Equine Reproductive Procedures 2nd Edition by John Dascanio 9781119555933 1119555930

Equine Reproductive Procedures 2nd Edition John Dascanio – Ebook Instant Download/Delivery ISBN(s): 9781119555933 ,1119555930

Product details:

• ISBN 10: 1119555930
• ISBN 13: 9781119555933
• Author:John Dascanio

Equine Reproductive Procedures, 2nd Edition

Table contents:

Part I: Non-Pregnant Mare
1 Reproductive Evaluation
Introduction
Examination Technique
Other Tests
Additional Comments
Further Reading
2 Teasing
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
3 Tail Wrap and Preparation/Washing of the Perineum
Introduction
Placement of a Tail Wrap
Washing Perineum Technique
Interpretation
4 Placement of a Tail Rope
Introduction
Technique for Tying a Tail Rope
Technique for Using an Elastic Cord to Tie the Mare’s Tail to the Stocks
Further Reading
5 Perineal Conformation Evaluation
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Reference
Further Reading
6 Removal of a Persistent Hymen
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
7 Palpation of the Reproductive Tract
Introduction
Palpation Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
8 Ultrasound Evaluation
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
9 Prediction of Ovulation
Introduction
Technique
Further Reading
10 Speculum Examination of the Vagina
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
11 Digital Examination of the Vagina/Cervix
Introduction
Stage of Cycle
Technique
Interpretation and Additional Comments
Further Reading
12 Uterine Culture Collection: Swab/Brush
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
13 Antimicrobiotic Sensitivity Testing
Introduction
Technique
Further Reading
14 Microbiology: Microbial Culture
Introduction
Technique
Further Reading
15 Microbiology: Gram Stain
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
16 qPCR Assay for the Diagnosis of Infectious Endometritis
Introduction
Sample Collection Technique
qPCR and DNA Sequencing: The Basics
Interpretation of qPCR Data
Additional Comments
Further Reading
17 Uterine Cytology Collection: Swab/Brush
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
18 Uterine Culture/Cytology: Low Volume Lavage
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
19 Endometrial Biopsy
Introduction
Technique
Reference
Further Reading
20 Hysteroscopic Examination of the Uterus
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
21 Endometrial Cyst Removal
Introduction
Techniques
Interpretation
Further Reading
22 Chromosomal Analysis
Introduction
Chromosomal Analysis Techniques
Other Procedures
References
Further Reading
23 Endocrinological Examination
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
24 Laparoscopic Examination of the Female Reproductive Track with Ovarian Biopsy
Introduction
Technique
Further Reading
25 Evaluation of the Mammary Gland
Introduction
Techinque
Further Reading
26 Antisperm Antibody Testing
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
27 Starch Granule Test for the Evaluation of Oviductal Patency
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
28 Fluorescent Microspheres Test for Evaluation of Oviductal Patency
Introduction
Transvaginal Ultrasound Technique
Laparoscope Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
29 Oviductal Flush Procedure for the Evaluation of Oviductal Patency
Introduction
Retrograde Oviductal Flush (Laparotomy Approach) Technique
Normograde Oviductal Flush (Laparotomy Approach) Technique
Normograde Oviductal Flush (Laparoscopic Approach) Technique
Additional Comments
References
Further Reading
30 Prostaglandin E2 Treatment for Blocked Oviducts
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
References
Further Reading
31 Prostaglandin E1 Treatment for Blocked Oviducts
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
32 Hysteroscopic Hydrotubation of the Oviducts
Introduction
Technique
Further Reading
33 Transvaginal Ovarian Biopsy
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
34 Uterine Lavage
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
35 Uterine Infusion
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
36 Therapeutics for Infectious Endometritis
Introduction
Acute Bacterial Endometritis
Intrauterine Antibiotic Therapy
Systemic Antibiotic Therapy
Follow‐Up Examination
Additional Therapy
References
37 Bacterial Biofilm and Endometritis
Introduction
Equine Biofilms
Diagnostic Tests
Treatment Options for Biofilms
Further Reading
38 Latent Uterine Bacterial Infections
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation of Findings and Selection of Antibiotics
Disclosure
References
39 Acupuncture in Mare Reproduction
Introduction
Restraint and Tranquilization
Pre‐ and Post‐Breeding Uterine Fluid Technique
Urine Poolers
Pregnancy Maintenance
Additional Comments
References
Further Reading
40 Restraint for Breeding
