Principles of Life 3rd Edition by David M Hillis, Mary V Price, Richard W Hill, David W Hall, Marta J Laskowski ISBN 9781319017712 1319017711

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ISBN 10: 1319017711
ISBN 13: 9781319017712
Author: David M Hillis, Mary V Price, Richard W Hill, David W Hall, Marta J Laskowski

Principles of Life 3rd Edition Table of contents:

Chapter 1 Principles of Life

1.1 Living Organisms Share Common Aspects of Structure, Function, and Energy Flow

Life as we know it had a single origin

Major steps in the history of life are compatible with known physical and chemical processes

Biologists can trace the evolutionary tree of life

Life’s unity allows discoveries in biology to be generalized

1.2 Life Depends on Organization and Energy

Organization is apparent in a hierarchy of levels, from molecules to ecosystems

Each level of biological organization consists of systems

Biological systems are highly dynamic even as they maintain their essential organization

Positive and negative feedback are common in biological systems

Systems analysis is a conceptual tool for understanding all levels of organization

1.3 Genetic Systems Control the Flow, Exchange, Storage, and Use of Information

Genomes encode the proteins that govern an organism’s structure

Genomes provide insights into all aspects of an organism’s biology

1.4 Evolution Explains the Diversity as Well as the Unity of Life

Natural selection is an important process of evolution

Evolution is a fact, as well as the basis for broader theory

1.5 Science Is Based on Quantitative Observations, Experiments, and Reasoning

Observing and quantifying are important skills

Scientific methods combine observation, experimentation, and logic

Getting from questions to answers

Well-designed experiments have the potential to falsify hypotheses

Statistical methods are essential scientific tools

Not all forms of inquiry into nature are scientific

Science informs society

This book is organized into the major themes of biology

Part 1 Cells

Chapter 2 Life’s Chemistry and the Importance of Water

2.1 An Element’s Atomic Structure Determines Its Properties

Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons

Isotopes differ in the number of neutrons in the nucleus

Electrons occur in atomic orbitals in electron shells

Electrons in the outermost shell determine an element’s chemical properties

Some elements and isotopes are unstable

2.2 Atoms Bond to Form Molecules

Atoms share electrons in covalent bonds

Ionic bonds form between atoms by a transfer of electrons

Polar molecules can interact through electrostatic attractions

Molecules can weakly attract one another through van der Waals interactions

2.3 Chemical Transformations Involve Energy and Energy Transfers

Change in living systems involves energy transformations

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed

The second law of thermodynamics states that with each energy transformation, entropy increases

2.4 Chemical Reactions Transform Substances

Chemical reactions release or require energy

Not all chemical reactions begin spontaneously

Several factors affect the rate of a reaction

2.5 The Properties of Water Are Critical to the Chemistry of Life

High specific heat and high heat of vaporization enable water to moderate the temperature inside living systems

Hydrogen bonding accounts for the cohesion and adhesion of water

Water is a solvent for charged and polar substances

Aqueous solutions may be acidic, basic, or neutral

2.6 Functional Groups Give Molecules Specific Properties

Chemical characteristics of organic molecules depend on functional groups

Isomers contribute to molecular diversity

2 Visual Summary

Chapter 3 Macromolecules

3.1 Lipids Are Characterized by Their Insolubility in Water

Lipids are structurally and functionally diverse

Energy is stored in fats and oils

Phospholipids form biological membranes

Lipids have many other functions

3.2 Carbohydrates Are Made from Simple Sugars

Monosaccharides and disaccharides are simple carbohydrates

Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates composed of a few monosaccharides

