Epigenetics and Reproductive Health 1st Edition by Nafisa H Balasinor, Priyanka Parte, Dipty Singh ISBN 9780128197530 0128197536

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ISBN 10: 0128197536
ISBN 13: 9780128197530
Author: Nafisa H Balasinor, Priyanka Parte, Dipty Singh

Epigenetics and Reproductive Health, a new volume in the Translational Epigenetics series, provides a thorough overview and discussion of epigenetics in reproduction and implications for reproductive medicine. Twenty international researchers discuss epigenetic mechanisms operating during the formation of male and female gametes, fertilization and subsequent embryo and placental development, particularly in mammals and transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. This volume also addresses aberrant epigenetic changes influencing male and female infertility, pregnancy related disorders, and those potentially linked to therapeutic manipulations and assisted reproductive technologies. Emphasis is placed on identifying biomarkers for early detection of aberrant epigenetic mechanisms.

Later chapters examine the possibility of correcting these epigenetic dysfunctions, as well as current challenges and next steps in research, enabling new translational discoveries and efforts towards developing therapeutics.

• Thoroughly examines the influence of aberrant epigenetics during gametogenesis and embryogenesis, affecting parents, gametes and embryos, offspring and future generations
• Explores health outcomes for reproductive senescence, endocrine disruption, testicular cancer, prostrate cancer, breast cancer, ovarian, cancer, endometrial cancer and cervical cancers
• Features chapter contributions from international researchers in the field

Epigenetics and Reproductive Health 1st Edition Table of contents:

