International and Transnational Crime and Justice 2nd Edition by Mangai Natarajan ISBN 9781108708838 1108708838

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ISBN 10: 1108708838
ISBN 13: 9781108708838
Author: Mangai Natarajan

International and Transnational Crime and Justice 2nd Edition Table of contents:

Part I Overview: Transnational Crime

Part 1A Varieties of Transnational Crimes

1 Drug Trafficking

Introduction

Definition

Drug Supply

Complexities of International Drug Trafficking

Variety of Methods, Techniques, and Routes Used to Transport Drugs

Varied Routes

Varieties of Trafficking Organizations and Distribution Strategies

Global Strategies to Combat the Supply and Demand of Illegal Drugs

Summary

References

2 Understanding the Complexity of Trafficking in Human Beings

Introduction

Definition

Trends and Statistics

Factors that Contribute to Trafficking

Traffickers and their Organizations

Methods of Recruitment and Markets of Exploitation

Harm to Victims: Human Rights and Public Health Concerns

Ending Human Trafficking and Victimization

Summary and Conclusion

References

Websites

3 The Trafficking of Children in the USA

Introduction

Definitions, Trends, and Statistics

Who is Most at Risk of Being Trafficked?

Child Welfare-Involved Youth

Runaway and Homeless Youth

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning Youth

Child Labor Trafficking

Impacts of Being Trafficked

Summary and Conclusion

References

Important Reading

4 Migrant Smuggling

Introduction

Assessing the Scale of the Phenomenon

The Market for Smuggling Services

The Structure of Human Smuggling

Conclusions

References

Websites

5 International Trafficking of Stolen Vehicles

Introduction

How is Trafficking in Stolen Cars Accomplished?

What Facilitates Trafficking in Stolen Cars?

How Organized is Vehicle Trafficking?

What is Being Done to Reduce the Problem?

Conclusions

References

6 Transnational Firearms Trafficking Guns for Crime and Conflict

Introduction

Guns for Crime

Guns for War

What is Firearms Trafficking?

Why Some Areas are Vulnerable to gun Trafficking

Further Reading

7 Trafficking Antiquities

Introduction

Measurement Problems

Provenance

How does the International Market in Illicit Antiquities Function?

The Legal and Policy Context: How the Problem is Addressed

International Treaties

Domestic Laws

Nonlegal Prevention Measures

Factors that Facilitate Antiquities Trafficking

Trade Culture

Limitation Periods

Corruption

Summary and Conclusions

References

8 The Illegal Cigarette Trade

Introduction

The Anatomy of the Illegal Cigarette Trade

Procurement Schemes

Bootlegging

Large-Scale Smuggling

Counterfeiting

Smuggling and Wholesale Distribution Schemes

Retail Distribution Schemes

Who is Involved in the Illegal Cigarette Trade?

Criminal Groups and Terrorist Groups

The Tobacco Industry

Countermeasures

Conclusions

References

Websites

9 Wildlife Trafficking The Problem, Patterns, and a Promising Path Toward Prevention

Introduction

Background

Discussion

Current Wildlife Trafficking Research Gaps

Recent Criminological Research on Wildlife Trafficking

A New Way Forward for Tackling Wildlife Trafficking

Conclusions

References

Websites

10 Cybercrime

The Development of Cybercrime

Conclusions

References

11 Crime and Online Anonymous Markets

Introduction

Definitions

The Tor Network

The Bitcoin Network

Online Anonymous Markets

Criminal Justice Approach to Online Anonymous Markets

Policing the Ecosystem

Pulling the Plug

Making it Personal

Measuring Intervention Effects

Conclusions

References

Websites

12 Cryptocurrencies and Money Laundering Opportunities

Introduction

Cryptocurrencies and Crime Opportunities

Review of Crypto Money Laundering Script

Crypto Money Laundering Case Analysis

Characteristic Features of Crypto Laundering Cases

The Darknet and Bitcoin Exchanges

Front Companies

Middleman Operations: Money Laundering Services

Hacking

Conclusions

References

13 Money Laundering

Introduction

Background

International Definition

US Definition

UK Definition

Discussion

Global Scope and the Stages of Money Laundering

Forfeiture in the USA

Confiscation in the UK

Conclusions

References

Websites

14 International Fraud

Introduction

How Significant A Problem Is Fraud?

