Handbook for Building Construction Administration Materials Design and Safety 1st Edition by Clifford J Schexnayder, Christine M Fiori ISBN 9781260456899 1260456897

Chapter 1. The Construction Industry

Construction

Glossary of Project Delivery Method Terms

A Goods-Producing Industry

Project Scope

Project Quality

Organization of the Industry

Residential Construction

Commercial/Institutional Construction

High-Rise Building Construction

Industrial Construction

Infrastructure Construction

Public and Private Works

Project Participants

Owners

General Contractors

Subcontractors or Specialty Contractors

Designers, Architects, and Engineers

Construction Manager

Trades

Labor Unions

Insurance Companies

Banks

Suppliers

Permitting Agencies and Building Authorities

The Public

Industry Associations

Construction Labor Force

Project Labor Agreements

Construction Crafts

Safety

Organization of the Construction Business

Opportunities

Delivering a Better Product

Our Vision

Chapter 2. The Project Team

Team

Manager versus Leader

Management

Plan

Organize

Staff

Direct

Control

Communication

Team Building

Trust

Partnering

Project Focus and Conclusion

People Working Together

Chapter 3. Contract Administration

Description of a Contract

Definition

Essential Contract Documents

Agreement

General Conditions

Supplementary Conditions

Drawings

Specifications

Addenda

Documents Included by Reference

Contractual Relationships

Owners

Designers

General Contractors

Subcontractors

Material Suppliers

Construction Managers

Bid and Award Process

Bidding

Bid Depository

Award

Notice to Proceed

Standard Contract Documents

Government

American Institute of Architects

Engineers Joint Contract Documents Committee (EJCDC)

Construction Owners Association of America

Types of Construction Contracts

Lump Sum

Unit Price

Cost Plus

Incentive Contracts

Negotiated Contracts

Job Order Contracts

Design–Build

Construction Management-At-Risk (CMAR)

Alternative Technical Concepts (ATCs)

Public Private Partnership (PPP or P3s)

Bonds (Guarantees)

Bid Bonds

Performance Bonds

Payment Bonds

Bonding Limits

Contractor Insurance

Workers’ Compensation Insurance

Commercial General Liability Insurance

Builder’s Risk

Equipment Insurance

Umbrella Insurance

Owner-Controlled Insurance Programs–OCIPs

Certificates

Subrogation

Administering a Construction Contract

Preconstruction Conference

Subcontracts

Submittals

Request for Information

Pay Estimates

Change Orders

Claims

Dispute Resolution

Alternative Dispute Resolution

Liquidated Damages and Substantial Completion

Final Inspection

Chapter 4. Construction Accounting

Accounting Practices

Income Statement

Retained Earnings

Balance Sheet

Assets

Current Assets

Long-Term Assets

Liabilities

Owner’s Equity

Liquidity and Working Capital

Current Ratio

Construction Contract Revenue Recognition

Cash Method of Revenue Recognition

Straight Accrual Method of Revenue Recognition

Completed-Contract Method of Revenue Recognition

Percentage-of-Completion Method of Revenue Recognition

Over/Underbilling

Contract Status Report

Financial Statement Analysis

Dollar and Percentage Change

Component Percentages

Ratios

Chapter 5. Construction Estimates

Introduction

Conceptual Estimates

Feasibility Estimates

Engineering and Design Estimates

Estimates for Construction

Estimating Methodology

Work Breakdown Structure

Degree of Detail

Parametric Estimates

Cost-Estimating Relationships

Accuracy and Completeness

Review

Estimate Preparation Basics

Review the Contract Documents

Plan the Work

Quantities

Types of Costs

Production

Productivity and Price Resources

Development of Specific Tasks

Labor Unit Cost

Equipment Unit Cost

Material Unit Cost

Unit Cost Reference Data

Costs and Pricing

Supporting Documentation

Labor

Crews

Wage Rates

Overtime and Shift Differential

Taxes and Insurance

Fringe Benefits

Labor Productivity

Productivity Adjustment

Construction Equipment and Plant

Selection of Equipment

Machine Production Rates

Mobilization and Demobilization

Small Tools

Permanent Materials and Supplies

Sources of Pricing Data

Forward Pricing

Freight

Handling and Storage

Taxes

Subcontracted Work

Use of Quotations

Overhead Costs

Job Office Overhead

Duration of Overhead Items

General and Administrative Overhead

Distribution of Overhead

Chapter 6. Estimating Building Projects

Symbols

Computer-Aided Design

Understanding Project Drawings

General Information

Floor Plans

Elevations and Sections

Special Details

Footing and Foundation

Structural Plans

Mechanical, Plumbing, and Electrical

Specifications

Organization of a CSI Technical Specification

Measurement

Perimeter

Relationship between Perimeters

Concrete Construction (CSI Division 3)

