Pathology of Lung Disease Morphology Pathogenesis Etiology 1st Edition by Helmut Popper ISBN 9783662504895 3662504898

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ISBN 10: 3662504898
ISBN 13: 9783662504895
Author: Helmut Popper

Pathology of Lung Disease Morphology Pathogenesis Etiology 1st Edition Table of contents:

1: Development of the Lung

1.1 Genetic Control of the Development

1.2 Comparison of Lung Development Across Species

References

2: Normal Lung

2.1 Gross Morphology

2.2 The Airways

2.3 Lymphoreticular Tissue and the Immune System of the Lung

2.4 Comparison of Human Lung to Other Species

References

3: Pediatric Diseases

3.1 Developmental and Inherited Lung Diseases

3.1.1 Aplasia and Acinar/Alveolar Dysgenesis

3.1.2 Growth Retardation

3.1.3 Vascular Malformations

3.1.3.1 Alveolar Capillary Dysplasia with/Without Misalignment of Pulmonary Veins

3.1.3.2 Diffuse and Localized AV Anastomoses

3.1.3.3 Anomalous Systemic Arterial Supply Including Sequestration

3.1.4 Malformations of the Airway System

3.1.4.1 Congenital Pulmonary Adenomatoid Malformation (CPAM, Formerly CCAM) Types I, II, and III

3.1.4.2 Bronchogenic Cyst

3.1.4.3 Immotile Cilia Syndrome

3.1.5 Lung Pathology in Chromosomal Abnormalities

3.1.6 Inborn Errors of Metabolism

3.1.7 Cystic Fibrosis

3.1.8 Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia of Infancy (NEHI)

3.2 Pneumonia in Childhood Including Noninfectious Interstitial Pneumonias

3.2.1 Chronic Pneumonia of Infancy (CPI)

3.2.2 Mendelson Syndrome in Children and Silent Nocturnal Aspiration

References

4: Edema

4.1 Gross Morphology

4.2 Histology

4.3 High-Altitude Edema (HAPE)

References

5: Air Filling Diseases

5.1 Atelectasis

5.1.1 Gross Morphology

5.1.2 Histology

5.2 Emphysema

5.2.1 Gross Morphology

5.2.2 Histology

5.3 Emphysema and Lung Function

5.3.1 Factors Contributing to Emphysema Development

References

6: Airway Diseases

6.1 Tracheitis and Bronchitis

6.1.1 Gross Morphology

6.1.2 Histology

6.2 Bronchial Asthma

6.2.1 Etiology

6.2.2 Immune Mechanisms

6.2.3 Gross Morphology

6.2.4 Histology

6.3 Bronchiolitis

6.4 The Classification

References

7: Smoking-Related Lung Diseases

7.1 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

7.1.1 Histology

7.1.2 Molecular Biology

7.1.3 Function of LH Cells

7.1.4 Differential Diagnosis

7.2 Respiratory Bronchiolitis: Interstitial Lung Disease (RBILD)

7.2.1 Histology

7.3 Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia (DIP)

7.3.1 Histology

7.4 Smoking-Induced Interstitial Fibrosis (SRIF)/Respiratory Bronchiolitis-Associated Interstitial

7.5 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

7.5.1 What Are the Mechanisms? Why Not Every Smoker Develops COPD?

References

8: Pneumonia

8.1 Alveolar Pneumonias (Lobar and Bronchopneumonia)

8.1.1 Clinical Symptoms of Pneumonias

8.1.2 Alveolar Pneumonias (Bronchopneumonia and Lobar Pneumonia; Adult and Childhood)

8.1.2.1 Gross Morphology

8.1.2.2 Variants of Bronchopneumonias (Purulent Pneumonia (PN))

8.1.3 Diffuse Alveolar Damage (DAD) and Acute Interstitial Pneumonia

8.1.4 Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonia (LIP)

Immunohistochemistry

8.1.5 Giant Cell Interstitial Pneumonia (GIP; See Also Under Pneumoconiosis)

8.1.6 The Infectious Organisms

8.1.6.1 HIV Infection and the Lung

8.1.6.2 Transplacental Infection Causing Pneumonias in Childhood

8.1.7 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD)

