Linux Administration A Beginner Guide 8th Edition by Wale Soyinka ISBN 9781260441710 1260441717

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ISBN 10: 1260441717
ISBN 13: 9781260441710
Author: Wale Soyinka

Linux Administration A Beginner Guide 8th Edition Table of contents:

Part I Introduction and Installation

Chapter 1 Introduction to Linux, Distributions, and FOSS

Linux: The Operating System

Open Source Software and GNU: Overview

The GNU Public License

Upstream and Downstream

The Advantages of Open Source Software

Understanding the Differences Between Windows and Linux

Single Users vs. Multiple Users vs. Network Users

The Monolithic Kernel and the Micro-Kernel

Separation of the GUI and the Kernel

My Network Places

The Registry vs. Text Files

Domains and Active Directory

Summary

Chapter 2 Installing a Linux Server

Hardware and Environmental Considerations

Server Design

Uptime

Methods of Installation

Installing Fedora

Project Prerequisites

The Installation

Installation Summary

Localization Section

Software Section

System Section

User Settings Section

The Installation

Installing Ubuntu Server

Start the Installation

Configure the Network

Configure Proxy

Configure Ubuntu Archive Mirror

File System Setup

Profile Setup

SSH Setup

Featured Server Snaps

Install Complete

Summary

Chapter 3 Deploying Linux Servers in the Cloud

Behind the Cloud

Obtaining and Spinning Up New Virtual Linux Servers

Free-to-Run Virtual Linux Servers

Commercial Cloud Service Providers

Summary

Part II Single-Host Administration

Chapter 4 The Command Line

An Introduction to Bash

Job Control

Environment Variables

Pipes

Redirection

Command-Line Shortcuts

Filename Expansion

Environment Variables as Parameters

Multiple Commands

Backticks

Documentation Tools

The man Command

The texinfo System

Files (Types, Ownership, and Permissions)

Normal Files

Directories

Hard Links

Symbolic Links

Block Devices

Character Devices

Listing Files: ls

Change Ownership: chown

Change Group: chgrp

Change Mode: chmod

File Management and Manipulation

Copy Files: cp

Move Files: mv

Link Files: ln

Find a File: find

File Compression: gzip

File Compression: bzip2

File Compression: xz

Create a Directory: mkdir

Remove Files or Directories: rm

Show Present Working Directory: pwd

Tape Archive: tar

Concatenate Files: cat

Display a File One Screen at a Time: more or less

Show the Directory Location of a File: which

Locate a Command: whereis

Editors

vi

emacs

pico

sed

Miscellaneous Tools

Disk Utilization: du

Disk Free: df

List Processes: ps

Show an Interactive List of Processes: top

Send a Signal to a Process: kill

Show System Information: uname

Who Is Logged In: who

A Variation on who: w

Switch User: su

Putting It All Together (Moving a User and Its Home Directory)

Summary

Chapter 5 Managing Software

The Red Hat Package Manager

Managing Software Using RPM

Querying for Information the RPM Way (Getting to Know One Another)

Installing Software with RPM (Moving in Together)

Uninstalling Software with RPM (Ending the Relationship)

Other Things RPM Can Do

Yum

DNF

GUI RPM Package Managers

Fedora or Ubuntu

openSUSE and SLE

The Debian Package Management System

APT

Software Management in Ubuntu

Querying for Information

Installing Software in Ubuntu

Removing Software in Ubuntu

Compile and Install GNU Software

Getting and Unpacking the Source Package

Looking for Documentation

Configuring the Package

Compiling the Package

Installing the Package

Testing the Software

Cleanup

Common Problems when Building from Source Code

Problems with Libraries

Missing Configure Script

Broken Source Code

Summary

Chapter 6 Managing Users and Groups

What Exactly Constitutes a User?

Where User Information Is Kept

The /etc/passwd File

The /etc/shadow File

The /etc/group File

User Management Tools

Command-Line User Management

GUI User Managers

Users and Access Permissions

Understanding SetUID and SetGID Programs

Sticky Bit

Pluggable Authentication Modules

How PAM Works

PAM’s Files and Their Locations

Configuring PAM

A Sample PAM Configuration File

The “Other” File

D’oh! I Can’t Log In!

