Textbook of Veterinary Physiological Chemistry 3rd Edition by Larry R Engelking ISBN 9780123919090 0123919096

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ISBN 10: 0123919096
ISBN 13: 9780123919090
Author: Larry R Engelking

Textbook of Veterinary Physiological Chemistry 3rd Edition Table of contents:

Section I: Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism

Chapter 1: Chemical Composition of Living Cells

Overview

Nucleic Acids

Proteins

Polysaccharides

Lipids

Objectives

Chapter 2: Properties of Amino Acids

Overview

Hydrophilic Amino Acids

Hydrophobic Amino Acids

Neither Hydrophobic nor Hydrophilic

Enantiomers

Objectives

Chapter 3: Amino Acid Modifications

Overview

Modified Amino Acids Found in Protein

Nonprotein Amino Acids

Essential and Nonessential Amino Acids

Objectives

Chapter 4: Protein Structure

Overview

Primary Structure

Secondary Structure

Tertiary Structure

Quaternary Structure

Protein Misfolding

Protein Denaturation

Plasma Proteins

Objectives

Chapter 5: Properties of Enzymes

Overview

General Properties of Enzymes

Enzyme Nomenclature

Coenzymes

Control of Enzyme Activity

Objectives

Chapter 6: Enzyme Kinetics

Overview

Substrate Saturation Curves

Double Reciprocal Plots

Enzyme Inhibitors

Reversible, Competitive Inhibitors

Reversible, Noncompetitive Inhibitors

Uncompetitive Inhibitors

Irreversible Inhibitors

Therapeutic Inhibitors

Isozymes

Cofactors and Coenzymes

Objectives

Chapter 7: Protein Digestion

Overview

Tissue Protein Turnover

Gastrointestinal Protein Digestion

Objectives

Chapter 8: Amino Acid Catabolism

Overview

Hepatic Metabolism of Phenylalanine

The BCAA/AAA Ratio

Intestine

Skeletal Muscle

Kidney

Liver

Nitrogen Balance

Objectives

Chapter 9: Transamination and Deamination Reactions

Overview

Deamination Reactions

Transamination Reactions

Other Transaminases

Objectives

Chapter 10: Urea Cycle (Krebs-Henseleit Ornithine Cycle)

Overview

Carbamoyl Phosphate Formation

Citrulline Formation

Argininosuccinate Formation

Arginine and Fumarate Formation

Urea Formation

Abnormalities in Urea Biosynthesis

Objectives

Chapter 11: Glutamine and Ammonia

Overview

Ammonia Toxicity

Nitrogen and Carbon Flux Between Liver and Kidney

Objectives

Chapter 12: Nonprotein Derivatives of Amino Acids

Overview

Tyrosine (Tyr)

Tryptophan (Trp)

Histidine (His)

Glutamate (Glu)

Glycine (Gly)

Arginine (Arg)

Lysine (Lys)

Aspartate (Asp)

Serine (Ser)

Objectives

Addendum to Section I

Introduction to Section II

Section II: Nucleotide and Nucleic Acid Metabolism

Chapter 13: Nucleotides

Overview

Nucleotide Structure

Polynucleotide Structure and Synthesis

Objectives

Chapter 14: Pyrimidine Biosynthesis

Overview

Pathway Summary

Pathway Regulation

Unusual Physical Properties of Relevant Early Stage Mammalian Enzymes

Objectives

Chapter 15: Purine Biosynthesis

Overview

Phase One – PRPP Biosynthesis

Phase Two – Formation of IMP (the parent NMP)

Phase Three – Formation of AMP, GMP, and the Respective 5′-triphosphates

Formation of NDP and NTP Forms of Adenine and Guanine

Regulation of Purine Biosynthesis

Objectives

Chapter 16: Folic Acid

Overview

Folic Acid and its Active Form, Tetrahydrofolate

Folate Metabolism in Animals vs Bacteria

THFA-mediated One-carbon Metabolism

Folate Plasma Concentrations

Megaloblastic Anemia (MA)

