Cowen History of Life 6th Edition by Michael Benton ISBN 9781119482222 1119482224

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ISBN 10: 1119482224
ISBN 13: 9781119482222
Author: Michael Benton

Designed for students and anyone else with an interest in the history of life on our planet, the new edition of this classic text describes the biological evolution of Earth’s organisms, and reconstructs their adaptations and the ecology and environments in which they functioned.

Cowen’s History of Life, 6th Edition includes major updates, including substantial rewrites to chapters on the origins of eukaryotes, the Cambrian explosion, the terrestrialization of plants and animals, the Triassic recovery of life, the origin of birds, the end-Cretaceous mass extinction, and human evolution. It also features new chapters on plants, soils and transformation of the land; the Mesozoic marine revolution; and the evolution of oceans and climates. Beginning with the origin of the Earth and the earliest life on earth, the book goes on to offer insightful contributions covering: the evolution of Metazoans; the early vertebrates; life of vertebrates on land; and early amniotes and thermoregulation. The book also looks at: dinosaur diversity, as well as their demise; early mammals; the rise of modern mammals; the Neogene Savannas; primates; life in the ice ages; and more.

• Covers the breadth of the subject in a concise yet specific way for undergrads with no academic background in the topic
• Reorganizes all chapters to reflect the geological series of events, enabling a new focus on big events
• Updated with three brand new chapters and numerous revised ones
• Put together by a new editorial team internationally recognized as the global leaders in paleontology
• Filled with illustrations and photographs throughout
• Includes diagrams to show internal structures of organisms, cladograms, time scales and events, and paleogeographic maps
• Supplemented with a dedicated website that explores additional enriching information and discussion, and which features images for use in visual presentations

Cowen’s History of Life, 6th Edition is an ideal book for undergraduate students taking courses in introductory paleontology, as well those on global change and earth systems.

Cowen History of Life 6th Edition Table of contents:

1 The Origin of Life on Earth

How Geology Works

How Paleontology Works

The Origin of Life

Planets in Our Solar System

The Early Earth

Life Exists in Cells

Making Organic Molecules

Toward the First Living Cell

Where Did Life Evolve?

Energy Sources for the First Life

References

Further Reading

Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion

2 The Earliest Life on Earth

Introduction

How to Find the Age of a Fossil

Life Alters a Planet

Isotope Evidence for Biology

Earth’s Oldest Rocks

Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) and the Early Evolution of Cells

Stromatolites

Ancient Stromatolites

Identifying Fossil Cells in Ancient Rocks

Banded Iron Formations (BIF)

Banded Iron Formations, Stromatolites and Oxygen

The Great Oxidation Event

References

Further Reading

Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion

3 The Origin of Eukaryotes

Single‐Celled Life

Symbiosis and Endosymbiosis

The Prokaryotic Ancestors of Eukaryotic Cells

Eukaryotes in the Fossil Record

The Evolution of Sex

The Classification of Eukaryotes

Cladistics

References

Further Reading

Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion

4 The Evolution of Metazoans

Proterozoic Microbes

Snowball or Slushball Earth

The Ediacaran Period

Making a Metazoan

The Doushantuo Formation

Large Ediacaran Organisms

Molecular Clocks

References

Further Reading

Question for Thought, Study, and Discussion

5 The Cambrian Explosion

The Cambrian Explosion

The Variety of Metazoans

The Evolution of Skeletons: Small Shelly Fossils

Larger Cambrian Animals

Soft‐Bodied Cambrian Animals

What Caused the Cambrian Explosion?

References

Further Reading

Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion

6 Changing Life in a Changing World

Today’s World

Energy and Ecology

Biogeography and Paleobiogeography

Diversity Patterns in the Fossil Record

Global Tectonics and Global Diversity

Changing Faunas Through Time

Mass Extinctions

Explaining Mass Extinction

The Ordovician Mass Extinction

The Late Devonian (F–F) Mass Extinction

The Permian–Triassic (P–Tr) Extinction

The End‐Triassic Extinction

Evolutionary Radiations

References

Further Reading

Question for Thought, Study, and Discussion

7 The Early Vertebrates

Vertebrates

Vertebrate Origin

The Cyclostomes – Vertebrates Without Vertebrae

Ostracoderms

Heterostracans

Anaspids

Thelodonts

Galeaspids

Osteostracans

The Evolution of Jaws

Placoderms

Acanthodians

Cartilaginous Fishes (Sharks and Rays)

Bony Fishes

Air Breathing

Actinopterygii (Rayfin Fishes)

Sarcopterygii (Lobefin Fishes)

References

Further Reading

Question for Thought, Study, and Discussion

8 Leaving the Water

Problems of Life in Air

How Plants Engineered the Landscape

Genomic Data and the Origin of Land Plants

How Plants Adapted to Life on Land

The Earliest Land Plants

Comparing Plant and Animal Evolution

The First Land Animals

References

Further Reading

Question for Thought, Study, and Discussion

9 Early Tetrapods and Amniote Origins

Vertebrates Conquer the Land

Tetrapodomorphs

From Tetrapodomorph to Tetrapod

Limbs and Feet: Why Become Tetrapod?

