authentication and Authorization

7.4.3.4 Lightweight Client

7.4.3.5 Consensus

7.4.4 Health Data on Blockchain

7.4.5 Ensuring the Quality of the Data and Consistency by Using Deep Learning Methods

7.5 Using AI and Blockchainto Personalize Treatment Plans and Diagnosis

7.5.1 Patient Sphere Uses AI and Blockchain to Customize Patient Treatment Plans

7.5.2 Blockchain and AI Helping in Self-Testing

7.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 8: Fusion of IoT, Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence for Developing Smart Cities

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Consent Management Based on Blockchain and AI in IoT Ecosystem

8.2.1 Consent Management Component (CMC)

8.2.2 Consent Notary Component

8.2.3 Intelligence Component

8.3 Blockchain to Secure IoT against Attacks

8.3.1 Role of Blockchain

8.3.1.1 Blockchains against Availability Threat

8.3.1.2 Blockchain against Integrity Threat

8.3.1.3 Blockchain against Confidentiality Threat

8.3.1.4 Blockchain against Authenticity Threat

8.3.1.5 Blockchain against Accountability Threat

8.4 Artificial Intelligence for IoT Enabled Smart Cities

8.5 Optimizing Risk Minimization in Smart Cities Using Blockchain

8.5.1 Different Risks in Blockchain

8.5.1.1 Business Continuity Risk

8.5.1.2 Information Security Risk

8.5.1.3 Contract Risk

8.5.1.4 Supplier Risks

8.5.1.5 Reputational Risk

8.5.1.6 Consensus Protocol Risk

8.5.1.7 Key Management and Data Confidentiality Risk

8.5.2 Risk Minimization in Smart Energy Usage in Blockchain

8.5.2.1 Impact on Energy Sector Using Blockchain

8.5.2.2 Research Projects Using Blockchain in Energy Sectors

8.5.3 Risk Minimization in Transportation Systems Using Blockchain

8.5.3.1 Useful in Tracking

8.5.3.2 Advantages of Smart Contract

8.5.3.3 Reduce Paper-Based Ticketing System

8.5.3.4 Decentralized Public Transportation System

8.5.4 Risk Minimization in E-Governance

8.5.4.1 Online Registration of Birth and Death Certificate

8.5.4.2 Real Estate

8.5.5 Risk Minimization in Agriculture Using Blockchain

8.6 Securing Smart City Using Blockchain Technology

8.6.1 Digital Signature

8.6.2 Homomorphic Encryption

8.7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 9: Impact of AI, BC and IoT for Smart Cities

9.1 Introduction

9.2 How Does Blockchain Work?

9.2.1 Structure of Blockchain

9.2.2 Hash Function and Encryption

9.2.3 Transactions and Mining

9.3 Blockchain Security

9.3.1 Standard Cybersecurity versus Block Chain Security

9.3.1.1 Security Analysis

9.3.2 Security and Privacy Properties of Blockchain

9.3.3 How the Infusion of Blockchain Solves Vulnerable Issues over Three Zones: MLCL-FoG

9.4 Integration of IoT over Blockchain

9.4.1 Need for Securing IoT Using Blockchain

9.4.2 Advantages of Integrating IoT with Ethereum Blockchain

9.5 Stalker Miner

9.5.1 Defense against Stalker Miner

9.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 10: Influence of AI, IoT and BC for Healthcare in Smart Cities – I

10.1 Introduction to Evolution of Healthcare Industry

10.1.1 Healthcare Industry

10.1.2 Health Information Management (HIM)

10.1.3 Electronic Health Record

10.1.4 Electronic Medical Record

10.2 Smart Healthcare

10.2.1 Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare

10.2.2 IoT in Healthcare

10.2.3 Blockchain in Healthcare

10.3 Personalized Healthcare

10.4 Elderly Healthcare

10.5 Patient Management

10.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 11: Influence of AI, BC and IoT for Healthcare – II

11.1 Introduction

11.1.1 What Is EHR?

11.1.2 General Structure of the Healthcare System Using EHR

11.1.2.1 Generic Care Record Requirements

11.1.2.2 Healthcare Record (EPR)

11.1.2.3 Shared Care EHR

11.1.3 Advantages of EHR

11.1.4 How to Implement an EHR?

11.1.5 Problems with EHR

11.2 Applications of Machine Learning Techniques for EHR Maintenance

11.3 Application of Internet of Things in Healthcare

11.4 Application of Blockchain in Healthcare: A Case Study

11.5 Detecting Fraudulent Behavior

11.5.1 Application of Supervised and Unsupervised ML Methods

11.6 Payments through Cryptocurrency

11.6.1 Cryptocurrency Platforms in Healthcare

11.7 Robo-Dentists

11.7.1 Application of Robots in Dental Care

11.8 Conclusion

References

Chapter 12: How IoT, AI, and Blockchain Will Revolutionize Business

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Internet of Things

12.2.1 IoT Architecture

12.3 Artificial Intelligence

12.4 Blockchain

12.5 Business Models on the Intersection of IoT, AI, and Blockchain

12.5.1 Supply Chain

12.5.2 Agriculture

12.5.3 Healthcare

12.5.4 Finance and Banking

12.5.5 Social Network

12.6 Emerging Trends in Financial Services

12.7 Catalyst of Digital Transformation

12.7.1 Mobile Phone as Catalyst of Digital Transformation

12.8 Conclusion

References

Chapter 13: Storage, System Security and Access Control for Big Data IoT

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Big Data Integration with IoT