1. Epigenetics and Reproductive Health
2. Translational Epigenetics Series
3. Epigenetics and Reproductive Health
4. Copyright
5. Dedication
6. Contents
7. Contributors
8. Acknowledgment
9. Introduction to epigenetics: basic concepts and advancements in the field
10. Introduction
11. Epigenetics
12. Definition
13. DNA methylation
14. DNA methylation: establishment and erasure
15. Histone modifications
16. Higher-order chromatin organization
17. Histone acetylation
18. Histone methylation
19. Other histone modifications
20. The “Histone Code”- its writers, readers and erasers
21. Non-coding RNAs
22. RNA modifications
23. Techniques for epigenetic analysis
24. DNA methylation
25. Histone modifications and chromatin remodelling
26. Methods to analyze methylation of RNA and ncRNA-species
27. Analysis of epigenetic modulating enzymes and their functions
28. Single cell epigenomics
29. Methodologies for single cell epigenetic analysis
30. DNA methylation and other modification
31. Histone modifications and transcription factor binding
32. Chromatin structure and chromosome organization
33. Epigenome manipulation and editing
34. Epigenetic manipulation techniques
35. Small-molecule inhibitors
36. Targeted epigenome manipulations
37. Zinc finger proteins
38. TALEs
39. CRISPR/Cas9 system
40. References
41. I – Spermatogenesis, oogenesis and fertility
42. 1 – Epigenome reprogramming in the male and female germ line
43. Introduction
44. Reprogramming of mouse germ cells
45. Primordial germ cell development in mice
46. Induction of PGCs from mouse pluripotent stem cells
47. Epigenome reprogramming of mouse PGCs
48. Transcriptional program for the mPGC fate
49. Remodeling of histone modification during mPGC development
50. Outline of DNA methylation reprogramming during mPGC development
51. Details of DNA methylation reprogramming
52. DNA hydroxymethylation
53. Interplay between UHRF1 and H3K9me2 reduction
54. Interplay between DNA demethylation and H3K9me3
55. Interplay between DNA demethylation and histone remodeling
56. Epigenome in sexually differentiated germ cells in mice
57. Epigenome reprogramming and female germ cell pathway
58. Androgenic epigenome programming in male embryonic germ cells
59. Epigenome aberration during in vitro differentiation of male germ cells
60. Summary of the epigenome reprogramming of embryonic germ cell development
61. Oocytes form a unique epigenome during oogenesis
62. De novo DNA methylation and genomic imprinting during oogenesis
63. Interplay between histone modification and de novo DNA methylation
64. Broad domains of H3K4me3 during oogenesis
65. Histone replacement during oogenesis
66. Three-dimensional organization during oogenesis
67. Epigenome reprogramming during the development of human germ cells
68. PGC specification and migration in human embryos
69. Reconstitution of early human PGCs and epigenome reprogramming in vitro
70. Human pluripotent stem cells
71. Induction of human PGC-like cells and their signaling and transcriptional regulation
72. Reprogramming of human PGCs reconstituted in vitro
73. Sex-specific differentiation of human germ cells
74. Differentiation of female germ cells
75. Differentiation of male germ cells
76. Epigenome reprogramming during development of human germ cells in genital ridges
77. Epigenome reprogramming in human oogonia reconstituted in vitro
78. Concluding remarks
79. Glossary
80. Acknowledgments
81. References
82. 2 – Genomic imprinting
83. Introduction
84. Characteristics of imprinted genes
85. The life cycle of imprints
86. Genomic imprinting in embryogenesis
87. Genomic imprinting in placentation
88. Genomic imprinting in post-natal development
89. Genomic imprinting in disease conditions
90. Infertility
91. Pregnancy-related disorders
92. Genetic and environmental influences on genomic imprinting
93. Genetic influences
94. Environmental influences
95. Endocrine disruptors
96. Assisted reproductive technologies induced defects
97. Concluding remarks
98. References
99. 3 – Chromatin remodeling of the male genome during spermiogenesis and embryo development
100. Introduction
101. Nuclear remodeling in sperm
102. Eviction of somatic histones and accompanying events
103. Hyperacetylation of histones
104. DNA strand breaks
105. Transcriptional surge
106. Incorporation of testis specific histone variants
107. Histone replacement by protamines
108. From being sperm nucleus to paternal pronucleus
109. Genome-wide reprogramming at fertilization
110. Zygotic Genome Activation
111. Methylation – demethylation
112. Is sperm merely a vector for the paternal genome?
113. The “not-so-small” importance of sperm small RNA population
114. Sperm miRNAs
115. Sperm non-coding RNAs
116. Father’s extra-genomic contribution to the zygote
117. References
118. 4 – Epigenetic regulation in stem cells
119. History of stem cell research
120. Types of stem cells
121. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)
122. Mechanism on the self-renewal of PSCs
123. Core transcription factors
124. OCT4
125. Nanog
126. Signal transduction pathways
127. LIF-STAT pathway
128. Wnt pathway
129. TGF-β pathway
130. Epigenetics
131. DNA methylation