Polysaccharides are composed of many monosaccharides

3.3 Nucleic Acids Are Informational Macromolecules

Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids

Base pairing occurs in both DNA and RNA

DNA carries information and is expressed through RNA

3.4 Proteins Are Polymers with Variable Structures

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins

Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds

Higher-level protein structure is determined by primary structure

Protein structure can change depending on the environment

3.5 The Function of a Protein Is Determined by Its Structure

A protein’s function is determined by its binding characteristics

Enzymes speed up biochemical reactions

Enzymes bind specific reactants at their active sites

Enzyme activities can be regulated

3 Visual Summary

Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Membranes

4.1 The Cell Membrane Separates the Interior of the Cell from Its Environment

Lipids form the hydrophobic core of the membrane

Proteins give a membrane special properties

Cell membrane carbohydrates are recognition sites

4.2 Passive and Active Transport Are Used by Small Molecules to Cross Membranes

Simple diffusion takes place through the phospholipid bilayer

Osmosis is the movement of water across membranes

Membrane permeability is increased by membrane proteins

Active transport moves solutes against their concentration gradients

Active transport systems are distinguished by their source of energy

4.3 Vesicles Are Used to Transport Large Molecules across Membranes in Eukaryotes

Exocytosis moves materials out of the cell

Endocytosis moves materials into the cell

4.4 Cell Size, Shape, and Ability to Move Are Determined by Internal and External Structures

Small cells have a high surface area-to-volume ratio

Several kinds of protein filaments are present in cells

Microfilaments determine cell shape and function in cell movement

Intermediate filaments are diverse and stable

Microtubules are the thickest elements of the cytoskeleton

Cell walls provide support and protection

The extracellular matrix supports various functions

Cell junctions connect adjacent cells

4.5 Compartmentalization Occurs in Prokaryotic Cells and Is Extensive in Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic cells generally lack membrane-enclosed compartments within their cells

Eukaryotic cells possess numerous kinds of membrane-enclosed compartments

The nucleus contains most of the cell’s DNA

The endomembrane system is a group of interrelated organelles

Some organelles transform energy

Several other membrane-enclosed organelles perform specialized functions

4 Visual Summary

Chapter 5 Cell Metabolism: Synthesis and Degradation of Biological Molecules

5.1 ATP and Reduced Coenzymes Are the Energy Currency for Biosynthesis

ATP hydrolysis releases energy

Redox reactions transfer electrons and energy

5.2 Carbohydrate Catabolism in the Presence of Oxygen Releases a Large Amount of Energy

In glycolysis, glucose is partially oxidized and some energy is released

Pyruvate oxidation links glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of glucose to CO2

Energy is transferred from NADH to ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

Chemiosmosis uses the proton gradient to generate ATP

The proton gradient can also be used to produce heat

Oxidative phosphorylation and chemiosmosis yield a large amount of ATP

Respiration is regulated

Fermentation of glucose releases a small amount of energy

5.3 Catabolic Pathways for Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins Are Interconnected

5.4 Anabolic Pathways Use Large Amounts of ATP

Anabolism can generate macromolecules and their subunits

Catabolism and anabolism are integrated into a system

5.5 Life Is Supported by the Sun: Light Energy Captured during Photosynthesis Converts Carbon Dioxide to Carbohydrates

Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and other pigments

Light absorption results in reduction of electron acceptors by chlorophyll a in the reaction center

Reduction leads to ATP and NADPH formation

The chemical-bond energy generated by the light reactions is used to convert CO2 to carbohydrates