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
41 Natural Service: Pasture Breeding
Introduction
Pasture Breeding Programs
Further Reading
42 Natural Service: In‐hand Breeding
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
43 Breeding Stitches
Introduction
Techniques
Additional Comments
Further Reading
44 Reinforcement Breeding
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
45 Breeding with Fresh or Cooled Semen
Introduction
Pre‐Insemination Technique
Insemination Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
46 Insemination Through a Vaginal Speculum
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
47 Breeding with Frozen Semen
Introduction
Administration of an Ovulation Induction Agent
Management Strategy with One Dose of Semen Available per Cycle
Management Strategy with Two Doses of Semen Available per Cycle
Breeding Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
48 Deep Horn Insemination
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
49 Hysteroscopic (Low Dose) Insemination
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
50 Transvaginal Oocyte Pickup
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation and Additional Comments
Further Reading
51 Packaging and transport of oocytes
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
52 Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation and Additional Comments
Further Reading
53 Caslick Operation or Vulvoplasty
Introduction
Initial Stage of Technique
Temporary Staple Technique
Permanent Suture Technique
Further Reading
54 Contagious Equine Metritis Testing
Introduction
Mare Diagnosis
Mare Treatment
Stallion Diagnosis
Stallion Treatment
Further Reading
55 Management of Seasonal Anestrus: Artificial Photoperiod
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
56 Management of Seasonal Anestrus: Hormone Therapy
Introduction
Technique
Further Reading
57 Hormone Therapy in Cycling Mares
Introduction
Gonadotropin‐Releasing Hormone and GnRH Agonists
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
Progesterone and Progestins
Estrogens
Prostaglandins
Oxytocin
Dopamine Antagonists (Domperidone and Sulpiride)
Further Reading
58 Estrus Suppression
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
59 Intrauterine Devices for Estrus Suppression
Introduction
General Preparation
Technique for Intrauterine Ball Placement
Technique for iUPODTM Placement
Interpretation
References
Further Reading
60 Immunocontraception
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
61 Harvesting and Shipping Ovaries for Oocyte Recovery
Introduction
Technique
Further Reading
Part II: Pregnant Mare
62 Embryo Collection
Introduction
Flush Procedure
Embryo Search
“Extra Flush” Procedure
Washing the Embryo
Interpretation
Futher Reading
63 Embryo Evaluation
Introduction
Developmental Stages
Embryo Grading
Determination of Embryo Size
Further Reading
64 Embryo Biopsy
Introduction
Technique
Further Reading
65 Embryo Packaging for Cooled Transport
Introduction
Technique for Packaging Embryos for Cooled Transport
Technique for Receiving and Handling a Shipped Embryo
Additional Comments
Further Reading
66 Embryo Cryopreservation
Introduction
Initial Preparation Steps
Vitrification Technique
Warming (Thawing) and Transfer Technique
Additional Comments
Reference
Further Reading
67 Non‐Surgical Embryo Transfer
Introduction
Transfer Technique
Management of the Recipient Mare After Transfer
Additional Comments
Further Reading
68 Autogenous Transfer of ICSI‐Derived Embryos
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
69 Palpation per Rectum of the Pregnant Reproductive Tract
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Additional Comments
Further Reading
70 Ultrasound Examination of the Pregnant Reproductive Tract
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation and Additional Comments
Further Reading
71 Speculum Examination of the Pregnant Mare
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Additional Comments: Potential Risks
Further Reading
72 Determination of Fetal Sex at 55–200 days
Introduction
Technique: 55–90 Days of Gestation
Technique: 90–150 Days of Gestation
Technique: After 150 Days of Gestation
Interpretation
Reference
Further Reading
73 Assessment of Late‐Term Fetal Well‐Being
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Reference
Further Reading
74 Combined Thickness of the Uterus and Placenta
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation and Additional Comments
Reference
Further Reading
75 Placentitis: Diagnosis and Treatment
Introduction
Diagnosis
Interpretation
Therapy for Placentitis
References
Further Reading
76 Doppler Ultrasonography
Introduction
Technique for Assessing a Pregnant Mare and Fetus
Technique for Assessing a Stallion
Technique for Assessing Ovaries
Further Reading
77 Prediction of Fetal Age
Introduction