132. Histone modification
133. Chromatin remodeling
134. Three-dimensional structure of genome
135. Conclusion
136. References
137. 5 – Aberrant epigenetics and reproductive disorders
138. Epigenetic alterations and reproductive system
139. Role of epigenetic alterations in female infertility
140. Polycystic ovary syndrome
141. Endometriosis
142. DNA methylation
143. Modification of histone code
144. Short non-coding RNAs and endometriosis
145. HDAC inhibitor in the treatment of endometriosis
146. Premature ovarian failure
147. Male infertility and DNA methylation
148. Methylation of imprinted genes and global/genome-wide and gene-specific methylation
149. Global/genome-wide and gene-specific DNA methylation
150. Histone modifications and male infertility
151. Role of protamination in male infertility
152. Non-coding RNAs and male infertility
153. Conclusion
154. References
155. II – Pregnancy/developmental/placental epigenetics
156. 6 – Epigenetic reprogramming in the embryo
157. Introduction
158. Epigenetics, a brief overview
159. Epigenetic marks that are relevant to preimplantation development
160. DNA methylation
161. 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC)
162. Histone modifications
163. Epigenetic reprogramming in the zygote and preimplantation embryo: an overview
164. The gametes and their epigenetic characteristics
165. The zygote: a hotbed of epigenetic activity
166. Regulation of DNA methylation in the zygote
167. Regulation of histones and histone modifications in the zygote
168. Detailed mapping of methylation changes in preimplantation development
169. Mediators of DNA methylation in gametes and preimplantation embryos
170. The subcortical maternal complex is a key effector of epigenetic programming in the oocyte/early emb
171. Demethylation events in the zygote and preimplantation embryo
172. Species-specific differences in reprogramming
173. RNA as a mediator of epigenetic events in gametes and preimplantation embryos
174. Conclusions
175. References
176. 7 – Epigenetic regulation during placentation
177. The placenta
178. Description of the placenta and placental cells
179. Structure of human placenta
180. Placental cells
181. Cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts
182. Villous core stroma cells
183. Pericytes and endothelial cells
184. How does the placenta form?
185. Human placental development from fertilization to full term
186. Early placenta formation
187. Transition to the primitive villous tree
188. Establishment of the maternofetal barrier
189. Placental blood circulation and spiral artery remodeling
190. Maternal-placental circulation systems
191. Spiral artery remodeling
192. Fetal placental circulation system
193. Placental physiology
194. Feto-maternal exchange through placenta
195. Breathing function
196. Nutritive and excretory functions
197. Endocrinal function
198. Epigenetic mechanisms in placental development
199. DNA methylation
200. Non-coding RNAs
201. miRs
202. miRs in trophoblast proliferation
203. miRs in trophoblast invasion, migration, and differentiation
204. miRs in placental vascularization and angiogenesis
205. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs)
206. Histone modifications
207. Imprinting and placental development
208. H19-IGF2 cluster
209. The pseudo malignant placental epigenome
210. Disturbed placental epigenetics
211. Placental epigenetics in relation to placental-related pathologies
212. Preeclampsia
213. Intra uterine growth restriction (IUGR)
214. Gestational diabetes (GDM)
215. Environmental effects
216. Diet
217. Effects of alcohol on placental epigenetics
218. Assisted reproductive technology
219. Maternal metabolic diseases
220. Thyroid dysfunction
221. Obesity
222. Conclusions and future perspectives
223. References
224. 8 – Epigenetic modulation during pregnancy and pregnancy related disorders
225. Introduction
226. Epigenetic regulation of placenta during pregnancy
227. DNA methylation
228. Chromatin remodeling
229. MicroRNAs
230. Epigenetics and pathogenesis of pregnancy disorders
231. Miscarriage and preterm birth
232. DNA methylation
233. Chromatin remodeling
234. MicroRNAs
235. Fetal growth restriction (FGR)
236. DNA methylation
237. Chromatin remodeling
238. MicroRNAs
239. Preeclampsia
240. DNA methylation
241. Chromatin remodeling
242. MicroRNAs
243. Gestational diabetes
244. DNA methylation
245. Chromatin remodeling
246. MicroRNAs
247. Conclusion
248. References
249. 9 – Epigenetic involvement in fetal and neonatal origins of late-onset disease
250. Introduction
251. Fetal origins of late-onset disease and the underlying epigenetic mechanism
252. Neonatal origins of late-onset disease and the underyling epigenetic mechanism
253. Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
254. Medical and educational intervention in early life to correct epigenetic dysfunctions
255. Conclusion
256. Acknowledgments
257. References
258. III – Epigenetic – lifestyle, aging and environmental influence
259. 10 – Impact of environmental chemicals and endocrine disruptors on mammalian germ cell epigenome
260. Introduction
261. Epigenetic effects of EDCs on male germ cell development
262. DNA methylation