8.1.8 Aspiration Pneumonia

8.1.9 HIV Infection

8.2 Granulomatous Pneumonias

8.2.1 Introduction

8.2.2 What Influences Granuloma Formation? Why Necrosis?

8.2.3 Morphologic Spectrum of Epithelioid Cell Granulomas

8.2.4 The Causes of Epithelioid Cell Granulomas and Their Differential Diagnosis

8.2.4.1 Infectious Epithelioid Cell Granulomas

Tuberculosis

Mycobacteriosis

Granulomatous or Tuberculoid Leprosy

Rare Bacterial Infections

Mycosis

Histoplasmosis

Cryptococcosis (European Blastomycosis)

Blastomycosis

Coccidio- and Paracoccidiomycosis

8.2.4.2 The Noninfectious Epithelioid Cell Granuloma

Sarcoidosis

Clinics and Radiology

Chronic Allergic Metal Disease

Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis/Hypersensitivity Pneumonia (EAA, HP)

Sarcoid-Like Reaction

Wegener’s Granulomatosis/Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA)

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Bronchocentric Granulomatosis (BCG)

Lung Involvement in Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Foreign Body Granuloma

8.2.5 Methods to Be Used for a Definite Diagnosis of Infectious Organisms

8.3 Fibrosing Pneumonias (Interstitial Pneumonias)

8.3.1 Historical Remarks on Interstitial Pneumonia Classification

8.3.2 Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP)/Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)

8.3.2.1 Epidemiology and Incidence

8.3.2.2 Clinical Presentation and CT

8.3.2.3 Pathogenesis and Etiology

8.3.2.4 Histology

8.3.2.5 Modes of Handling Diagnosis

Diagnosis in Small Biopsies

8.3.3 Familial IPF (FIPF)

8.3.4 Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia (NSIP)

8.3.5 Organizing and Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia (OP, COP)

8.3.6 Airway-Centered Interstitial Fibrosis (ACIF)

References

9: Immunological Lung Diseases

9.1 Introduction into Interstitial Lung Diseases

9.2 Autoimmune Diseases

9.2.1 Rheumatoid Lung Disease

9.2.2 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

9.2.3 Systemic Sclerosis

9.2.4 Dermatomyositis/Polyserositis

9.2.5 Sjøgren’s Syndrome

9.2.6 Mixed Collagen Vascular Diseases (CVD)

9.2.7 Goodpasture Syndrome

9.2.8 Other Autoimmune Diseases Affecting the Lung

9.2.9 Surfactant-Related Interstitial Pneumonias: Alveolar Proteinosis

9.2.9.1 Autoimmune Diseases in Childhood

9.3 Diseases of the Innate Immune System Based in Genetic Abnormalities

9.3.1 Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis

9.3.2 Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM)

9.3.3 Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome

9.3.4 Erdheim-Chester Disease

9.4 Allergic Diseases

9.4.1 Allergic Bronchopulmonary Mycosis

9.4.1.1 Etiology

9.4.1.2 Clinical and Radiological Findings

9.4.1.3 Histology

9.5 Drug Allergy

References

10: Eosinophilic Lung Diseases

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Allergic or Hyperreactive Diseases

10.2.1 Allergic Bronchopulmonary Mycosis (Aspergillosis)

10.3 Eosinophilic Pneumonias (EP)

10.3.1 Epidemiology and Incidence

10.3.2 Clinical Presentation and CT

10.3.3 Pathogenesis and Etiology

10.3.3.1 Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia

10.3.4 Immunohistochemistry, Genetics, and Immunology

References

11: Vascular Lung Diseases

11.1 Infarct and Thromboembolic Disease

11.1.1 Gross Examination and Histology

11.2 Vasculitis

11.2.1 Classification of Vasculitis

11.2.2 Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis

11.2.2.1 Clinical and Radiological Findings

11.2.2.2 Gross Examination

11.2.2.3 Histology

11.2.2.4 Molecular Biology

11.2.3 Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA, Formerly Called � Churg-Strauss Vascul