Palpation Characteristics of the pregnant uterus
Embryo Characteristics
References
Further Reading
78 Twin Reduction: Manual Technique
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
79 Twin Reduction: Transvaginal Aspiration
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
80 Twin Reduction: Cranio‐Cervical Dislocation
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Advantages of CCD
Disadvantages of CCD
Further Reading
81 Twin Reduction: Thoracic Compression
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
82 Twin Reduction: Transabdominal Fetal Cardiac Puncture
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
83 Elective Termination of Pregnancy
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
84 Abortion Diagnostic Evaluation: Sample Collection in the Field and Submission
Introduction
Technique
Submission Protocols
Samples for Submission
Further Reading
85 Endocrine Evaluation of Pregnancy
Introduction
Hormonal Tests for Pregnancy
Additional Comments
Reference
Further Reading
86 Treatment of Vaginal Varicosities
Introduction
Technique for Endoscopic Examination
Technique for Laser Photocoagulation of Varicosities Using an Nd:YAG Laser
Interpretation
Reference
Further Reading
87 Manual Correction of Uterine Torsion
Introduction
Technique for Manual Rotation of the Uterus Through the Cervix
Technique for Rolling (“Plank in the Flank”)
Interpretation
Further Reading
88 Preparation for Foaling
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
89 Assessment of Mammary Gland Secretions to Predict Foaling
Introduction
Technique
Further Reading
90 Assessment of pH of Mammary Gland Secretions to Predict Foaling
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
91 Monitoring of Peri‐Parturient Mares Using Video and Web Cameras
Introduction
Wired Camera Systems
Wireless Camera Systems
Internet/Web‐Based Camera Systems
Interpretation
92 Foaling Alert: Vulvar Device
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
93 Positional Labor Alert Devices
Introduction
Halter Devices
Halter Device Technique
Girth Device Technique
Biometric Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
94 Induction of Parturition
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
95 Normal Foaling
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
96 Premature Separation of the Placenta
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
97 Dystocia Management
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
98 Dystocia Correction
Introduction
Technique
Further Reading
99 Fetotomy
Introduction
Fetotomy Instruments
Technique
Specific Fetotomy Cuts
Additional Comments
Further Reading
100 Epidural
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
101 Induction of Lactation to Create a Nurse Mare
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
102 Screening to Prevent Neonatal Isoerythrolysis
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
Part III: Postpartum Mare
103 Evaluation of Colostrum Specific Gravity
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
104 Evaluation of Colostrum Quality: Brix Refractometry
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation and Additional Comments
Further Reading
105 Colostrum Banking
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation and Additional Comments
Further Reading
106 Obtaining Milk from the Mare
Introduction
Hand Milking Technique
Milk Pump Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
107 Placental Evaluation
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation and Additional Comments
Further Reading
108 Removal of Retained Placenta
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
109 Abdominocentesis
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
110 Uterine Prolapse Treatment
Introduction
Immediate Prolapse Treatment
Technique for Replacing a Uterine Prolapse
Interpretation
Further Reading
111 Buhner Needle Placement of a Perivulvar Suture
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Part IV: Stallion
112 Breeding Soundness Evaluation
Introduction
Examination Technique
Interpretation and Additional Comments
113 Training the Stallion to Use a Phantom
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
114 Missouri Artificial Vagina
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
115 Colorado Model Artificial Vagina
Introduction
Technique for Assembly of the Colorado Model Artificial Vagina
Additional Comments
Further Reading
116 Roanoke Artificial Vagina
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
117 Hannover Artificial Vagina
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
References
118 Teaser Stallions
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
119 Standing Semen Collection
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
120 Collection of Semen Using an Open‐Ended Artificial Vagina