Formwork

Reinforcing

Curing

Pricing Concrete

Masonry Construction (CSI Division 4)

Position of the Brick

Bond

Joints

Factors Impacting Masonry Cost

Masonry Quantities

Pricing Masonry

Metals (CSI Division 5)

Steel Shapes and Nomenclature Information

Sequence of Take-Off

Pricing Steel

Wood, Plastic, and Composites (CSI Division 6)

Lumber

Framing Take-Off

Thermal and Moisture Protection (CSI Division 7)

Openings (CSI Division 8)

Door and Window Schedules

Pricing Doors and Windows

Finishes (CSI Division 9)

Finish Schedules

Finish Work Quantity Take-Off

Estimating Finishes

Finish Work Analysis

Plumbing (CSI Division 22) and Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (CSI Division 23)

Electrical (CSI Division 26)

Important Points

Design–Build Estimating

Resources

Chapter 7. Scheduling Projects

Project Planning

Historical Perspective

The Planning Process

Assumptions Based on Facts

Select the Course of Action

Activities/Tasks

Activity Duration

Bar Charts

Critical Path Method

Activity Logic Network

Schedule Calculations

Forward Pass

Backward Pass

Critical Path and Critical Activities

Precedence Logic Diagrams

Finish-to-Start

Start-to-Start

Finish-to-Finish

Start-to-Finish

Calendar Date Schedule

Scheduling Activities

Crew and Equipment Resources

Crashing

Pull Driven Schedules

Computer Support

Resource

Chapter 8. Risk Management

Overview

Risk Management Plan

Goals and Objectives of the Risk Management Process

Risk Management Scope

Risk Management Organization

Risk Management Process

Establishing Context

Identification of Risks (Threats and Opportunities)

Risk Register

Risk Breakdown Structure

Evaluating Risk (Risk Rating)