13.2.1 Key Requirements of Big Data Analytics in IoT

13.2.2 Big Data Analytical Solutions

13.2.2.1 Apache Hadoop

13.2.2.2 ThingSpeak

13.2.2.3 Countly

13.2.2.4 AT&T IoT Platform

13.2.2.5 Axonize

13.3 Storage Technologies

13.3.1 Key-Value Database

13.3.2 Column-Oriented Database

13.3.3 Document-Oriented Database

13.3.4 Graph Database

13.3.5 Cloud-Based IoT Platforms

13.3.5.1 AWS IoT Suite

13.3.5.2 Google Cloud IoT

13.3.5.3 Microsoft Azure IoT Suite

13.3.5.4 Salesforce IoT

13.3.5.5 IBM Watson Internet of Things

13.4 Security Attacks at the IoT Layered Architectures and Protection with Security Mechanisms

13.4.1 Perception Layer

13.4.1.1 Protection Mechanism

13.4.2 Transport Layer

13.4.2.1 Protection Mechanism

13.4.3 Processing Layer

13.4.3.1 Protection Mechanism

13.4.4 Application Layer

13.4.4.1 Protection Mechanism

13.4.5 Business Layer

13.4.5.1 Protection Mechanism

13.5 Access Control Mechanisms

13.5.1 Platform-Specific Approaches

13.5.1.1 MapReduce

13.5.1.2 NoSQL Data Stores

13.5.2 Platform-Independent Approaches

13.5.3 Domain-Specific Approaches

13.6 Key Challenges and Future Directions

13.7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 14: Security Challenges and Mitigation Approaches for Smart Cities

14.1 Introduction

14.1.1 Smart City Development

14.1.2 IoT Devices and Configuration

14.1.2.1 Life Cycle of IoT Devices

14.1.2.2 Layered Configuration of IoT Devices

14.1.3 Big Data in IoT

14.1.3.1 Challenges of Big Data

14.1.3.2 Database versus Big Data

14.2 Database Authorization Workflow and Management Structure

14.2.1 Transaction Failures

14.2.2 Database Control Management and Protocols

14.2.2.1 Transaction Management

14.2.2.2 Concurrency Protocols

14.3 Database Security System

14.3.1 Internal Attacks

14.3.2 External Attacks

14.3.3 Preventive Measures for Database Attacks

14.4 Smart City Infrastructure

14.5 Challenges and Security Issues

14.6 Security Mechanism and Mitigations

14.6.1 Protocol Overhead Frame Size

14.6.2 Authentication Management

14.6.3 Access Control Management

14.6.4 CoRE Network Digital Signature Management

14.6.5 DoS/DDoS Resistance

14.6.6 Security in Database Authentication

14.6.7 Dynamic Distributed Key Management System

14.7 Network Layer-Based Security Management System

14.7.1 Protocol Analysis

14.7.2 Protocol Security Mechanism

14.7.3 Lightweight Cryptographic Mechanisms

14.7.4 Penetration Testing Analysis

14.8 Future Direction

14.9 Conclusion

References

Chapter 15: Security of IoT in Healthcare

15.1 Introduction

15.1.1 Benefits of IoT

15.1.2 Disadvantages of IoT

15.2 Key Qualities of IoT

15.3 Applications of IoT

15.4 Types of IoT-Enabled Devices

15.5 IoT-Integrated Healthcare Devices

15.5.1 Examples of Existing IoT-Enabled Devices

15.5.1.1 Pulse Oximeters

15.5.1.2 Treatment of Cancer

15.5.1.3 Mood Enhancers

15.5.1.4 Continuous Glucose Monitoring System

15.5.1.5 Smart Bandages

15.5.1.6 Smart Beds

15.5.1.7 Healthcare Charting

15.6 Security in IoT

15.7 Security Challenges in IoT-Based Devices

15.8 Security Architecture

15.9 Vulnerabilities in IoT Devices

15.9.1 Feeble Passwords

15.9.2 Transfer of Data on an Unsecure Channel

15.9.3 Inadequate Measures of Device Management

15.9.4 Devices with Default Settings

15.9.5 Unsure Interfaces

15.10 Security Attacks towards IoT and WSN

15.10.1 Countermeasures against Various Attacks towards IoT and WSN

15.11 Security Attacks towards RFID in IoT

15.11.1 Limitations of RFID

15.11.2 Security Issues in RFID

15.12 Conclusion

References

Chapter 16: Healthcare Internet of Things – The Role of Communication Tools and Technologies

16.1 Introduction

16.1.1 Healthcare IoT

16.2 IoT Tools and Technologies

16.2.1 Microcontrollers and Operating Systems

16.2.1.1 Raspberry Pi

16.2.1.2 Arduino

16.2.1.3 ESP-8266

16.2.1.4 RTOS

16.3 Low-Power Embedded Systems

16.4 Communication Options

16.4.1 ZIGBEE

16.4.2 LoRa

16.4.3 Wi-Fi

16.4.4 Low-Power, Short Range IoT Networks

16.5 IoT Device Management

16.5.1 Indoor Air Quality Meter

16.5.2 Wearables

16.5.3 Sensors

16.5.4 Storage Options for IoT

16.5.4.1 Storage Options

16.6 IoT Analytics

16.6.1 Uniqueness of IoT Analytics

16.7 Conclusion

References

Index