Principles and Techniques of Electromagnetic Compatibility 3rd Edition by Christos Christopoulos 1000631788 9781000631784

PART I Underlying Concepts and Techniques

Chapter 1 Introduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility

Chapter 2 Electromagnetic Fields

2.1 Static Fields

2.1.1 Electric Field

2.1.2 Magnetic Field

2.2 Quasistatic Fields

2.2.1 The Relationship Between Circuits and Fields

2.2.2 Electromagnetic Potentials

2.3 High-Frequency Fields

2.3.1 Electromagnetic Waves

2.3.2 Radiating Systems

References

Chapter 3 Electrical Circuit Components

3.1 Lumped Circuit Components

3.1.1 Ideal Lumped Components

3.1.2 Real Lumped Components

3.2 Distributed Circuit Components

3.2.1 Time-Domain Analysis of Transmission Lines

3.2.2 Frequency-Domain Analysis of Transmission Lines

References

Chapter 4 Electrical Signals and Circuits

4.1 Representation of a Signal in Terms of Simpler Signals

4.2 Correlation Properties of Signals

4.2.1 General Correlation Properties

4.2.2 Random Signals

4.3 The Response of Linear Circuits to Deterministic and Random Signals

4.3.1 Impulse Response

4.3.2 Frequency Response

4.3.3 Detection of Signals in Noise

4.4 The Response of Nonlinear Circuits

4.5 Characterization of Noise

References

PART II General EMC Concepts and Techniques

Chapter 5 Sources of Electromagnetic Interference

5.1 Classification of Electromagnetic Interference Sources

5.2 Natural Electromagnetic Interference Sources

5.2.1 Low-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields

5.2.2 Lightning

5.2.3 High-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields

5.3 Man-Made Electromagnetic Interference Sources

5.3.1 Radio Transmitters

5.3.2 Electroheat Applications

5.3.3 Digital Signal Processing and Transmission

5.3.4 Power Conditioning and Transmission

5.3.4.1 Low-Frequency Conducted Interference

5.3.4.2 Low-Frequency Radiated Interference

5.3.4.3 High-Frequency Conducted Interference

5.3.4.4 High-Frequency Radiated Interference

5.3.5 Switching Transients

5.3.5.1 Nature and Origin of Transients

5.3.5.2 Circuit Behavior during Switching Assuming an Idealized Switch

5.3.5.3 Circuit Behavior during Switching Assuming a Realistic Model of the Switch

5.3.6 The Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)

5.3.7 The Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse (NEMP) and High Power Electromagnetics (HPEM)

5.4 Surveys of the Electromagnetic Environment

References

Chapter 6 Penetration through Shields and Apertures

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Shielding Theory

6.2.1 Shielding Effectiveness

6.2.2 Approximate Methods—The Circuit Approach

6.2.3 Approximate Methods—The Wave Approach

6.2.4 Analytical Solutions to Shielding Problems

6.2.5 General Remarks Regarding Shielding Effectiveness at Different Frequencies

6.2.6 Surface Transfer Impedance and Cable Shields

6.3 Aperture Theory

6.4 Rigorous Calculation of the Shielding Effectiveness (SE) of a Conducting Box with an Aperture

6.5 Intermediate Level Tools for SE Calculations

6.6 Numerical Simulation Methods for Penetration through Shields and Apertures

6.6.1 Classification of Numerical Methods

6.6.2 The Application of Frequency-Domain Methods

6.6.3 The Application of Time-Domain Methods

6.7 Treatment of Multiple Apertures through a Digital Filter Interface

6.8 Further Work Relevant to Shielding

References

Chapter 7 Propagation and Crosstalk

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Basic Principles

7.3 Line Parameter Calculation

7.3.1 Analytical Methods

7.3.2 Numerical Methods

7.4 Representation of EM Coupling from External Fields

7.5 Determination of the EM Field Generated by Transmission Lines

7.6 Numerical Simulation Methods for Propagation Studies

References

Chapter 8 Simulation of the Electromagnetic Coupling between Systems

8.1 Overview

8.2 Source/External Environment

8.3 Penetration and Coupling

8.4 Propagation and Crosstalk

8.5 Device Susceptibility and Emission

8.6 Numerical Simulation Methods

8.6.1 The Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FD-TD) Method

8.6.2 The Transmission-Line Modeling (TLM) Method

8.6.3 The Method of Moments (MM)

8.6.4 The Finite-Element (FE) Method

8.7 EMC Modeling of Complex Systems

References

Chapter 9 Effects of Electromagnetic Interference on Devices and Systems

9.1 Immunity of Analogue Circuits

9.2 The Immunity of Digital Circuits

9.3 Effects of Intentional EMI on Infrastructure Systems

9.4 EMI Risk Management