11.2.3.1 Clinical Presentation

11.2.3.2 Radiology

11.2.3.3 Gross Morphology

11.2.3.4 Histology

11.2.3.5 Molecular Biology

11.2.3.6 Therapy

11.2.4 Microscopic Polyangiitis

11.2.4.1 Gross Morphology

11.2.4.2 Histology

11.2.4.3 Prognosis

11.2.5 Panarteritis Nodosa

11.3 Secondary Vasculitis with Infection

11.4 Secondary Vasculitis Without Infection

11.5 Vascular Diseases and Malformation

11.5.1 Histology

11.6 Malformation and Systemic (Inborn) Vascular Diseases in Children

11.7 Pulmonary Hypertension

11.7.1 Mechanisms of PAH

11.8 Alveolar Hemorrhage

11.9 Diseases of the Lymphatics (Adult and Childhood)

11.10 Malformation

11.11 Obstruction

11.12 Inflammation

References

12: Metabolic Lung Diseases

12.1 Amyloidosis

12.2 Disturbed Calcium Metabolism

Calcification and Osseous Metaplasia

12.3 Lipid and Surfactant Metabolism

Lipid Accumulation Syndromes

12.4 Iron and Elastin Metabolism

References

13: Pneumoconiosis and Environmentally Induced Lung Diseases

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Silicosis

13.3 Silicatosis

13.3.1 Asbestosis

13.3.2 Other Silicatoses

13.4 Metal-Induced Pneumoconiosis and Disease

13.4.1 Hard Metal Lung Disease

13.4.2 Aluminosis

13.4.3 Chromium and Vanadium

13.4.4 Tungsten

13.4.5 Cobalt

13.4.6 Other Metals

13.4.7 Mercury

13.4.8 Nickel

13.4.9 Arsenic, Tin

13.4.10 Indium, Tin

13.4.11 Siderosis

13.4.12 Rare Metals and Chronic Allergic Metal Diseases

13.5 Cotton Dust, Flock Workers’ Lung, and Byssinosis

13.6 Manmade Fibers, Hydrocarbon Compounds, and Polyvinyls

13.7 Pesticides and Insecticides

13.8 Inhalation of Combustibles

13.9 Cocaine and Marijuana

References

14: Iatrogenic Lung Diseases

14.1 Drug-Induced Interstitial Lung Diseases

14.2 Action of Drugs and Morphologic Changes Associated with Drug Metabolism

14.2.1 Granulomatous Reactions

14.2.2 DAD Pattern

14.2.3 Organizing Pneumonia Pattern

14.2.4 NSIP and LIP Patterns

14.2.5 UIP Pattern

14.2.6 Vasculitis

14.2.7 Edema

14.2.8 Fibrinous Pneumonia

14.3 Iatrogenic Pathology by Radiation

References

15: Bronchoalveolar Lavage as a Diagnostic and Research Tool

15.1 Where and When Doing BAL?

15.2 Processing of BAL

References

16: Lung Transplantation-Related Pathology

16.1 Explant Pathology

16.1.1 Obstructive Diseases

16.1.1.1 Emphysema

16.1.2 Restrictive Diseases

16.1.3 Vascular Disease (Pulmonary Hypertension)

16.2 Perioperative Complications

16.3 Lung Allograft Rejection

16.3.1 Hyperacute Lung Rejection

16.3.2 Acute Rejection (Grade A, B)

16.3.3 Chronic Rejection (Grade C and D)

16.3.4 Emerging Immunological Lesions

16.3.4.1 Antibody-Mediated (Humoral) Rejection

16.4 Infections

16.4.1 Viral Infection

16.4.2 Bacterial Infection

16.4.3 Fungal Infections

16.5 Tumors

16.5.1 Other Tumors

16.6 Other Complications

16.6.1 Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GVHD)