Debugging PAM

A Grand Tour

Creating Users with useradd

Creating Groups with groupadd

Modifying User Attributes with usermod

Modifying Group Attributes with groupmod

Deleting Users and Groups with userdel and groupdel

Summary

Chapter 7 Booting and Shutting Down

Boot Loaders

GRUB Legacy

GRUB 2

Bootstrapping

The init Process

Systemd Scripts

Writing Your Own rc Script

Enabling and Disabling Services

Enabling a Service

Disabling a Service

Odds and Ends of Booting and Shutting Down

fsck!

Booting into Single-User (“Recovery”) Mode

Summary

Chapter 8 File Systems

The Makeup of File Systems

i-Nodes

Blocks

Superblocks

ext4

Btrfs

XFS

Managing File Systems

Mounting and Unmounting Local Disks

Using fsck

Adding a New Disk

Overview of Partitions

Traditional Disk and Partition Naming Conventions

Volume Management

Creating Partitions and Logical Volumes

Creating File Systems

Summary

Chapter 9 Core System Services

systemd

systemd’s Role

How systemd Works

xinetd

The /etc/xinetd.conf File

Examples: A Simple (echo) Service Entry

The Logging Daemon

rsyslogd

systemd-journald (journald)

The cron Program

The crontab File

Editing the crontab File

Summary

Chapter 10 The Linux Kernel

What Exactly Is a Kernel?

Finding the Kernel Source Code

Getting the Correct Kernel Version

Unpacking the Kernel Source Code

Building the Kernel

Preparing to Configure the Kernel

Kernel Configuration

Compiling the Kernel

Installing the Kernel

Booting the Kernel

The Author Lied! It Didn’t Work!

Patching the Kernel

Downloading and Applying Patches

If the Patch Worked

If the Patch Didn’t Work

Summary

Chapter 11 Knobs and Dials: API (Virtual) File Systems

What’s Inside the /proc Directory?

Tweaking Files Inside of /proc

Some Useful /proc Entries

Enumerated /proc Entries

Common proc Settings and Reports

SYN Flood Protection

Issues on High-Volume Servers

SysFS

cgroupfs

tmpfs

tmpfs Example

Summary

Part III Networking and Security

Chapter 12 TCP/IP for System Administrators

The Layers

Packets

TCP/IP Model and the OSI Model

Headers

Ethernet

IP (IPv4)

TCP

UDP

A Complete TCP Connection

Opening a Connection

Transferring Data

Closing the Connection

How ARP Works

The ARP Header: ARP Works with Other Protocols, Too!

Bringing IP Networks Together

Hosts and Networks

Subnetting

Netmasks

Static Routing

Dynamic Routing with RIP

tcpdump Bits and Bobs

Reading and Writing Dumpfiles

Capturing More or Less per Packet

Performance Impact

Don’t Capture Your Own Network Traffic

Troubleshooting Slow Name Resolution (DNS) Issues

IPv6

IPv6 Address Format

IPv6 Address Types

IPv6 Backward Compatibility

Summary

Chapter 13 Network Configuration

Modules and Network Interfaces

Network Device Configuration Utilities (ip, ifconfig, and nmcli)

Sample Usage: ifconfig, ip, and nmcli

Setting Up NICs at Boot Time

Managing Routes

Sample Usage: Route Configuration

Displaying Routes

A Simple Linux Router

Routing with Static Routes

VPCs, Subnets, IPs, and Route Configuration (AWS Cloud Example)

VPCs and Subnets (AWS)

Internet Gateways and Routing (AWS)

Security Groups (AWS)

Launch a Linux Server in Its Own Subnet (AWS)

Hostname Configuration

Summary

Chapter 14 Linux Firewall (Netfilter)

How Netfilter Works

A NAT Primer

Chains

Installing Netfilter

Enabling Netfilter in the Kernel

Configuring Netfilter

Saving Your Netfilter Configuration

The iptables Command

firewalld

Cookbook Solutions

Simple NAT: iptables

Simple NAT: nftables

Simple Firewall: iptables

Summary

Chapter 15 Local Security

Common Sources of Risk

SetUID Programs

Unnecessary Processes

Picking the Right Runlevel

Nonhuman User Accounts

Limited Resources

Mitigating Risk

chroot

SELinux

AppArmor

Monitoring Your System

Logging

Using ps and netstat

Watch That Space (Using df)

