Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography of the Eye 1st Edition by David Huang, Bruno Lumbroso, Yali Jia, Nadia K Waheed ISBN 1630912832 9781630912826

Part I: Principles and Methods

Chapter 1 Optical Coherence Tomography Systems for Angiography

Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography

Swept Source Optical Coherence Tomography

Depth Range and Sensitivity Roll-Off

Commercial Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Instruments

Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging Wavelengths

Resolution

The Future: Wide-Field Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

References

Chapter 2 Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Algorithms

Label-Free Angiography

Summary

References

Chapter 3 Cross-Sectional and En Face Visualization of Posterior Eye Circulations

En Face Visualization of Segmented Tissue Slabs

Color Coding of Vessel by Slab or Depth

AngioVue Default Segmentation and Display

Advanced Image Processing For Visualizing Capillary Plexuses

References

Chapter 4 Cross-Sectional and En Face Visualization of Normal Anterior Eye Circulations

Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Corneal Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Conjunctival and Scleral Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Iris Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Summary

References

Chapter 5 Artifacts in Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Pupil Vignetting Artifact And Other Causes Of Nonuniform Signal Strength

Defocus And Other Problems That Reduce Signal Strength Globally

Motion Artifacts

Shadow Artifacts

Projection Artifacts

Artifacts From Segmentation Error

Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 6 Quantification

Building Blocks To Quantification

Flow Signal

Region of Interest

Quantification Metrics: Vessel Density and Flow Index

Quantitative Metric: Nonperfusion Area

Quantitative Metric: Neovascularization Area

Demonstration In Disease

Quantification of Peripapillary Retina Perfusion in Glaucoma

Quantification of Macular Perfusion in Diabetic Retinopathy

Quantification of Choriocapillaris Perfusion

Quantification of Choroidal Neovascularization in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Quantification of Retinal Neovascularization in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

Morphologic Vessel Metrics

References

Chapter 7 Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography: Terminology

Structural Optical Coherence Tomography

Reflectance

Reflectivity

Signal Amplitude and Intensity

Signal Strength

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Flow Signal

Amplitude/Magnitude/Intensity/ Speckle Variance/Decorrelation

Phase Variance

Optical Microangiography

Split-Spectrum Amplitude-Decorrelation Angiography

Variable Interscan Time Analysis

AngioPlex

AngioVue

Analysis of Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

En Face Projection

Segmentation

Slabs and Slices

Bulk Motion Artifacts/Line Artifacts

Flow Projection Artifacts

Flow Index

Vessel Area Density

Vessel Length Density

Vessel Density Map

Avascular Area/Nonflow Area

Nonperfusion Area/ Capillary Dropout Area

Flow Impairment

Quantification of Neovascularization

References

Chapter 8 Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography on the Optovue AngioVue With Split-Spectrum Amplitude-Decorrelation Angiography and DualTrac Motion Correction

Introduction To Angiovue Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Angiovue Technologies

Acquiring Angiovue Scans

Flow Projection Artifact And Removal

Visualizing Angiovue Data

Angioanalytics

References

Chapter 9 Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography: Optical Microangiography

Brief Principle Of Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography/Optical Microangiography

Implementation Of The Optical Microangiography Algorithm

Clinical Performance Of Optical Microangiography Imaging

Advantages of the FastTrac

Macular Telangiectasia Type 2

Diabetic Retinopathy

Wide-Field Optical Microangiography Imaging

Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 10 Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Imaging With Topcon’s One-Micrometer Wavelength Swept Source Optical Coherence Tomography

Topcon Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Method

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Examples In Healthy Eyes

Scanning With Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Ratio Analysis

TOpcon’s Smarttrack Real-Time Eye Tracking System

Topcon Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Report

Advantages of Topcon’s Swept Source Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Ratio Analysis