16.6.2 Disease Recurrence in the Graft

16.6.3 Drug Injury

References

17: Lung Tumors

17.1 Epithelial Tumors

17.1.1 Benign Epithelial Tumors

17.1.1.1 Bronchial Mucous Gland Adenoma (Salivary Gland-�Type Adenoma)

Definition and Incidence

Symptoms

Mucous Gland Adenoma

Gross Appearance

Microscopy

Immunohistochemistry

Molecular Biology

Serous and Mucinous Cystadenoma Including Borderline Variants

Gross Pathology

Microscopy

Differential Diagnosis

Borderline Variant

Prognosis and Treatment

17.1.1.2 Pleomorphic Adenoma

Gross Pathology

Histology

Differential Diagnosis

Immunohistochemistry

Prognosis and Therapy

17.1.1.3 Myoepithelioma

Macroscopy

Microscopy

Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Biology

17.1.1.4 Papilloma in Adult and Childhood

Epidemiology and Incidence

Symptoms

Radiographic Findings

Gross Findings

Histopathology

Immunohistochemistry

Cytology

Molecular Biology

Cell of Origin

Differential Diagnosis

Prognosis and Therapy

Variants

Transitional Cell Papilloma

Columnar Cell Papilloma

Squamous Cell Intrabronchial Papillomatosis

17.1.1.5 Papillary Adenoma

Definition and Incidence

Radiographic Findings

Gross Pathology

Histopathology

Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Biology

Prognosis and Treatment

Biphasic Papillary Adenoma and Myomatous Hamartoma

17.1.1.6 Sclerosing Pneumocytoma (Formerly Sclerosing Hemangioma)

Clinical Symptoms and Epidemiology

Misnomers

Radiographic Findings

Macroscopy

Histopathology

Immunohistochemistry and Electron Microscopy

Molecular Biology

Differential Diagnosis

Prognosis and Natural History: Treatment

17.1.1.7 Alveolar Adenoma (Pneumocytoma)

Epidemiology and Incidence

Special Clinical Features

Radiographic Findings

Macroscopy

Histopathology

Immunohistochemistry

Differential Diagnosis

Prognosis and Natural History

Molecular Biology

17.1.1.8 Multifocal Nodular Pneumocyte Hyperplasia (MNPH)

Epidemiology and Incidence

Radiology

Macroscopy

Microscopy

Molecular Biology

Differential Diagnosis

Prognosis and Therapy

17.1.1.9 Endometriosis

17.1.1.10 Intrapulmonary Thymoma

Epidemiology and Incidence

Clinical Presentation

Radiographic Findings

Macroscopic Pathology

Histopathology

Immunohistochemistry

Prognosis and Treatment

Differential Diagnosis

Molecular Biology

17.2 In Situ Carcinoma and Precursor Lesions

17.2.1 Preneoplastic Lesions – Squamous Cell Dysplasia

17.2.2 Atypical Adenomatous Hyperplasia

17.2.3 Bronchiolar Columnar Cell Dysplasia

17.2.4 Atypical Goblet Cell Hyperplasia

17.2.5 Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia

17.3 Malignant Epithelial Tumors

17.3.1 Epidemiology

17.3.2 Carcinogenesis: Our Current Sight on the Development of Cancer

17.3.2.1 Changes in Metabolism: Access to Nutrition and Oxygen

17.3.2.2 Mutations in Mitochondrial Genes

17.3.2.3 Proliferation, Cell Cycle, and Chromosomal Strand Breaks

17.3.2.4 Apoptosis

17.3.2.5 Stem Cell Theory

17.3.2.6 Driver Genes and Bystander Genes: Better to Be Called Cooperators

17.3.3 Common Carcinomas

17.3.3.1 Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)

Clinical Symptoms

Gross Morphology

Histology

Immunohistochemistry

Genetic Abnormalities in SCC and Targets for Therapy

17.3.3.2 Adenocarcinoma

Clinical Findings

Gross Morphology

Histology

Adenocarcinoma Variants

Invasive Mucinous AC (IMAC)

Colloid Adenocarcinoma

Enteric Adenocarcinoma

Fetal Adenocarcinoma

Signet Ring Cell Adenocarcinoma (SRC-AC)

Immunohistochemistry of AC

Prognostic Factors

Grading in Adenocarcinomas

Cytology and Small Biopsies in AC Diagnosis

Classification and Classification Problems

What Are the Major Changes? (Table 17.1)

Genes and Targets for Treatment in Adenocarcinoma

17.3.3.3 Large-Cell Carcinoma (LC)

Gross Morphology and Clinical Picture

Histology

17.3.3.4 Neuroendocrine Carcinomas

Small-Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (SCLC)

Epidemiology

Gross Morphology and Clinical Symptoms

Large-Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (LCNEC)

Carcinoid, Typical, and Atypical

Differential Diagnosis of Neuroendocrine Tumors

17.3.4 Carcinomas with Clear Cells

17.3.5 Rhabdoid Carcinoma

17.3.6 LC of Hepatoid Phenotype

17.3.7 Lymphoepithelioma-like Carcinoma

17.3.8 Adenosquamous Carcinoma

17.3.9 Diagnosis on Small Biopsies and Cytology Preparations

17.3.10 Salivary Gland-Type Carcinomas

17.3.10.1 Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma (MEC)