Automated Monitoring

Staying in the Loop (Mailing Lists)

Summary

Chapter 16 Network Security

TCP/IP and Network Security

The Importance of Port Numbers

Tracking Services

Using the netstat Command

Security Implications of netstat’s Output

Binding to an Interface

Shutting Down Services

Shutting Down xinetd and inetd Services

Shutting Down Non-xinetd Services

Monitoring Your System

Making the Best Use of syslog

Monitoring Bandwidth with MRTG

Handling Attacks

Trust Nothing (and No One)

Change Your Passwords

Pull the Plug

Network Security Tools

nmap

Snort

Nessus and OpenVAS

Wireshark/tcpdump

Summary

Part IV Internet Services

Chapter 17 Domain Name System (DNS)

The Hosts File

How DNS Works

Domain and Host Naming Conventions

The Root Domain

Subdomain

The in-addr.arpa Domain

Types of Servers

Installing a DNS Server

Understanding the BIND Configuration File

The Specifics

Configuring a DNS Server

Defining a Primary Zone in the named.conf File

Defining a Secondary Zone in the named.conf File

Defining a Caching Zone in the named.conf File

DNS Records Types

SOA: Start of Authority

NS: Name Server

A and AAAA: Address Records

PTR: Pointer Record

MX: Mail Exchanger

CNAME: Canonical Name

RP and TXT: The Documentation Entries

Setting Up BIND Database Files

DNS Server Setup Walkthrough

The DNS Toolbox

host

dig

resolvectl

nslookup

whois

nsupdate

The rndc Tool

Configuring DNS Clients

The Resolver

Configuring the Client (Traditional)

Summary

Chapter 18 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

The Mechanics of FTP

Client/Server Interactions

Obtaining and Installing vsftpd

Configuring vsftpd

Starting and Testing the FTP Server

Customizing the FTP Server

Setting Up an Anonymous-Only FTP Server

Setting Up an FTP Server with Virtual Users

Summary

Chapter 19 Apache Web Server

Understanding HTTP

Headers

Ports

Process Ownership and Security

Installing the Apache HTTP Server

Apache Modules

Starting Up and Shutting Down Apache

Starting Apache at Boot Time

Testing Your Installation

Configuring Apache

Creating a Simple Root-Level Page

Apache Configuration Files

Common Configuration Options

Troubleshooting Apache

Summary

Chapter 20 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

Understanding SMTP

Rudimentary SMTP Details

Security Implications

E-mail Components

Installing the Postfix Server

Installing Postfix via DNF in Fedora, CentOS, or RHEL

Installing Postfix via APT in Ubuntu

Configuring the Postfix Server

The main.cf File

Checking Your Configuration

Running the Server

Checking the Mail Queue

Flushing the Mail Queue

The newaliases Command

Making Sure Everything Works

Summary

Chapter 21 Post Office Protocol and Internet Mail Access Protocol (POP and IMAP)

POP3 and IMAP Protocol Basics

Dovecot (IMAP and POP3 Server)

Installing Dovecot

Dovecot Configuration Files and Options

Configuring Dovecot

Running Dovecot

Checking Basic POP3 Functionality

Checking Basic IMAP Functionality

Other Issues with Mail Services

SSL/TLS Security

Availability

Log Files

Summary

Chapter 22 Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)

VoIP Overview

VoIP Server

Analog Telephone Adapter (ATA)

IP Phones

VoIP Protocols

VoIP Implementations

Asterisk

How Asterisk Works

Asterisk Installation

Starting and Stopping Asterisk

Understanding Asterisk Configuration Files and Structure

The Dialplan: extensions.conf

Modules: modules.conf

Asterisk Network, Port, and Firewall Requirements

Configuring the Local Firewall for Asterisk

Configuring the PBX

Local Extensions

Outside Connection (VoIP Trunking)

Trunking Using Twilio Elastic SIP Trunks

Asterisk Maintenance and Troubleshooting

Asterisk CLI Commands

Helpful CLI Commands

Common Issues with VoIP

Summary

Chapter 23 Secure Shell (SSH)

Understanding Public Key Cryptography

Key Characteristics

SSH Backstory (Versions)