Examples of Diseased Eyes

Glaucoma Case: 51-Year-Old Male

Glaucoma Case: 71-Year-Old Female

Diabetic Retinopathy Case: 65-Year-Old Female

Age-Related Macular Degeneration Case: 45-Year-Old Female

Future Directions

Summary

Reference

Chapter 11 Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Using NIDEK RS-3000 Advance

Principles Of Operation

Segmentation

Quantification

Automated Vessel Density Measurement

Semiautomated Foveal Avascular Zone Area Measurement

Artifacts In Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Motion Artifacts

Flow Projection Artifacts

Floaters/Media Opacity

Clinical Applications Of Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Diabetic Retinopathy

Retinal Vein Occlusion

Summary

References

Part II: Retinal Diseases

Chapter 12 Exudative Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Type 1, 2, and Mixed Choroidal Neovascularization

Assessing Exudative Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Choroidal Neovascularization Features: Occult, Type 1, Classic Type 2, and Type 4 (Mixed)

Type 1 New Vessels

Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine Green Features

Structural Optical Coherence Tomography Features

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Features

Dark Halo Surrounding Choroidal Neovascularization

Type 2 New Vessels

Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine Green Features

Structural Optical Coherence Tomography Features

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Features

Type 4 New Vessels (Mixed Type)

Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine Green Features

Structural Optical Coherence Tomography Features

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Features

Arterialized Choroidal Neovascularization

Residual Vessels In Fibrotic Scar

References

Chapter 13 Short- and Long-Term Response of Choroidal Neovascularization to Anti-Angiogenic Treatment

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Of Choroidal Neovascularization Evolution After Treatment

Periodic Evolution

Typical Choroidal Neovascularization Cases Evolution

Observations From Our Case Series

Choroidal Neovascularization Recurrences

Summary

References

Chapter 14 Nonexudative Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Detection Of Choroidal Neovascularization: Fluorescein Angiography Vs Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Nonexudative Neovascular Age- Related Macular Degeneration

Clinical Examples of Nonexudative Choroidal Neovascularization

Discussion

Nonexudative Choroidal Neovascularization Secondary to Treatment Response

Discussion

Summary

References

Chapter 15 Type 3 Neovascularization— Retinal Angiomatous Proliferation

Pathogenesis and Origin

Clinicopathological Studies

Clinical Features And Findings With Dye Angiography

Structural Optical Coherence Tomography Features

Features Of Type 3 Neovascularization On Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Natural History, Clinical Course, And Treatment

The Use Of Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography For The Monitoring Of Disease Progression And Response To Treatment

Summary

References

Chapter 16 Non-Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Early Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography In Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Late Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Varying Interscan Time Analysis

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Artifacts In Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Summary

References

Chapter 17 Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy

Case 1

Case 2

Case 3

Case 4

Case 5

Discussion

References

Chapter 18 Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography of Macular Telangiectasia Type 2

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography for Macular Telangiectasia 2

Clinical Optical Coherence Tomography Angiographic Staging And Findings Of Macular Telangiectasia 2

Nonproliferative Stages

Stage 1

Stage 2

Stage 3

Proliferative Stages

Summary

References

Chapter 19 Central Serous Chorioretinopathy

Dye-Based Angiography

Fluorescein Angiography

Indocyanine Green Angiography

Optical Coherence Tomography

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography For Central Serous Chorioretinopathy

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography for Choroidal Neovascularization Secondary to Central Serous Chorioretinopathy

References

Chapter 20 Choroidal Neovascularization of Other Causes

Background

CASE 1: Choroidal Neovascularization Secondary to Angioid Streaks

Case 2: Choroidal Neovascularization Complicating Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy

CASE 3: Choroidal Neovascularization Following Choroidal Rupture

CASE 4: Idiopathic Choroidal Neovascularization

CASE 5: Idiopathic Choroidal Neovascularization

CASE 6: Choroidal Neovascularization in Posterior Uveitis

Case 7: Idiopathic Choroidal Neovascularization

Case 8: Choroidal Neovascularization In The Setting Of Vitelliform Dystrophy

Summary

References

Chapter 21 Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

Advantages and Limitations of Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Diabetic Retinopathy