Cost and Schedule Evaluation

Risk Responses

Response Options for an Identified Threat

Response Options for Opportunities

Control and Monitor Risks

Communication and Consultation

Common Construction Project Risks

Chapter 9. Building Materials

Concrete

Cementitious Materials

Portland Cements

Mortars

Lime Products

Plasters

Masonry Cements

Admixtures for Concrete

Air-entraining

Water-reducing

Retarding

Accelerating

Plasticizers

Pozzolans

Coloring Admixtures

Fibers for Concrete Mixes

Miscellaneous Admixtures

Aggregates

Gradation of Aggregates

Amount of Fine Material Passing the No. 200 Sieve

Hardness

Soundness

Particle Shape

Alkali Reactivity

Freezing and Thawing Resistance

Organic Impurities

Heavyweight and Lightweight Aggregates

Portland-Cement Concrete

Normal-Weight Concrete

Lightweight Concrete

Heavyweight Concrete

High-Performance Concretes

Nonstructural or Foamed Cellular Concretes

Polymer Concretes

Concrete Masonry Units

Brick Masonry

Brick Manufacturing

Brick Properties

Brick Sizing

Calculating Brick Openings

Brick Classifications and Grades

Reinforcing Steel

Structural Steel

Wood

Trees

Lumber Grading

Lumber Dimensions

Wood Products

Glue-Lams

Structural Composite Lumber

Structural Wood Panels

Glass

Primary Ingredients

Glass Properties

Glazing for Windows, Doors, and Skylights

Safety Glazing

Glass in Handrails and Guards

Structural Glass Baluster Panels

Glazing in Athletic Facilities

Glass in Walkways

Asphalt and Bituminous Products

Asphalts for Dampproofing and Waterproofing

Bituminous Roofing

Built-Up Roofing

Roofing Felts

Roll Roofing

Asphalt Mastics and Grouts

Bituminous Pavements

Structure of Asphalt Pavements

Asphalt Mixing Plants

Asphalt Paving

Chapter 10. Building Construction Methods

Mobilization

Building Systems

Houses

Site Preparation

Foundation

Framing

Building Envelope

Walls

Roof

Insulation

Windows and Doors

Interior Walls

Utilities

Electrical

Water

Mechanical

Environmental Control Systems

Interior Finish

Commercial Building

White Box Buildings

Finished Commercial Buildings

Tilt-Up Construction

Casting the panels

Multistory Buildings

Building Foundation

Building Frames

Construction Challenges

Completing the Frame

Building Interior

Plumbing

Electrical

Above Ceiling Coordination

Chapter 11. Foundations

Structural Excavation

Dewatering

Support of Excavation

Shallow Trenches

Single-Sided Bracing Supports

Limitation on the Use of Diagonal Bracing

Cantilever Supports

Soldier Piles and Lagging

Steel Sheet Pile

Footings

Individual Footing

Spread footing or Strip footings and Wall Footings

Shallow Foundations

Deep Foundations

Piers

Chapter 12. Electrical Construction

Basic Electrical Theory

Key Terms

Building Information Modeling (BIM)

BIM Participants

Concrete and Composite Decks

Framing

Shop Drawings and Product Data

2-Dimensional Details

Raceways

Conduit

Cable Tray

Wireway

Surface Raceway

Electrical Duct

Raceway and Conduit Supports

Attachments

Rack Systems

Seismic Bracing

Raceway Bracing

Equipment Bracing

Light Fixture Bracing

Wire

Materials

Insulation

Wire Size

Wire Color

Ampacity

Cable

Electrical Boxes

Device Boxes

Junction Boxes

Box Supports

Conduit Bodies

Electrical Devices

Receptacles

NEMA Receptacle Configurations

Control Devices

Firestopping

Moldable “Putty” Pads

Thru-Wall Penetrations

Thru-Floor Firestopping

Normal Power Distribution Systems

Primary and Secondary Power Distribution

Feeders

Bus Duct

Branch Power

Panelboards and Load Centers

Branch Circuits Breakers

Branch Circuits

Lighting

Functions

Controls

Emergency Power Systems

Generators

Control and Paralleling Switchgear

Uninterruptible Power Supply

Fire Alarm

Fire Alarm Control Panel and Annunciators

Fire Alarm Control Panel

Termination Cabinets and Remote Panels

Fire Alarm Communication Paths (Conduit, Cable, and Wire)

Initiating Devices

Notification Devices

Structured Cabling

Entrance Facilities

Equipment Room

Backbone Cabling

Telecommunications Room

Horizontal Cabling

Work Area

Wi-Fi or WLAN (Wireless Networking)