263. ncRNAs
264. Post-translational modifications of histones and chromatin remodeling
265. Epigenetic effects of EDCs on female germ cell development
266. Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
267. Conclusions and research perspectives
268. References
269. 11 – Influence of nutrition on reproductive health through epigenetic mechanisms
270. Introduction
271. Nutrition and reproductive health
272. Macronutrients
273. Micronutrients
274. Nutrition and developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD)
275. One carbon metabolism
276. Epigenetics
277. Maternal nutrition, epigenetics and reproductive health
278. Preeclampsia
279. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
280. Preterm birth (PTB)
281. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)
282. Paternal nutrition, epigenetics and reproductive health
283. Conclusion
284. References
285. 12 – Influence of stress and lifestyle on epigenetic modifications
286. Introduction
287. The influence of stress during prenatal life on epigenetic modifications of the offsprings
288. The epigenetic changes of the offsprings upon exposure to stress in prenatal life due to disasters
289. The epigenetic changes of the imprinted genes in offsprings due to stress during prenatal period
290. Epigenetic changes of the HPA axis related genes in offsprings upon exposure to prenatal stress
291. Epigenetic changes of the spermatozoa due to the paternal lifestyle
292. Epigenetics and assisted reproductive technologies (ART)
293. Conclusions
294. References
295. 13 – Aging of male and female gametes
296. Introduction
297. Increasing age of parents
298. Implications of advanced parental age
299. Epigenetics
300. Epigenetics of the male gamete
301. Epigenetics of the female gamete
302. Epigenetics of the developing embryo
303. Aging in sperm
304. Chromatin modifications
305. DNA methylation
306. ncRNAs
307. Aging calculator
308. Aging in oocytes
309. Conclusion
310. Senescence
311. References
312. IV – Reproductive cancer and epigenetics
313. 14 – Testicular and prostate cancers
314. Introduction
315. Male reproductive cancers
316. Testicular cancer
317. Prostate cancer
318. Genetic and epigenetic interplay in reproductive cancers
319. Epigenetic regulation of testicular cancer
320. DNA methylation
321. Histone modification
322. MicroRNAs
323. Epigenetic regulation of prostate cancer
324. DNA methylation
325. Histone modification
326. MicroRNAs
327. Clinical implication of testicular and prostate cancer epigenetics
328. Epigenetic biomarkers in testicular cancer
329. Therapeutic targets in testicular cancer
330. Epigenetic biomarkers in prostate cancer
331. Therapeutic targets in prostate cancer
332. Conclusions
333. Acknowledgments
334. References
335. 15 – Emerging patterns and implications of breast cancer epigenetics: an update of the current knowl
336. Introduction
337. Risk factors
338. Classification
339. Methylation and cancer
340. Control of transcription by methylation
341. Methylomics of breast cancer: DNA methylation and gene dysregulation as a promising landscape for br
342. BRCA1
343. CDH1
344. APC
345. CCND2
346. PTEN
347. GSTP1
348. p16INK4α
349. RASSF1A
350. RAR-β2
351. Histone modifications in breast cancer
352. Noncoding RNAs influence on epigenetic alterations in breast cancer
353. Circular RNAs
354. Epigenetic landscape in breast cancer stem cells
355. The potential utility of liquid biopsy-based epigenetic studies in breast cancer
356. Epigenetic therapy of breast cancer
357. Nucleoside analogs
358. Non-nucleoside analogs
359. Conclusion
360. Acknowledgments
361. References
362. 16 – Ovarian & endometrial cancers
363. Epidemiology of endometrial and epithelial ovarian cancer
364. Epigenetics of endometrial and epithelial ovarian cancer
365. DNA methylation in endometrial cancer
366. DNA methylation in ovarian cancer
367. Epigenetic therapy in endometrial and ovarian cancer
368. Role of non-coding RNAs in ovarian and endometrial cancer
369. ncRNA transcripts in ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer
370. Small ncRNAs
371. miRNA
372. Conclusion
373. References
374. 17 – Epigenetic aberrations in cervical cancer
375. Introduction
376. Epigenetic alterations in cervical cancer
377. DNA methylation
378. Histone modifications
379. Histone acetylation and deacetylation
380. Histone methylation and demethylation
381. Histone phosphorylation
382. Influence of epigenetic alterations on cancer hallmarks
383. Sustained proliferative signaling
384. Limitless proliferation
385. Evasion of apoptosis
386. Migration and metastasis
387. Angiogenesis
388. Inflammation
389. Therapeutics
390. Conclusion
391. References
392. V – Epigenetics in diagnosis, prognosis and therapy
393. 18 – Natural molecules as epigenetic modifiers in reproduction
394. Introduction
395. Folic acid (FA)
396. Players in the endocannabinoid system
397. Role of ECS in female reproductive system
398. Role of ECS in male reproductive system
399. Epigenetic effects on reproduction by cannabinoids
400. Multigenerational effects of cannabis
401. Conclusion
402. References
403. Index

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