Some Types of International Fraud

Fraudulent Investment Schemes

Bankruptcy and Other Credit Frauds

Conclusion

References

15 Ransom Kidnapping A Global Concern

Introduction

A Brief History of Kidnapping for Ransom

Background

Types

Patterns Associated with K&R

Responses

Summary of Highlights

References

16 Child Pornography

Overview of Child Pornography

What is Child Pornography?

Trends and Statistics

Profile of Users

Investigating and Controlling Child Pornography

Summary

References

Websites

17 Transnational Environmental Crime

Introduction

Background

Conceptualizing Transnational Environmental Crime and Harm

Different Types of Transnational Environmental Crime

Responding to Transnational Environmental Crime

Conclusion: The Importance of an Eco-Global Criminology

References

Websites

18 Multinational Corporate Criminal Negligence: A Case Study of the Bhopal Disaster, India

Introduction

Factors Causing Leakage of Gas

Magnitude of Calamity

Some Consequences

Environmental Harms

Legal Actions

Present Condition of the Site

Summary and Conclusions

References

19 Maritime Crimes An Overview

General Overview

The Maritime Transportation System

Legal Authority of Flag States

Maritime Law Enforcement

Maritime Crimes

Trafficking

Piracy and Armed Robbery

Building Law Enforcement Capacity of Port States

Conclusions

References

Websites

20 Worldwide Maritime Piracy and the Implications for Situational Crime Prevention

Introduction

Background

Limitations on the Definition of Piracy

Piracy-Prone Regions Worldwide

Economic Implications

Gaps, Inadequacies, and Current Antipiracy Efforts

An Emerging Approach to Controlling and Preventing Piracy

Conclusions

References

Websites

21 Poaching of Terrestrial Wild Animals and Plants

Introduction

The Diversity of Poaching

Why is Poaching Difficult to Study?

What are the Harms of Poaching?

Environmental and Economic

Political and Social

Why is Poaching Difficult to Reduce?

What has been Done?

How can Criminology Contribute to Preventing Poaching?

Conclusions

References

22 Illegal Commercial Fishing

Introduction

The Harms of Illegal Fishing

Economic

Social

Environmental

Which Commercial Species are Targeted?

Is Organized Crime Involved in Illegal Commercial Fishing?

What Facilitates Illegal Commercial Fishing?

Flags of Non-Compliance

Ports of Convenience

Transshipment at Sea

Corruption

Subsidies

What Measures have been Taken to Deal with Illegal Fishing?

Regulatory Measures

Trade-Related and Other Measures

Conclusions

References

23 Corruption

Introduction: A General Overview of the Topic

Background

Measuring Corruption

Discussion of Major Concepts

Criminalization, Investigation, Prosecution, Sanctions

Anti-Corruption Agencies

Structural Reform

Education, Integrity-Building Mobilization of the Public

The United Nations Convention Against Corruption

Summary of Highlights

References

Websites

24 Tourist and Visitor Crime

Tourists and Visitors

Public Opinion and Tourist-Related Crime

Theoretical Importance of Tourist-Related Crime

Types of Visitor Crime

Tourism, Visitor Crime, and Routine Activities

References

25 Terrorism

Defining Terrorism

The “Root Causes” of Terrorism

International and Domestic Terrorism

How Much Terrorism is There?

Preventing Terrorism

Collecting Intelligence

Summary and Conclusion

References

26 Political Assassinations A Global Perspective

Introduction

Assassination Background

Defining Assassination

Types of Assassinations

Literature Summary

Global Trends

Prevention Measures and Threat Assessment

Conclusions

References

Part IB Transnational Organized Crime

27 Transnational Organized Crime

What is Organized Crime?