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
121 Chemical Ejaculation
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
122 Preparation of a Jump Mare or a Mare for Natural Cover
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
123 Washing the Penis
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
124 Evaluation of Sexual Behavior
Introduction
Evaluation of Sexual Behavior
Further Reading
125 Enhancement of Sexual Interest and Response
Introduction
General Health and Fitness
Housing and Breeding Environment
Handling for Breeding
Stimulus Mare
Endocrine Strategies for Boosting Stallion Sexual Interest and Arousal
Psychotropics/Anxiolytics
Further Reading
126 Management of Ejaculation Difficulty
Introduction
Handling for Breeding
Techniques for Enhancing Ejaculation
Pharmacological Aids
Ground Semen Collection
Additional Comments
Further Reading
127 Calibrated Spectrophotometer Evaluation of Sperm Concentration
Introduction
Technique Using a Cuvette
Technique Using a Microcuvette
Technique Using a Chip
Interpretation
Further Reading
128 Hemocytometer Evaluation of Sperm Concentration
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
129 NucleoCounter® Evaluation of Sperm Concentration and Viability
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
130 Visual Evaluation of Sperm Motility
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
131 Computer‐Assisted Sperm Analysis
Technique
Interpretation
Motility Estimation Method 1
Additional Comments
Further Reading
132 Eosin‐Nigrosin Staining in the Evaluation of Sperm
Introduction
Semen Staining Technique
Semen Smearing Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
133 Evaluation of Sperm Morphology
Introduction
Technique
Classification of Sperm Abnormalities
Abnormal Sperm Morphology
Interpretation
Additional Comments
Further Reading
134 Determination of Daily Sperm Output
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Reference
Further Reading
135 Measurement of Testicular Size and Estimation of Daily Sperm Output
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Reference
Further Reading
136 Wet Mount Evaluation of Sperm
Introduction
Preparation of a Wet Mount
Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy
Phase‐Contrast Microscopy
Interpretation
Further Reading
137 Diff‐Quik® Evaluation of Round Cells and Sperm
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
138 Electron Microscopy of Constituents of Seminal Ejaculates
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
References
139 Bacterial Culture
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
140 Evaluation of pH and Osmolarity of Semen
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
141 Alkaline Phosphatase: A Marker for Ejaculation
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Reference
Further Reading
142 Diagnosis and Management of Urospermia
Introduction
Testing for Urospermia
Technique for the Management of Urospermia
Interpretation
Further Reading
143 Hemospermia
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
144 Semen Extenders and Sperm Media
Semen Extenders
Sperm Media
References
Further Reading
145 Preparation of Semen for Cooled Transport
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Semen Extension Worksheet
Further Reading
146 Packing Semen for Cooled Transport
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
147 Longevity Testing of Sperm
Introduction
Technique
Further Reading
148 Calculation of g Force for Centrifuging Semen
Introduction
Technique
Reference
149 Centrifugation of Semen: Standard Technique
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
150 Centrifugation of Semen: Cushion Technique
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
151 Centrifugation of Semen: Selection of Motile Sperm Using a Single Layer Colloid Technique
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
152 Use of a SpermFilter
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
153 Semen Freezing
Introduction
Technique for Freezing Straws of Extended Semen
Additional Comments
Further Reading
154 Refreezing Semen
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
155 Thawing Frozen Semen
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
156 Semen Processing for Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection
Introduction
Sperm Processing Techniques
Final Sperm Preparation
Additional Comments
References
157 Preparing a Vapor Shipper
Introduction
Disinfection Technique
Filling Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
158 Loading a Vapor Shipper
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
159 Maintaining a Long‐Term Frozen Semen Storage Tank
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
160 International Transport of Frozen Semen
Introduction
Qualification as an Approved Semen Collection Center