Formation of Deoxyribonucleotides

Conversion of dUTP to its 5-methyl Form, dTTP

Chemotherapeutic Drug Targets in dNTP and Folate Metabolism

Objectives

Chapter 17: Nucleic Acid and Nucleotide Turnover

Overview

Release of Bases from Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides and Nucleosides

Salvage of Purine and Pyrimidine Bases

Degradation of Pyrimidine Bases

Degradation of Purine Bases

Excretion of Purine Degradation Products

Uric Acid and Health

Objectives

Sections I and II Examination Questions

Addendum to Section II

Introduction to Section III

Section III: Carbohydrate and Heme Metabolism

Chapter 18: Carbohydrate Structure

Overview

Complex Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides

Pentoses, NAD+ and NADP+, NADH and NADPH

Hexoses

Disaccharides and Trisaccharides

Objectives

Chapter 19: Polysaccharides and Carbohydrate Derivatives

Overview

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrate Derivatives

Objectives

Chapter 20: Glycoproteins and Glycolipids

Overview

Glycoproteins

Glycolipids

Objectives

Chapter 21: Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Overview

Objectives

Chapter 22: Glucose Trapping

Overview

Objectives

Chapter 23: Glycogen

Overview

Glycogenesis

Glycogenolysis

Glycogen Storage Diseases

Objectives

Chapter 24: Introduction to Glycolysis (The Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway (EMP))

Overview

Why is Anaerobic Glycolysis Necessary?

Historical Perspective

Objectives

Chapter 25: Initial Reactions in Anaerobic Glycolysis

Overview

Objectives

Chapter 26: Intermediate Reactions in Anaerobic Glycolysis

Overview

Objectives

Chapter 27: Metabolic Fates of Pyruvate

Overview

Objectives

Chapter 28: Hexose Monophosphate Shunt (HMS)

Overview

Objectives

Chapter 29: Uronic Acid Pathway

Overview

Objectives

Chapter 30: Erythrocytic Protection from O2 Toxicity

Overview

Oxygen Toxicity

Cellular Protection Against Free Radicals

Objectives

Chapter 31: Carbohydrate Metabolism in Erythrocytes

Overview

Objectives

Chapter 32: Heme Biosynthesis

Overview

Harderian Glands

Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)

Hemoglobin (Hb)

Anemias and Polycythemia

Objectives

Chapter 33: Heme Degradation

Overview

Hepatic Bilirubin Uptake, Conjugation, and Excretion

Characterization of Plasma Bilirubin

Objectives

Chapter 34: Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle

Overview

Exchange Transporters of the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

Objectives

Chapter 35: Leaks in the Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle

Overview

TCA Cycle Intermediates are Converted to Other Essential Compounds

Replenishment of TCA Cycle Intermediates

Objectives

Chapter 36: Oxidative Phosphorylation

Overview

Movement of Electrons from Cytoplasmic NADH to the Mitochondrial ETC

Oxidation and Reduction

Phosphorylation

Inhibitors and Uncouplers

Objectives

Chapter 37: Gluconeogenesis

Overview

Gluconeogenic Precursors

Gluconeogenic Enzymes

Objectives

Chapter 38: Carbohydrate Digestion

Overview

Salivary ɑ-Amylase (Ptyalin)

Intestinal Carbohydrate Digestion

Intestinal Monosaccharide Absorption

Objectives

Section III Examination Questions

Addendum to Section III

Introduction to Section IV

Section IV: Vitamins and Trace Elements

Chapter 39: Vitamin C

Overview

Water-soluble Vitamins

Objectives

Chapter 40: Thiamin (B1) and Riboflavin (B2)

Overview

Thiamin (Vitamin B1)

Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)

Objectives

Chapter 41: Niacin (B3) and Pantothenic Acid (B5)

Overview

Niacin (Vitamin B3)

Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5)

Lipoic acid

Objectives

Chapter 42: Biotin and Pyridoxine (B6)