Types of Activities of Organized Crime

Organizing to Commit Crimes

Scope of Organized Crime

Types of Organized Crime Groups

Responding to Transnational Organized Crime

The Scope and Future of Transnational Organized Crime

Conclusions

References

28 Transnational Crime Patterns and Trends

Introduction

What Crosses Borders?

The Directionality of Cross-Border Movement

Smuggling Schemes

The Geography of Transnational Crime

Transnational Criminal Structures

Trends Over Time

Conclusions

References

29 Transnational Organized Crime Networks

Introduction

How to Analyze Transnational Organized Crime Networks: Social Network Analysis

The Analysis of Organized Crime Networks

Mobility of Transnational Organized Crime

Organized Crime Networks and Illegal Markets

Conclusion

References

30 Italian Organized Crime

Introduction

The Military Mafia

Interpretations and Perspectives

Summary

References

31 Extortion and Organized Crime

Introduction

Market Opportunities

Organizational Structure of Criminal Groups

Operations at Local Level

The Victim/Offender Relationship

Systemic And Casual Extortion Racketeering: The European Case AND ITS EVOLUTION

Conclusions

References

32 Russian Organized Crime

Introduction

The History of Roc

Current Status of Roc

Prevalence

An Ineffective Fight Against Organized Crime

Current Issues

Criminalization of Governmental Bodies

Conclusion and Discussion

References

33 The Rise of Balkan Organized Crime

The EU Definition of Organized Crime

Key Activities and Operational Methods

From Peripheral Actors to Central Players

Transnational Smuggling

Trade in Arms

Drug Trafficking

Illegal Immigration and Human Trafficking

Organized Theft and Robberies

Vulnerability to Organized Crime

Criminal Structure AND MOBILITY

Conclusion

References

Websites

34 Organized Crime Groups in Asia Hong Kong and Japan

Overview

The Origins of Triads

The Operation of Triads Today

The Operation of Boryokudan Today

Conclusion

References

35 Drug Cartels Neither Holy, Nor Roman, Nor an Empire

Background

Colombia’s Cartels

Dynamics of Cartels

Mexican Cartels

Conclusion

References

36 Probing the “Nexus” between Organized Crime and Terrorism

Introduction

Criminal by Definition

How Important is the Nexus?