Clinical Symptoms and Gross Appearance

Morphology

17.3.10.2 Adenoid-Cystic Carcinoma (ACC)

Clinical Symptoms and Gross Morphol ogy

17.3.10.3 Epithelial-Myoepithelial Carcinoma (EMEC)

17.3.10.4 Acinic Cell Carcinoma

17.3.11 The Sarcomatoid Carcinomas

Clinical Symptoms

17.3.11.1 Spindle Cell Carcinoma

17.3.11.2 Giant Cell Carcinoma

17.3.11.3 Pleomorphic Carcinoma

17.3.11.4 Pulmonary Blastoma

17.3.11.5 Carcinosarcoma

17.3.12 Primary Intrapulmonary Germ Cell Neoplasms

17.3.12.1 Embryonal Carcinoma

17.3.12.2 Choriocarcinoma

17.3.12.3 Yolk Sac Tumor

17.3.13 NUT Carcinoma

Histology

Immunohistochemistry

17.3.14 Staging of Pulmonary Carcinomas

17.4 Benign and Malignant Mesenchymal Tumors

17.4.1 Hamartoma

Clinical Features

Radiological Features

Pathologic Features

Gross Findings

Microscopic Findings

Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy

Differential Diagnosis

Molecular Pathology and Genetics

Prognosis and Therapy

17.4.2 Smooth Muscle Tumors

Leiomyoma

Incidence and Clinical Presentation

Radiology

Gross Pathology

Histopathology

Immunohistochemistry

Treatment and Prognosis

17.4.2.1 Leiomyosarcoma and Metastasizing Leiomyoma

Clinical Features

Radiologic Features

Gross Findings

Microscopic Findings

Immunohistochemistry

Molecular Biology

Differential Diagnosis

Prognosis and Therapy

17.4.2.2 Lymphangioleiomyomatosis

Clinical Features

Radiologic Features

Gross Findings

Microscopic Findings

FNA and Small Biopsies

Immunohistochemistry

Molecular Biology

Differential Diagnosis

Prognosis and Therapy

17.4.3 Fibromatous Tumors

17.4.3.1 Intrapulmonary Solitary Fibrous Tumor (Fibroma): Benign and Malignant

Clinical Features

Radiologic Features

Gross Findings

Microscopic Findings: Benign and Malignant

Immunohistochemistry

Molecular Biology

Differential Diagnosis

Prognosis and Therapy

17.4.3.2 Inflammatory Pseudotumor (IPT) or Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor (IMT)

Clinics

Radiology

Gross Pathology

Histopathology

Molecular Biology

Differential Diagnosis

Prognosis and Therapy

17.4.3.3 IgG4-Related Fibrosis/Tumor

Clinical Features

Radiologic Features

Gross Findings

Histopathology

Immunohistochemistry

Molecular Biology

Differential Diagnosis

Prognosis and Therapy

17.4.3.4 Undifferentiated Soft Tissue Sarcoma (Formerly Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma, Also Epithel

Clinical Features

Radiologic Features

Gross Findings

Microscopic Findings

Immunohistochemistry

Molecular Biology

Differential Diagnosis

Prognosis and Therapy

17.4.4 PEComa (Clear Cell Tumor and Sugar Tumor)

History

Origin of the Tumor Cells

Clinical Features

Radiology

Gross Findings

Microscopic Findings

Immunohistochemistry and Molecular Biology

Differential Diagnosis

Prognosis and Therapy

17.4.5 Chondroma, Osteoma, and Lipoma

Clinical Features

Radiologic Features

Gross Findings

Microscopic Findings

Differential Diagnosis

Prognosis and Therapy

17.4.6 Tumors with Nervous Differentiation

17.4.6.1 Schwannoma and Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheet Tumor (MNPST)

Granular Cell Schwannoma and Myxoid Schwannoma

Clinical Features

Radiology

Gross Findings

Microscopic Findings

In MNPST

Ancillary Studies

Differential Diagnosis

Molecular Biology

Prognosis and Therapy

17.4.7 Triton Tumor

Clinical Presentation

Radiology

Gross Morphology

Histology

Immunohistochemistry

Molecular Biology

Differential Diagnosis

Prognosis and Therapy

17.4.8 Paraganglioma

Clinical Features

Radiology

Gross Findings

Microscopic Findings

Immunohistochemistry

Molecular Biology

Differential Diagnosis

Prognosis and Therapy

17.4.9 Pulmonary Meningioma

Clinical Features

Gross Findings

Microscopic Findings

Immunohistochemistry

Differential Diagnosis

Prognosis and Therapy

17.4.10 Vascular Tumors

17.4.10.1 Hemangioma

Clinical Features

Radiologic Findings

Gross Findings

Microscopic Findings

Immunohistochemistry

Differential Diagnosis

Prognosis and Therapy

17.4.10.2 Pulmonary Capillary Hemangiomatosis

Clinical Features

Radiological Features

Gross Findings

Microscopic Findings

Ancillary Studies

Molecular Biology

Differential Diagnosis

Prognosis and Therapy

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Tags: Helmut Popper, Lung Disease, Morphology, Pathogenesis, Etiology