OpenSSH and OpenBSD

Alternative Vendors for SSH Clients

Installing OpenSSH on RPM-Based Systems

Installing OpenSSH via APT in Ubuntu

Server Startup and Shutdown

SSHD Configuration File

Using OpenSSH

Secure Shell (ssh) Client Program

Secure Copy (scp) Program

Secure FTP (sftp) Program

Files Used by the OpenSSH Client

Summary

Part V Intranet Services

Chapter 24 Network File System (NFS)

The Mechanics of NFS

Versions of NFS

Security Considerations for NFS

Mount and Access a Partition

Enabling NFS in Fedora, RHEL, and CentOS

Enabling NFS in Ubuntu and Debian

The Components of NFS

Kernel Support for NFS

Configuring an NFS Server

The /etc/exports Configuration File

Configuring NFS Clients

The mount Command

Soft vs. Hard Mounts

Cross-Mounting Disks

The Importance of the intr Option

Performance Tuning

Troubleshooting Client-Side NFS Issues

Stale File Handles

Permission Denied

Sample NFS Client and NFS Server Configuration

Common Uses for NFS

Summary

Chapter 25 Samba

The Mechanics of SMB

Usernames and Passwords

Encrypted Passwords

Samba Daemons

Installing Samba via RPM

Installing Samba via APT

Samba Administration

Starting and Stopping Samba

Creating a Share

Using smbclient

Mounting Remote Samba Shares

Samba Users

Creating Samba Users

Allowing Null Passwords

Changing Passwords with smbpasswd

Using Samba to Authenticate Against a Windows Server

winbindd Daemon

Troubleshooting Samba

Summary

Chapter 26 Distributed File Systems (DFS)

DFS Overview

DFS Implementations

GlusterFS

Summary

Chapter 27 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)

LDAP Basics

LDAP Directory

Client/Server Model

Uses of LDAP

LDAP Terminology

OpenLDAP

Server-Side Daemons

OpenLDAP Utilities

Installing OpenLDAP

Configuring OpenLDAP

Configuring slapd

Starting and Stopping slapd

Configuring OpenLDAP Clients

Creating Directory Entries

Searching, Querying, and Modifying the Directory

Using OpenLDAP for User Authentication

Configuring the Server

Configuring the Client

Summary

Chapter 28 Printing

Printing Terminologies

The CUPS System

Running CUPS

Installing CUPS

Configuring CUPS

Adding Printers

Local Printers and Remote Printers

Using the Web Interface to Add a Printer

Using Command-Line Tools to Add a Printer

Routine CUPS Administration

Setting the Default Printer

Enabling, Disabling, and Deleting Printers

Accepting and Rejecting Print Jobs

Managing Printing Privileges

Managing Printers via the Web Interface

Using Client-Side Printing Tools

lpr

lpq

lprm

Summary

Chapter 29 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

The Mechanics of DHCP

The DHCP Server

Installing DHCP Software via RPM

Installing DHCP Software via APT in Ubuntu

Configuring the DHCP Server

A Sample dhcpd.conf File

The DHCP Client Daemon

Summary

Chapter 30 Virtualization

Why Virtualize?

Virtualization Concepts

Virtualization Implementations

Hyper-V

Kernel-Based Virtual Machine (KVM)

QEMU

VirtualBox

VMware

Xen

KVM

KVM Example

Managing KVM Virtual Machines

Setting Up KVM in Ubuntu/Debian

Containers

Containers vs. Virtual Machines

Docker

Summary

Chapter 31 Backups

Evaluating Your Backup Needs

Amount of Data

Backup Hardware and Backup Medium

Network Throughput

Speed and Ease of Data Recovery

Data Deduplication

Tape Management

Command-Line Backup Tools

dump and restore

tar

rsync

Miscellaneous Backup Solutions

Summary

Part VI Appendixes

A Creating a Linux Installer on Flash/USB Devices

Overview

Native Solutions

Distro-Specific Solutions

Universal Solutions

B Demo Virtual Machine and Container

Basic Host System Requirements

Installing the Virtualization Applications and Utilities

Download and Prep the Demo VM Image File

Import the Demo VM Image and Create a New VM Instance

Managing the Demo Virtual Machine

Connecting to the Demo VM

Virtual Network Computing (VNC)

Virtual Serial TTY Console

Connecting via SSH

Cockpit Application

Just Use It!

Demo Containers (Docker, podman, buildah, and kubectl)

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