Rubisco can use O2 instead of CO2 as a substrate

5 Visual Summary

Chapter 6 Cell Signals and Responses

6.1 Cells Detect a Variety of Signals

Organisms are able to detect environmental variables

Response to a signal occurs in three steps

Cells are exposed to many cell signals but respond to only a subset of them

6.2 Signal Molecule Receptors Can Be Classified into Several Groups

Receptors may be on the cell membrane or inside the cell

Classification of membrane receptors is based on their actions

6.3 Signal Transduction Allows a Cell to Respond Appropriately to a Signal

Cell functions change in response to environmental signals

A signaling cascade can involve enzyme regulation and signal amplification

Second messengers can stimulate signal transduction

6.4 Signal Transduction Is Highly Regulated

Signal pathways are actively reset

Signaling pathways integrate multiple signals

Misregulation of signaling is involved in a variety of health disorders

6 Visual Summary

Part 2 Genetics

Chapter 7 The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

7.1 Reproduction May Be Asexual or Sexual

Asexual reproduction by binary fission or mitosis results in genetic constancy

Sexual reproduction by meiosis results in genetic diversity

Sexual life cycles are diverse

7.2 Asexual Reproduction Results in Genetically Identical Daughter Cells

Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission

Eukaryotic cells divide by mitosis followed by cytokinesis

Eukaryotic chromosomes are compacted into chromatin

Mitosis results in the production of genetically identical daughter nuclei

Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm

7.3 Sexual Reproduction by Meiosis Halves the Number of Chromosomes and Generates Genetic Diversity

Meiosis halves the number of chromosomes

Independent assortment and crossing over generate diversity

7.4 Errors during Cell Division Can Result in Changes in Chromosome Number

Errors in mitosis and meiosis can result in abnormal numbers of some chromosomes

Errors in cytokinesis or fertilization can affect all chromosomes

7.5 The Cell Cycle and Cell Death Are Highly Regulated in Eukaryotes

Progression through binary fission is regulated in prokaryotes

Cell cycle regulation differs in eukaryotes and prokaryotes

The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated internally

The eukaryotic cell cycle is controlled by cyclin-dependent kinases

Programmed cell death is a necessary process in living organisms

Cell division regulation is abnormal in cancer cells

7 Visual Summary

Chapter 8 Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

8.1 Mendel Discovered Two Laws of Inheritance

Mendel used the scientific method to test his hypotheses

Mendel’s first experiments involved monohybrid crosses

Mendel’s first law states that allele pairs segregate equally into gametes

Mendel tested his hypotheses by performing test crosses

Probability is used to predict inheritance

Mendel’s second law states that allele pairs of different genes assort independently

Mendel’s laws can be observed in human pedigrees

8.2 Genes Are Inherited on Chromosomes

The behavior of chromosomes during meiosis is consistent with Mendel’s laws

Alleles encode different versions of the same protein

Sex-linked inheritance is consistent with sex chromosome transmission

Genes on the same chromosome can be separated by crossing over in meiosis

8.3 Alleles, Genes, and the Environment Interact to Produce Phenotype

A single gene can have multiple alleles

Dominance is not always complete

One gene can affect multiple characters, and one character can be affected by multiple genes

Some phenotypes are continuous

The environment affects gene action

8.4 Conjugation and Transformation Allow Exchange of Genetic Material between Prokaryotes

Bacteria transfer plasmid genes by conjugation

The evolution of drug-resistant bacteria is a major public health problem

Bacteria exchange chromosomal genes by conjugation

Some bacteria recombine with DNA taken up from their environment

8 Visual Summary

Chapter 9 DNA and Its Role in Heredity

9.1 DNA Is the Molecule of Inheritance

Circumstantial evidence suggested that DNA is the genetic material

Experimental evidence confirmed that DNA is the genetic material

Several types of information led to the discovery of the structure of DNA

Watson and Crick described the structure of DNA using chemical models

The double-helical structure of DNA is essential to its function

9.2 DNA Replication Is Semiconservative

DNA replicates semiconservatively

DNA replication involves several proteins

Telomeres are not fully replicated in eukaryotic cells

9.3 DNA Mutations Alter DNA Sequence

A common source of mutations is replication errors

Chemical changes in bases can lead to DNA mutations

Mutations can have various phenotypic effects

Chromosomal mutations are extensive changes in the genetic material

9 Visual Summary

Chapter 10 From DNA to Protein: Gene Expression

10.1 One Gene Encodes One Polypeptide

Observations in humans led to the proposal that genes encode enzymes

The concept of the gene has changed over time

Genes are expressed via transcription and translation

10.2 Gene Expression Begins with Transcription of DNA into RNA

RNA polymerases share common features

Transcription occurs in three steps

Eukaryotic coding regions are often interrupted by introns

Eukaryotic gene transcripts are processed before translation

10.3 The Rules for Translation of RNA into Amino Acids Are Contained in the Genetic Code

The information for protein synthesis lies in the genetic code

The genetic code predicts the effects of point mutations

10.4 RNA Is Translated into Amino Acids by Ribosomes

Transfer RNAs carry specific amino acids and bind to specific codons

Each tRNA is specifically attached to an amino acid

Translation occurs at the ribosome

Translation takes place in three steps

Polysome formation increases the rate of protein synthesis

10.5 Proteins Are Sometimes Modified after Translation

Signal sequences in proteins direct them to their cellular destinations

Many proteins are modified during or after translation

10 Visual Summary

Chapter 11 Regulation of Gene Expression

11.1 The Regulation of Gene Expression Occurs at Multiple Levels

Regulating gene expression allows genetically identical cells to have different phenotypes

Regulation occurs at all possible steps of gene expression

Transcriptional regulation conserves energy

Genes are subject to positive and negative regulation

11.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation Occurs Primarily at the Level of Transcription

Transcription regulation in prokaryotes can involve different sigma factors

Operons are units of transcriptional regulation in prokaryotes

Operator–repressor interactions regulate transcription in the lac and trp operons