Health Testing Requirements for Horses at the Collection Center
Semen Processing Requirements
Export Documentation
EU Approved Semen Collection Centers vs Semen Storage Centers
Additional Comments
161 Harvesting and Shipping Testes
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
162 Epididymal Sperm Recovery
Introduction
Technique
Alternative Seminal Plasma Processing
Interpretation
Further Reading
163 Endoscopic Examination of the Urethra
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Additional Comments
Further Reading
164 Endoscopic‐Guided Cannulation of the Seminal Vesicles
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
165 Palpation and Ultrasonography of the Testis, Epididymis, and Spermatic Cord
Introduction
Safety and Restraint
Technique
Interpretation
Additional Comments
Reference
Further Reading
166 Palpation and Ultrasonography of the Accessory Sex Glands
Introduction
Anatomy
Safety and Restraint
Technique
Interpretation
Pathology of the Accessory Sex Glands
Additional Comments
References
Further Reading
167 Radiographic Examination of the Penis
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
168 Testicular Biopsy and Aspiration
Introduction
Technique for an Incisional (Wedge) Biopsy
Technique for a Split Needle Biopsy
Technique for Fine Needle Aspiration
Interpretation
Reference
Further Reading
169 Assessment of Sperm Plasma Membrane Integrity and Viability: Propidium Iodide/SYBR‐14
Introduction
Stock Solutions
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
170 Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
171 Hypo‐Osmotic Swelling Test
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
172 Assessment of Sperm Acrosomal Status: PE‐PNA
Introduction
Stock Solutions
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
173 Assessment of Sperm Mitochondrial Function: JC‐1 and Rhodamine 123
Introduction
Stock Solutions
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
174 Equine Viral Arteritis Testing
Introduction
Technique
Treatment
Outcome and Prognosis
Prevention
Client Education
References
Further Reading
175 Diagnostic Endocrinology: Baseline Hormone Levels
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
176 Diagnostic Endocrinology: GnRH Stimulation Tests
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
177 Diagnostic Endocrinology: hCG Stimulation Test
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
178 Diagnostic Endocrinology: Estrogen Conjugate Assay
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
179 Diagnostic Tests for Cryptorchidism
Introduction
Technique
Further Reading
180 Probang Apparatus
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
181 Support Apparatus for Paraphimosis
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
182 Equine Castration Techniques
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Additional Comments
Further Reading
183 Stallion Acupuncture
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
Part V: Newborn Foal
184 Birth Resuscitation
Introduction
Birth Resuscitation Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
185 Handling and Restraint
Introduction
Technique
Imprint Training
Additional Comments
Further Reading
186 Madigan Foal Squeeze Technique
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
187 Evaluation of Passive Transfer
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation and Additional Comments
Further Reading
188 Colostral Administration via Naso‐Gastric Intubation
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
189 Sedation
Introduction
Restraint and Sedation
Additional Comments
Further Reading
190 Intravenous Catheter Placement
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
191 Plasma Therapy in the Foal
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
192 Acupuncture in the Neonate
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
193 Routine Care
Introduction
“A‐B‐C Guidelines”
Rupture of the Umbilical Cord and Umbilical Care
Nursing and Ingestion of Colostrum
Passage of Meconium and Meconium Impaction
“1–2–3 Rule”
Antibiotics
Plasma Therapy
Testing for Passive Transfer of Antibodies
Additional Comments
Further Reading
194 Foal Rejection
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
195 Fostering a Foal onto a Nurse Mare
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
196 Entropion
Introduction
Penicillin Bleb Technique
Suture Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
197 Umbilical Ultrasound
Introduction
Technique
Interpretation
Further Reading
198 Management of Soft Tissue Laxity
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
199 Management of Angular Limb Deformities
Introduction
Technique
Further Reading
200 Management of Congenital Flexural Limb Deformities
Introduction
Technique
Additional Comments
Further Reading
Part VI: Appendices

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