Bad Policy

Summary

References

Part IC Factors that Facilitate Transnational Crimes

37 The Globalization of Crime

Globalization of Crime: Forms and Methods

Political Transitions and Globalized Crime

Decline of Border Controls and Globalized Crime

Globalization of Crime Groups

Summary and Conclusion

References

Websites

38 Routine Activities and Transnational Crime

Overview

Sequences and Routines

Newer Historical Paths

Public and Private Access and Crime

Conclusion

References

39 Political Aspects of Violence A Criminological Analysis

A Brief Overview

From Political Violence to Terrorism

Summary

References

40 Migration, Crime, and Victimization

Migrants and Offending

Migrants and Victimization

Summary

References

41 Culture and Crime

Culture, Norms, and Transgressions

Cultural Construction of Crime

Ethnocentrism, Human Rights, and Cultural Defense

References

Part ID Transnational Justice Matters

42 Major Legal Systems of the World

Legal Systems and Legal Traditions

The Common Law Legal Tradition

The Civil Law Legal Tradition

The Islamic Legal Tradition

The Indigenous Legal Tradition

Mixtures of Legal Traditions

Summary

Further Reading

43 Punishment Philosophies and Practices around the World

Introduction

Defining Punishment

Philosophies of Punishment

The Functions of Punishment

Administration of Punishment

Types of Punishment

Matching Punishments to Crimes

References

44 Prisons around the World

Historical Overview of Prisons

Global Incarceration Numbers and Rates

Prison Governance

Prison Crowding

Summary

Acknowledgments

References

45 World Policing Models

Overview

Definitions

Alternative Police Systems

Recent Trends

Summary

References

46 Cross-border Policing

Introduction

The Nature of Cross-Border Policing

Overview of Border Policing In the USA and the European Union

US Border Policing

The European Union

Challenges and Criticisms of Cross-Border Policing

Summary

References

Websites

47 Cybercrime Laws and Investigations

Introduction

Conducting International Cybercrime Investigations

Main Challenges In International Cybercrime Investigations

Lack of or Inadequate National and International Laws

Slow Formal and Informal Information and Evidence Sharing Networks

Deficits in National Capacities

Concluding Remarks

References

Websites and Readings

48 The European Union and Cooperation in Criminal Matters

General Overview

Background

Forms of Police and Judicial Cooperation In The Eu

Conclusions

Recommended Reading

Websites

49 Extradition and Mutual Legal Assistance

Introduction

The Basis for Extradition and Mutual Legal Assistance

Extradition

Mutual Legal Assistance

Grounds for Refusal

The Mutual Legal Assistance Procedure

Recent Trends and Conclusions

References

50 International Cooperation to Combat Money Laundering

Money Laundering

Global Cooperative Efforts

United Nations

The Financial Action Task Force (FATF)

Enforcement

Conclusion

References

Websites

51 The Role of Major Intergovernmental Organizations and International Agencies in Combating Transna

Introduction

Agencies of the United Nations

UN Specialized Agencies

UN Funds and Programs

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

Regional Police Organizations

Interorganizational Partnerships Within The UN System and With Non-Un Organizations

Summary

References

52 Crime Prevention in International Context

Introduction

Current Status of Crime Prevention

New Challenges

Conclusion

References

Part II Overview: International Crime

PART IIA Core International Crimes (As Defined by the Rome Statute, 1998)

53 Genocide, War Crimes, and Crimes against Humanity

Introduction

War crimes

Crimes against Humanity

Genocide

Conclusion

References

54 History of Genocide

Introduction

Genocide: Historical Background

Earlier Genocides

Twentieth-Century Genocides

Contemporary Issues

Research and Advocacy Agenda

Conclusion

Further Reading

55 Understanding Culture and Conflict in Preventing Genocide

Introduction

Background: Culture, Genocide, and Genocide Prevention

Discrimination, Persecution, and the Genocidal Process

Discussion: Genocide Prevention and Upstreaming Prevention

Conclusion

References

Further Reading

56 War Crimes

Introduction

The Law of War: an Introductory Historical Overview

Ancient History

Eighteenth-and Nineteenth-Century Precursors

Birth of the Modern War Crimes Regime

The Nuremberg Trial

Cold War-Era Lawfare

The Post-Cold War Moment

The Challenge of 9/11 to the Laws of War

Major Concepts: Categories of War Crimes

Trends

Sexual Violence as a War Crime

Lawfare

Collateral Damage (Necessity, Proportionality, and Distinction)

Conclusions

References

57 Apartheid: A Crime against Humanity

Introduction

Historical Background

The Language of Apartheid

Apartheid’s Apparatuses

The Crime of Apartheid

Conclusion

References

Websites

58 The Crime of Aggression

Introduction

Defining The Crime of Aggression

Conclusions: A Compromise Based on Limited Jurisdiction

Further Reading

59 Crimes of the Powerful: A Global Perspective

Definition of Crime

Definition of Power

Types of Crimes of The Powerful

State Crimes

Corporate Crimes

State-Corporate Crimes

Crimes of Globalization

Summary

References

Websites

PART IIB International Crime and Justice for Women and Children

60 Women and International Criminal Justice

Introduction

Women as Offenders

Women as Victims of Violence

Culture-Specific Violence

Armed Conflict and Sexual Violence

Transnational Violence against Women

Treatment of Women in the Criminal Justice Systems

Women as Justice Professionals

Summary and Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

61 Domestic Violence: A Global Concern

Introduction

Factors Contributing to Dv

Measurement of Domestic Violence

Laws Against Dv

Criminal Justice Responses To Dv: Policing and Prosecution

Global Response to Dv

Feminist Initiatives

Women Police Stations

Summary

References

62 Honor-Based Violence: A Review

Introduction

Nature and Prevalence of HBV

HBV Cases

Conceptualizing and Contextualizing HBV

Conclusion: Preventing HBV

References

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