Chapter 13. Mechanical Piping Systems

Piping Systems Used in the Built Environment

Plumbing Systems—CSI Division 22

Potable Water Distribution

HDPE

PVC

Interior DWV PVC Systems

Water Supply

Fire Suppression Piping

Fire Suppression Systems

Chillers and Boilers

Pumps

Fire Pumps

Prefabricated Assemblies

Pipe Insulation

Expansion and Contraction in Piping

Backflow Prevention

Plumbing Fixtures

Piping Coordination

Piping Commissioning

Chapter 14. HVAC

HVAC Systems

Heating for Buildings

Boilers

Electric Boilers

Condensing Boilers

Pulse Combustion Boilers

Cast Iron Sectional Boiler

Water Tube Boilers

Fin Tube Boilers

Fire Tube Boilers

Feedwater Pumps

Deaerators

Furnaces

Electric Furnaces

Gas-fired Furnaces

Fuel-Fired Heaters

Heat Exchangers for HVAC

Central Cooling Equipment

Refrigerant Compressors

Refrigeration Cycle

Centrifugal Compressors

Reciprocating Compressors

Rotary Compressors

Condensers

Air Cooled Condenser

Water Cooled Condensers

Chillers

Absorption Chillers

Centrifugal Chillers

Air Cooled Chillers

Water Cooled Chillers

Energy Recovery Systems

Cooling Towers

Evaporative Air Coolers

Decentralized HVAC Equipment

Packaged Air Conditioners

Humidity Control Equipment

HVAC Air Distribution

Insulation Requirements

Pipe Insulation

HVAC Piping and Pumps

Hydronic Pumps and Piping

Condensate Pumps

Refrigerant Piping

Ductwork

Ductwork Materials

Duct Accessories

Plenums

HVAC Fans

HVAC Controls

Solar Energy Heating Equipment

Geothermal Systems

Types of Geothermal Systems

HVAC Commissioning

Chapter 15. Energy-Efficient Building Systems

Energy-Efficient Buildings

LEED Rating System

ASHRAE Standard 189.1

Thermal Comfort

Ventilation

Mechanical Ventilation

Building Envelope

Wall Systems

Exterior Above-Grade Walls

Cavity Wall

Barrier Wall

Fenestrations

Example Application

Insulation

Lighting

Daylighting Systems

Appliances and Equipment

Controls

Energy Metering

HVAC Controls

Lighting Controls

Chapter 16. Software Support

Building Information Modeling (BIM)

Clash Detection

4D BIM – Schedule Information

5D BIM – Cost Information

Challenges

Estimating Solutions

Quantity Takeoff

Cost Estimating

Planning and Scheduling

Document Management

Storage and Distribution

Version Control

Workflow Management

Project Cost Management

Job Cost Accounting

Control Budget

Earned Value Management

Forecasting

Field Execution

The Future of Technology in Construction

Chapter 17. Productivity

Introduction

Influence of the Owner on Productivity

Design and Procurement Methods

Pre-construction Planning

Changes of Project Scope

Communication

Materials Management

Factors Related to Management and Leadership

Job Satisfaction and Motivational Factors

Organizational Factors

Labor Issues

Measured Mile Analysis

Earned Value Analysis

Determine Percent Complete

Determine Planned Value (PV)

Determine Earned Value (EV)

Identify the Actual Cost (AC)

Calculate Schedule Variance (SV)

Calculate Cost Variance (CV)

Determine Other Status Indicators

Estimate at Completion (EAC)

Work Sampling

Time and Motion Studies

Lean Construction Approaches

Practical Lean Tools

Chapter 18. Quality Management

Importance of Quality

Quality Control

Quality Control Plan

Organization

Personnel

Communications

Assurance

Subcontractors and Suppliers

Specifications

Inspections and Tests

Usefulness

Documentation

Control of Non-Conformances

Project Completion Inspections

Quality Assurance

International Organization for Standardization

Core QA Elements

Quality Assurance and APD Methods

Building Code Requirements

Structuring for Success

Total Quality Management

Customer Focus

Employee Empowerment

Process Centered

A Unified System

Strategic and Systematic Approach—Vision

Fact-Based Decision Making

Communications

Continuous Improvement

Delivering Quality

Employee Empowerment and Training

Improvement

Quality Management Plans

Chapter 19. Equipment for Building Construction

Tower Cranes

Mobile Cranes

Loader Cranes

Concrete Mixers

Concrete Pumps

Material Handlers

Mobile Lifts

Landscaping Equipment

Safety

Chapter 20. Safety

OSHA Requirements

Recordkeeping Requirements

Reporting Requirements

Contractor Requirements

Managing Safety

Leading Safety

Corporate Health and Safety Plan

Education and Training

Hazard Identification and Assessment

Hazard Prevention and Control

Develop and Update a Hazard Control Plan

Conducting a Job Hazard Analysis

Education and Training

Program Evaluation and Improvement

Incident Investigations

Subcontractor Management

Contract Requirements—Site-Specific Safety Programs

Safety Regulations

Who is Responsible for Site Safety

Safety Orientation Procedures and Policies

Subcontractors

General Housekeeping

Who and When Safety Inspections are Conducted

Required Personal Protective Equipment

Incident Reports

Work Zone Warning Devices

Fire Protection

Equipment Inspections

Control of Lockout/Tag-Out

Hazard Communications

Medical Treatment

Employee Periodic Plan Review

Hazard Control Measures

OSHA Fatal Four

Falls

Trenches and Open Excavations

Electrocution

OSHA Forms for Recording Work-Related Injury

Index