Angiographic Features

Microaneurysms

Capillary Nonperfusion and Foveal Avascular Zone Enlargement

Diabetic Macular Edema

Intraretinal Microvascular Abnormalities

Diabetic Choroidopathy

Summary

References

Chapter 22 Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

Fluorescein Angiography of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

Intraretinal Microvascular Abnormalities, Neovascularization Elsewhere, and Neovascularization of the Disc

Additional Microvascular Features Of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

Segmentation Of Retinal Vasculature

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography of the Choroid and Choriocapillaris in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

Automated Image Analysis of Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Diabetic Retinopathy

References

Chapter 23 Retinal Venous Occlusion

References

Chapter 24 Retinal Arterial Occlusion

Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion

Paracentral Acute Middle Maculopathy

Case 1 Acute Central Retinal Artery Occlusion

Clinical Summary

Optical Coherence Tomography and Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Case 2 Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion

Clinical Summary

Optical Coherence Tomography and Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Case 3 Paracentral Acute Middle Maculopathy

Clinical Summary

Optical Coherence Tomography and Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 25 Inherited Retinal Degenerations

Background

Imaging Choroidal Neovascularization In Inherited Retinal Dystrophies

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography To Examine Pathology In Choroideremia

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography To Examine Pathology In Retinitis Pigmentosa

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography To Examine Pathology In Stargardt Disease

Summary

References

Chapter 26 Pathological Myopia

References

Chapter 27 Flow Characteristics in Retinal Vasculitis Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

The Macular Microcirculation In Retinal Vasculitis

The Peripapillary Retinal Microcirculation In Retinal Vasculitis

Summary

References

Chapter 28 White Dot Syndromes

Birdshot Chorioretinopathy

Serpiginous Choroiditis

Multifocal Choroiditis/ Punctate Inner Choroidopathy

Acute Zonal Occult Outer Retinopathy

References

Chapter 29 Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Choroiditis, Retinitis, and Vasculitis

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography In Chorioretinal Inflammations

Frosted Branch Angiitis

Ocular Toxoplasmosis

Behçet Disease

Summary

References

Chapter 30 Melanocytic Tumors

Melanocytic Tumors

Structural Optical Coherence Tomography in the Management of Intraocular Melanocytic Tumors

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography For Iris Melanocytic Tumors

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography In Choroidal Melanocytic Tumors

Summary

References

Chapter 31 Radiation Maculopathy

Localization Of Irradiation-Induced Damages In The Superficial And Deep Capillary Plexus

Foveal Avascular Zone Changes

Nonperfusion And Quantitative Vessel Density

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Vs Fluorescein Angiography

Cystoid Macular Edema

Summary

References

Part III: Optic Nerve Diseases

Chapter 32 Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Of Optic Disc Perfusion In Glaucoma

Swept Source Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Of The Optic Disc

Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Of The Optic Disc

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Of The Peripapillary Retina In Glaucoma

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Of Macular Retinal Circulation In Glaucoma

Summary

References

Chapter 33 Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma

Reduced Perfusion In Acute Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma

Perfusion Change In Different Parts Of The Fundus In Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma Eyes

Future Prospects

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 34 Neurodegenerative Diseases

Optical Coherence Tomography Parameters For Evaluating Neurodegenerative Diseases

Alzheimer’s Disease

Multiple Sclerosis

Parkinson’s Disease and Other Neurological Diseases

Summary

References

Part IV: Anterior Diseases

Chapter 35 Angiography of the Cornea Using Optical Coherence Tomography

Principles Of Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Imaging Of Corneal Pathology

Superficial Neovascularization

Middle and Deep Stromal Neovascularization

Corneal Transplant Rejection

AngioVue Motion Correction Technology

Discussion

References

Financial Disclosures

Index