General Relativity Conflict and Rivalries Einstein’s Polemics with Physicists 1st Edition by Galina Weinstein ISBN 144388362X 978-1443883627

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ISBN 10: 144388362X
ISBN 13: 978-1443883627
Author: Galina Weinstein

This book focuses on Albert Einstein and his interactions with, and responses to, various scientists, both famous and lesser-known. It takes as its starting point that the discussions between Einstein and other scientists all represented a contribution to the edifice of general relativity and relativistic cosmology. These scientists with whom Einstein implicitly or explicitly interacted form a complicated web of collaboration, which this study explores, focusing on their implicit and explicit responses to Einstein’s work. This analysis uncovers latent undercurrents, indiscernible to other approaches to tracking the intellectual pathway of Einstein to his general theory of relativity. The interconnections and interactions presented here reveal the central figures who influenced Einstein during this intellectual period. Despite current approaches to history presupposing that the efforts of scientists such as Max Abraham and Gunnar Nordström, which differed from Einstein’s own views, be relegated to the background, this book shows that they all had an impact on the development of Einstein’s theories, stressing the limits of approaches focusing solely on Einstein. As such, General Relativity Conflict and Rivalries proves that the general theory of relativity was not developed as a single, coherent construction by an isolated, brooding individual, but, rather, that it came to fruition through Einstein’s conflicts and interactions with other scientists, and was consolidated by his creative processes during these exchanges.

General Relativity Conflict and Rivalries Einstein’s Polemics with Physicists 1st Table of contents:

1. Preface

   • Introduction to the Polemics of General Relativity
   • The Importance of Understanding Scientific Rivalries
   • Acknowledgements

2. Chapter 1: Einstein’s Revolution: The Birth of General Relativity

   • The Development of Special Relativity
   • From Newtonian Gravity to Einstein’s Concept of Spacetime
   • The Early Reception of General Relativity

3. Chapter 2: Early Criticism: The First Reactions to General Relativity

   • Resistance from the Physics Community
   • Key Figures: Einstein and the First Critics
   • The Eddington Expedition and the 1919 Eclipse Experiment

4. Chapter 3: The German Controversies: Einstein’s Intellectual Battles in Berlin

   • The Role of German Physicists in the Debate
   • The Opposition from Hermann Minkowski and Max Born
   • The Rise of the “Einstein Myth” and Nationalistic Tensions

5. Chapter 4: Rivalries with Schwarzschild and the Development of the Black Hole Concept

   • The Correspondence with Karl Schwarzschild
   • The First Solutions to Einstein’s Equations: The Schwarzschild Solution
   • Early Theoretical Challenges: Singularities and Black Holes

6. Chapter 5: The Vienna Critique: The “Copenhagen School” and Bohr’s Skepticism

   • The Influence of Niels Bohr and the Copenhagen Interpretation
   • Einstein vs. Bohr: Philosophical and Scientific Disagreements
   • Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity: A Deepening Rift

7. Chapter 6: The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox: Challenging Quantum Mechanics

   • The EPR Paper and Its Reception
   • Quantum Entanglement and the Quest for Hidden Variables
   • Einstein’s Continued Struggle with the Quantum Revolution

8. Chapter 7: The Cosmological Constant Controversy

   • Einstein’s Introduction and Abandonment of the Cosmological Constant
   • The Debate Over an Expanding Universe
   • Rival Cosmological Theories: De Sitter and Lemaitre
   • Einstein’s Reconciliation with the Expanding Universe

9. Chapter 8: The American Reception: The 1930s and Beyond

   • Einstein’s Move to America and Interaction with American Physicists
   • Albert Einstein and the Rise of American Quantum Physics
   • The Legacy of Einstein’s Polemics in the U.S.

10. Chapter 9: The Evolving Legacy: Postwar Rivalries and the Einstein Image

    • The Postwar Reception of General Relativity
    • The Expansion of Cosmology: From Steady-State to Big Bang Theory
    • Einstein’s Continuing Role in Physics and the Public’s Fascination

11. Chapter 10: Legacy and Reflection: The Role of Polemics in Scientific Progress

    • The Impact of Einstein’s Conflicts on the Evolution of Physics
    • The Role of Controversy in Advancing Scientific Understanding
    • Einstein’s Enduring Influence on Modern Physics

12. Conclusion: General Relativity and Its Place in the Modern Scientific Landscape

    • The Final Acceptance of General Relativity
    • The Contemporary Understanding of Gravity and Spacetime
    • Einstein’s Place in the History of Science

13. Appendices

    • Appendix A: Key Correspondence Between Einstein and His Critics
    • Appendix B: Timeline of Major Events in the General Relativity Debate
    • Appendix C: Glossary of Key Figures and Terms in the Einstein Controversies

14. References

15. Index

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