Viruses use gene regulation strategies to hijack host cells

11.3 Eukaryotic Transcription Is Regulated by General and Specific Transcription Factors

Transcription factors act at eukaryotic promoters

The expression of transcription factors underlies cell differentiation

Eukaryotic viruses can have complex life cycles

11.4 Transcription Can Be Regulated by Epigenetic Changes to DNA and Histones

Modification of histone proteins affects chromatin structure and transcription

DNA methylation affects transcription

Epigenetic changes can be induced by the environment

DNA methylation can result in genomic imprinting

Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance is possible in some but not all organisms

11.5 Eukaryotic Gene Expression Can Be Regulated after Transcription

Different mRNAs can be made from the same gene by alternative splicing

Stability of mRNA can be regulated

Translation of mRNA can be regulated

Protein stability can be regulated

11 Visual Summary

Chapter 12 Genomes

12.1 The -omics Era Has Revolutionized Biology

Sanger sequencing uses chain termination to sequence DNA

DNA sequencing is now inexpensive at the genome scale

Transcriptomics identifies expressed genes

Genome sequences yield several kinds of information

Phenotypes can be analyzed using proteomics and metabolomics

12.2 Prokaryotic Genomes Are Small, Compact, and Diverse

Prokaryotic genomes are streamlined and diverse

Metagenomics reveals the diversity of viruses and prokaryotic organisms

Some sequences of DNA can move about the genome

The genes that are essential for cellular life can be identified experimentally

12.3 Eukaryotic Genomes Are Large and Complex

Model organisms reveal many characteristics of eukaryotic genomes

Gene families are common in many eukaryotic species

Eukaryotic genomes contain many repetitive sequences

12.4 Human Genomics Has Facilitated Advances in Many Areas

The human genome sequence held some surprises

Human variation can be used to determine ancestry and disease risk

Personal genomics will soon be commonplace in medicine

12 Visual Summary

Part 3 Evolution

Chapter 13 Processes of Evolution

13.1 Evolution Is Both Factual and the Basis of Broader Theory

Since we can directly observe evolution, why do we speak of “evolutionary theory”?

Darwin and Wallace introduced the idea of evolution by natural selection

13.2 Mutation, Selection, Gene Flow, Genetic Drift, and Nonrandom Mating Result in Evolution

Mutation generates genetic variation

Selection acting on genetic variation leads to new phenotypes

Natural selection increases the frequency of beneficial mutations in populations

Gene flow may change allele frequencies

Genetic drift may cause large changes in small populations

Nonrandom mating can change genotype or allele frequencies

13.3 Evolution Can Be Measured by Changes in Allele Frequencies

A population’s genetic structure can be described by frequencies of alleles and genotypes

Evolution will occur unless certain restrictive conditions exist

Deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium show that evolution is occurring

13.4 Selection Can Be Stabilizing, Directional, or Disruptive

Stabilizing selection reduces variation in populations

Directional selection favors one extreme

Disruptive selection favors extremes over the mean

13.5 Selection Can Maintain Polymorphisms in Populations

Frequency-dependent selection maintains genetic variation within populations

Heterozygote advantage maintains polymorphic loci

Genetic variation within species is maintained in geographically distinct populations

13 Visual Summary

Chapter 14 Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

14.1 All of Life Is Connected through Its Evolutionary History

Phylogenetic trees depict evolutionary relationships among lineages

Phylogenetic trees are the basis of comparative biology

Derived traits provide evidence of evolutionary relationships

14.2 Phylogeny Can Be Reconstructed from Traits of Organisms

Shared traits reflect common ancestry

Parsimony provides the simplest explanation for phylogenetic data

Phylogenies are reconstructed from many sources of data

Mathematical models expand the power of phylogenetic reconstruction

The accuracy of phylogenetic methods can be tested

14.3 Phylogeny Makes Biology Comparative and Predictive

Phylogenetic trees can be used to reconstruct past events

Phylogenies allow us to compare and contrast living organisms

Phylogenies can reveal convergent evolution

Ancestral states can be reconstructed

Molecular clocks help date evolutionary events

14.4 Phylogeny Is the Basis of Biological Classification

Linnaean classification is based on standard taxon ranks

Evolutionary history is the basis for modern biological classification

Several codes of biological nomenclature govern the use of scientific names

14 Visual Summary

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Tags: David M Hillis, Mary V Price, Richard W Hill, David W Hall, Marta J Laskowski, Life