References

PART III Interference Control Techniques

Chapter 10 Shielding and Grounding

10.1 Equipment Screening

10.1.1 Practical Levels of Attenuation

10.1.2 Screening Materials

10.1.3 Conducting Penetrations

10.1.4 Slits, Seams, and Gasketing

10.1.5 Damping of Resonances

10.1.6 Measurement of Screening Effectiveness

10.2 Cable Screening

10.2.1 Cable Transfer Impedance

10.2.2 Earthing of Cable Screens

10.2.3 Cable Connectors

10.3 Grounding

10.3.1 Grounding in Large-Scale Systems

10.3.2 Grounding in Self-Contained Equipment

10.3.3 Grounding in an Environment of Interconnected Equipment

10.4 Novel Materials and EMC

10.4.1 Metamaterials

10.4.2 Nanomaterials

References

Chapter 11 Filtering and Nonlinear Protective Devices

11.1 Power-Line Filters

11.2 Isolation

11.3 Balancing

11.4 Signal-Line Filters

11.5 Nonlinear Protective Devices

References

Chapter 12 General EMC Design Principles

12.1 Reduction of Emission at Source

12.2 Reduction of Coupling Paths

12.1.1 Operating Frequency and Rise-Time

12.2.2 Reflections and Matching

12.2.3 Ground Paths and Ground Planes

12.2.4 Circuit Segregation and Placement

12.2.5 Cable Routing

12.3 Improvements in Immunity

12.3.1 Immunity by Software Design

12.3.2 Spread Spectrum Techniques

12.4 The Management of EMC

References

PART IV EMC Standards and Testing

Chapter 13 EMC Standards

13.1 The Need for Standards

13.2 The International Framework

13.3 Civilian EMC Standards

13.3.1 FCC Standards

13.3.2 European Standards

13.3.3 Other EMC Standards

13.3.4 Sample Calculation for Conducted Emission

13.4 Military Standards

13.4.1 Military Standard MIL-STD-461D

13.4.2 Defense Standard DEF-STAN 59-41

13.5 Company Standards

13.6 Power Quality, Electrical Drives, and Smart Grids

13.7 EMC at Frequencies above 1 GHz

13.8 Human Exposure Limits to EM Fields

References

Chapter 14 EMC Measurements and Testing

14.1 EMC Measurement Techniques

14.2 Measurement Tools

14.2.1 Sources

14.2.2 Receivers

14.2.3 Field Sensors

14.2.4 Antennas

14.2.5 Assorted Instrumentation

14.3 Test Environments

14.3.1 Open-Area Test Sites

14.3.2 Screened Rooms

14.3.3 Reverberating Chamber Basics

14.3.4 Reverberating Chamber Characterization and Modeling

14.3.5 Special EMC Test Cells

References

PART V EMC in Systems Design

Chapter 15 EMC and Signal Integrity (SI)

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Transmission Lines as Interconnects

15.3 Board and Chip Level EMC

15.3.1 Simultaneous Switching Noise (SSN)

15.3.2 Physical Models

15.3.3 Behavioral Models — IBIS

15.3.4 Near-Field Scans

15.3.5 Analytical Approaches to Complexity Reduction

References

Chapter 16 EMC and Wireless Technologies

16.1 The Efficient Use of the Frequency Spectrum

16.2 EMC, Interoperability, and Coexistence

16.3 Specifications and Alliances

16.4 Internet of Things (IoT) and EMC

16.5 Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) and EMC

16.6 Characterization and Testing of Wireless Systems Performance in Resonant Environments

16.7 EMC Testing in the Time Domain

16.8 Conclusions

References

Chapter 17 EMC and Broadband Technologies

17.1 Transmission of High-Frequency Signals over Telephone and Power Networks

17.2 EMC and Digital Subscriber Lines

17.3 EMC and Power Line Telecommunications (PLT)

17.4 Regulatory Framework for Emissions from xDSL/PLT and Related Technologies

References

Chapter 18 EMC and Safety

References

Chapter 19 Statistical EMC

19.1 Introduction

19.2 The Basic Stochastic Problem

19.3 Statistical Approaches to EMC Problems

19.4 Theoretical Basis for Stochastic Models

19.4.1 Gaussian Quadrature, Polynomial Chaos Expansion, Statistical Collocation, and Unscented Transform

19.4.2 The Curse of Dimensionality

19.5 Applications of Stochastic Models in EMC

References

Chapter 20 EMC in Different Industrial Sectors

20.1 EMC in Automotive Applications

20.2 EMC in Railway Applications

20.3 EMC in Aerospace Applications

20.4 EMC in Marine Applications

References

Chapter 21 EMC Outlook

References

Appendix A: Useful Vector Formulae

Appendix B: Circuit Parameters of Some Conductor Configurations

Appendix C: The sinx/x Function

Appendix D: Spectra of Trapezoidal Waveforms

Appendix E: Calculation of the Electric Field Received by a Short Electric Dipole

Appendix F: Calculation of the Parameters of a Series RLC Circuit

Appendix G: Computation of the Discrete Time-Domain Responses of Lumped Circuits

Appendix H: The Normal (Gaussian) Distribution

Index