The First Tetrapods: Devonian

Tetrapods Diversify: Carboniferous

Ancestors of Living Amphibians: Batrachosaurs

Ancestors of Living Amniotes: Reptiliomorphs

Amniotes and the Amniotic Egg

Why Were the First Amniotes Small?

Carboniferous Land Ecology

Further Reading

Question for Thought, Study, and Discussion

10 Early Amniotes and Thermoregulation

The Amniote Radiation

Pelycosaurs

Pelycosaur Biology and Ecology

How Does Herbivory Evolve in Tetrapods?

Thermoregulation in Living Reptiles

Thermoregulation in Pelycosaurs

Permian Changes

The Invasion of Gondwana

Thermoregulation in Therapsids

Therapsid Evolution

Dinocephalians

Advanced Therapsids

Dicynodonts

Parareptiles

Synapsids and Their Diapsid Replacements

Further Reading

Question for Thought, Study, and Discussion

11 The Mesozoic Marine Revolution

Mesozoic Ocean Ecosystems

Recovering Seas

Crisis on the Seabed

Reefs

Ammonites and Belemnites

Fishes

Arms Races and New Predatory Modes

Ichthyosaurs

Sauropterygians

Mosasaurs

Turtles

Crocodiles

Air Breathers at Sea

References

Further Reading

Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion

12 The Triassic Takeover

Diapsids

Basal Diapsids

Lepidosauromorphs

Archosauromorphs

The Triassic Diapsid Takeover: The Pattern

Rhynchosaurs

Triassic Archosaurs: Crurotarsi

Dinosaur Ancestors: Avemetatarsalia

Respiration, Metabolism, and Locomotion

The Carnian Pluvial Episode (CPE) and the Rise of the Dinosaurs

Reference

Further Reading

Question for Thought, Study, and Discussion

13 Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs

Theropods

Sauropodomorphs

Ornithischians

Dinosaur Paleobiology

Dinosaur Feathers

The Origin of Feathers

Dinosaur Behavior

References

Further Reading

Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion

14 Birds and the Evolution of Flight

Flying Animals

Pterosaurs

Getting Off the Ground

Birds

The Largest Flying Birds

References

Further Reading

Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion

15 The Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution

Life on Land in the Ascendant

Dating the Origin of Angiosperms

The Oldest Fossil Angiosperms

Angiosperms and Changing Mesozoic Ecology

Seeds and Pollination

Reasons for Angiosperm Success

Explosion in Insects

Ants and Termites

Later Stages in the Revolution

Angiosperm Chemistry

Reference

Further Reading

Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion

16 The End of the Dinosaurs

The Extinction at the End of the Cretaceous

An Asteroid Impact?

A Giant Volcanic Eruption?

Paleobiological Evidence from the K–Pg Boundary

Where Are We?

Further Reading

Question for Thought, Study, and Discussion

17 Changing Oceans and Climates

Climate

Scientific Ocean Drilling and Proxies

Changes in Marine Life over Time

The Cretaceous Hothouse

Hyperthermals

Descent into the Icehouse

The Pliocene

The Ice Ages

Climate Change

References

Further Reading

Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion

18 The Origin of Mammals

The Derived Features of Mammals

Cynodonts and Defining the First Mammals

Teeth and Tooth Replacement

Skulls and Jaws

Hearing

Locomotion

Thermoregulation and Metabolic Level

Evolution of Hair

Mammalian Reproduction

Lactation

Early Mammaliaformes

Early Crown‐Group Mammals

Therian Mammals

The Inferiority of Mammals

Reference

Further Reading

Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion

19 Cenozoic Mammals

Evolution Among Cenozoic Mammals

Morphological Evidence

Molecular Evidence

The Paleocene

The Eocene

The End of the Eocene

The Later Cenozoic

Ecological Replacement: The Guild Concept

Cenozoic Mammals in Dinosaur Guilds

The Savanna Story

Evolutionary Change over Time

Bats

Whales

Reference

Further Reading

Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion

20 Geography and Evolution

Mammals and Geography

Australia

New Zealand

South America

Africa

Madagascar

Islands and Biogeography

Further Reading

Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion

21 Primates

Primate Characters

The Earliest Primates

The Living Prosimians

The Origin of Anthropoids

The Eocene and Oligocene Radiation of Anthropoids

The New World Monkeys (Platyrrhines)

The Old World Monkeys

Emergence of the Hominoids

Early and Middle Miocene Hominoids

Late Miocene to Pleistocene Hominoids

References

Further Reading

Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion

22 Evolving Toward Humans

The Earliest Hominins

Transitional Species and Early Tool Use

Homo erectus and the Modern Body Plan

After Homo erectus

The Origin of Homo sapiens

The Neanderthals

Ancient DNA

Evolution among Humans Today

References

Further Reading

Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion

23 Life in the Ice Age

Ice Ages and Climatic Change

The Present Ice Age

Life and Climate in the Ice Ages

Faunal Changes

Causes of the End‐Pleistocene Extinction: Human Hunting

Causes of the End‐Pleistocene Extinction: Climatic and Environmental Change

North America: Human Arrival and Human Hunting

North America: Patterns of Megafaunal Extinction

South America

Old World Continents

Australia

Island Extinctions

The World Today

Further Reading

Questions for Thought, Study, and Discussion

Glossary

Index

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