Critical Thinking Your Guide to Effective Argument Successful Analysis and Independent Study 2nd Edition by Tom Chatfield 1529718538 9781529718539

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Product details:

ISBN 10: 1529718538

ISBN 13: 9781529718539

Author: Tom Chatfield

What is critical thinking? How do you apply it in your assessments? How do you build a good argument or find evidence?  Critical thinking is a set of techniques. You just need to learn them. This is your personal toolkit for demystifying critical thinking. Clear and focused, it shows you how to sharpen your ability to think critically by developing and honing your skills. You’ll learn how to: Build a solid argument and express your ideas clearly Evaluate evidence and identify errors Understand and account for biased or flawed thinking Become a savvy user of technology Sift through the deluge of digital information Develop confident critical writing. Designed to work with a power pack of digital resources and exercises, you′ll find practical and effective tools to think and write critically in an information-saturated age. Whether you′re starting your first degree or arriving as an international or mature student, this book equips you with the skills, insights and confidence to succeed. This second edition has been redesigned and fine-tuned with a focus on accessibility: with a new and improved layout to improve the eBook experience, and updated language, examples and further reading recommendations throughout.

Critical Thinking Your Guide to Effective Argument Successful Analysis and Independent Study 2nd Table of contents:

PART I THE ART AND SCIENCE OF BEING REASONABLE

1 Understanding the reasons behind things

What is an argument? Persuasion through reasoning

Spotting arguments by searching for a conclusion

What isn’t an argument? Information without reasoning

Explanations: the business of reasoning backwards

What isn’t an argument? Persuasion without reasoning

Summary

2 Spelling out arguments and assumptions

Premises and conclusions: the standard form

Reconstructing extended arguments

A step-by-step guide to reconstructing arguments

A few further words about assumptions

Putting it all together

Summary

3 Reasoning with logic and certainty

Introducing deductive reasoning

Valid and invalid arguments

Necessary and sufficient conditions

Two types of valid and invalid reasoning

Sound and unsound arguments

Summary

4 Reasoning with observation and uncertainty

Argument by induction

Introducing inductive force

Induction and everyday language

Addressing uncertainty through probability

Making use of samples

The problem of induction

Induction and falsification

Summary

5 Developing explanations and theories

Introducing abduction

Explanations, theories and hypotheses

Moving towards better explanations

Moving from evidence to proof

Correlation and causation

Conducting meaningful research

Summary

6 Assessing evidence and planning your reading strategy

Engaging critically with primary and secondary sources

Creating a strategy for critical reading

Note-taking and critical engagement

Summary

PART II BEING REASONABLE IN AN UNREASONABLE WORLD

7 Getting to grips with rhetoric

The power of language and rhetoric

Putting persuasion in context

Analysing a message in detail: emotion and human stories

Aiming for impartiality

Rhetorical devices

Summary

8 Seeing through faulty reasoning

Fallacious arguments and faulty reasoning

Formal and informal fallacies

Informal fallacies of relevance (red herrings)

Informal fallacies of ambiguity (linguistic fallacies)

Informal fallacies of presumption (material fallacies)

Two formal fallacies: affirming the consequent and denying the antecedent

The undistributed middle: a formal fallacy

Base rate neglect: another formal fallacy

From base rate neglect to Bayes’s theorem

Summary

9 Understanding cognitive bias

Four types of heuristic

When to trust heuristics and when to distrust them

Biases based on how things are presented

Biases born from over-simplification

Biases born from a lack of insight

Behavioural economics and the research context

Summary

10 Overcoming bias in yourself and others

Attaching excessive significance to random events

Failing to consider things that didn’t happen

Over-estimating regularity and predictability

Humans: good at social situations, bad with numbers

Summary

11 Thinking critically about technology

From data to knowledge via fake news

Social proof and system bias

Time, attention and other people

Search, discovery and categories of knowledge

Practical tips for search, discovery and beyond

Summary

12 Putting it all together: critical thinking in study, work and life

Good writing in general

Good academic writing in particular

Writing and rewriting in practice

Getting the work done: what is holding you back?

Critical thinking and you

Ten commandments for critical thinking

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