Stereotypes and the Construction of the Social World 1st Edition by Perry Hinton ISBN 9781351794305 1351794302

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ISBN 10: 1351794302
ISBN 13: 9781351794305
Author: Perry Hinton

Stereotypes and the Construction of the Social World 1st Edition Table of contents:

1 WHAT ARE STEREOTYPES?

Introduction

The dictionary definition of a stereotype

Some textbook definitions of a stereotype

The cultural context of the research into stereotypes

Race and stereotypes in the United States

Gender and stereotypes in the United States

Sociocultural aspect of stereotypes

Commonly held beliefs about stereotypes

Commonly held beliefs about stereotypes – which may be misleading

The problem of the definition of a stereotype

Alternative definitions of stereotypes

Stereotypes as a construction of researchers

So what are stereotypes?

1. Who is being stereotyped?

Stereotypes are about a social group (and its members)

2. What is the stereotype?

Stereotypes are about the attributes associated with the members of a social group

3. Who is doing the stereotyping?

Stereotypes are held by a social group about a social group

The rest of the book

Notes

2 THE INVENTION OF THE STEREOTYPE

Pictures in the head

Economy of effort

Defence

Blind spots

The experimental study of stereotypes: the Princeton trilogy

The replications

The impact of the Princeton trilogy

Stereotypes as overgeneralizations

The prejudiced person

The tolerant person

The classical model of stereotypes and stereotype users

Implications of the classical model of stereotypes

The wearers of the black hats and the white hats

The problems of the classical model of stereotypes

Finding or constructing stereotypes?

Stereotypes as irrational or cultural thinking?

Stereotype users as prejudiced and simplistic thinkers?

Stereotypes or group traits?

The persistence of the classical model of stereotypes in popular culture

Notes

3 STEREOTYPES IN MIND

Stereotypes and ‘ordinary’ cognition

Perception and social perception: categorization and generalization

The human mind in academic (cognitive) psychology

The organization of knowledge in the mind

Human judgement: heuristic rather than logical or statistical decision-making

Tools in the cognitive toolbox: heuristics make us smart

The predictive brain

The automatic activation of cultural stereotypes

The problem of implicit stereotypical associations in American culture

The implicit association test and unconscious ‘bias’

Replacing ‘biased’ people with ‘fair’ artificial intelligence systems

Training to remove unconscious ‘bias’

The risk of psychologizing culture

Notes

4 STEREOTYPES, PREJUDICE AND SOCIAL GROUPS

Prejudice and discrimination

Attitudes, stereotypes and prejudice

Attitudes and behaviour

Explicit and implicit attitudes

Implicit prejudice

Unwitting racism: the police investigation of the murder of Stephen Lawrence

Implicit prejudice: ‘bad apples’ and ‘rotten barrels’

Implicit prejudice and the problem of intention

Social attitudes: the person and the group

Social groups and social identity

Balanced identity theory

Stereotypes and intergroup relations

Intergroup contact

Stereotype threat

Changing the categorizations

Stereotypes and the politics of intergroup relations

Stereotypes: from individuals to intergroup relations

Notes

5 SHARING STEREOTYPES

Learning stereotypes: the person in culture

The child making sense of the social world

Learning to be a citizen of a society: socialization

Intergenerational transmission of beliefs and values

Formal education

Peers and media culture in socialization

The rules of social conduct

Social norms

Social roles

Roles and dispositions

From norms to normal: defining deviance

Social reaction to deviance: labels and stereotypes

Culture: the lived network of meaning

Social representations as common sense

Common sense, social representation and stereotypes

Notes

6 STEREOTYPES AND IDEOLOGY

Introduction to ideology

Ideology as a cultural system

Social construction, social groups and ideology

Stereotypes as an ideological issue

The influence of the Enlightenment on Western ideology

Egalitarianism: equality and fairness

Commerce and colonialism

The legacy of Western Enlightenment history

Stereotypes and the ideological construction of difference

Stereotypes and an ideology of racism

Stereotypes and the ideological construction of gender

The ideological construction of the teenager

The Other: the ideological construction of difference

Orientalism: ideology, othering and stereotypes

Modern Western society, ideology and stereotypes: the liberal–conservative dichotomy

Notes

7 STEREOTYPES AND EVERYDAY STORIES

Stereotypes, metaphors and meanings

Talking about people in our group and people not in our group

Stereotypes and communication in social networks

Opinion polarization in social networks

Stereotypes, explanations and cultural stories

Communication as argument

Argument, stereotypes and positioning in discourse

The language of binary opposition

Stereotypes and the media representation of social groups

Stereotypes, active audiences and interpretive communities

Notes

8 ‘STEREOTYPES’ AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE SOCIAL WORLD

What are stereotypes?

1. What are the meaningful social categories in this culture?

2. Who are the members of the social groups in terms of other social categories in this culture?

3. What do the members of a social group (normally) do in this culture?

A model of stereotypes as a culture’s folk psychology

Category construction: stereotypes as prescriptive generalizations (ideological prescriptions)

Category constitution: stereotypes as predictive generalizations (category associations)

Category conduct: stereotypes as normative generalizations (normative descriptions)

Stereotypes and the cycle of cultural association and generalization

Conclusion

Notes

References

Author index

Subject index

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