Overview

Biotin

Pyridoxine (B6)

Objectives

Chapter 43: Cobalamin (B12)

Overview

Objectives

Chapter 44: Vitamin A

Overview

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin A

Vitamin A Toxicity

Vitamin A and Vision

Vitamin A Deficiency

Objectives

Chapter 45: Vitamin D

Overview

Vitamin D Toxicity

Vitamin D Deficiency

Objectives

Chapter 46: Vitamin E

Overview

Vitamin E Deficiency

Objectives

Chapter 47: Vitamin K

Overview

Vitamin K Deficiency

Vitamin K Toxicity

Objectives

Chapter 48: Iron

Overview

Trace Elements

Iron (Fe)

Iron Toxicity

Iron Deficiency

Objectives

Chapter 49: Zinc

Overview

Zinc Toxicity

Objectives

Chapter 50: Copper

Overview

Copper Deficiency

Copper Toxicity

Objectives

Chapter 51: Manganese and Selenium

Overview

Manganese (Mn++)

Selenium (Se)

Objectives

Chapter 52: Iodine and Cobalt

Overview

Iodine (I)

Cobalt (Co)

Objectives

Section IV Examination Questions

Addendum to Section IV

Introduction to Section V

Section V: Lipid Metabolism

Chapter 53: Overview of Lipid Metabolism

Overview

Objectives

Chapter 54: Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Overview

Essential Fatty Acids

Objectives

Chapter 55: Fatty Acid Oxidation

Overview

Mitochondrial ß-oxidation

Peroxisomal ß-oxidation

Objectives

Chapter 56: Fatty Acid Biosynthesis

Overview

Fatty Acid Elongation Beyond Palmitate

NADPH Generation and FattyAcid Biosynthesis

Objectives

Chapter 57: Triglycerides and Glycerophospholipids

Overview

Triglycerides

Glycerophospholipids

Objectives

Chapter 58: Phospholipid Degradation

Overview

Ca++ Signaling

Phospholipids and the Ca++ Messenger System

Objectives

Chapter 59: Sphingolipids

Overview

Sphingolipid Degradation

Objectives

Chapter 60: Lipid Digestion

Overview

Emulsification of Dietary Fat

Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Dietary Lipids

Lipid Absorption in the Small Intestine

Mucosal Resynthesis of Dietary Lipids

Abnormalities in Lipid Digestion and Absorption

Objectives

Chapter 61: Cholesterol

Overview

Cholesterol Biosynthesis

Abnormalities in the Plasma Cholesterol Concentration

Objectives

Chapter 62: Bile Acids

Overview

Hepatic BA Biosynthesis

Bile Acid Actions in Bile, and in Luminal Contents of the Intestine

Intestinal Bile Acid Reabsorption and Enterohepatic Cycling

Regulation of Hepatic Bile Acid Biosynthesis

Bile Acid Signaling

Integration of Bile Acid Signaling, Hepatic Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Bile Acids as Therapeutic Agents

Objectives

Chapter 63: Lipoprotein Complexes

Overview

Apoproteins

FFA-Albumin Complexes

Objectives

Chapter 64: Chylomicrons

Overview

Objectives

Chapter 65: VLDL, IDL, and LDL

Overview

Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)

Intermediate-Density (IDL), and Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

Objectives

Chapter 66: LDL Receptors and HDL

Overview

Nature of the Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Receptor

High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

Objectives

Chapter 67: Hyperlipidemias

Overview

Treatments for the Secondary Hyperlipidemias

Objectives

Chapter 68: Eicosanoids I

Overview

Eicosanoid Degradation and Activity

Thromboxanes

Objectives

Chapter 69: Eicosanoids II

Overview

Hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic Acids (HPETEs) and Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids (HETEs)

Leukotrienes (LTs)

Prostaglandins (PGs)

Objectives

Chapter 70: Lipolysis

Overview

Endocrine Control of Lipolysis

Glyceroneogenesis

Satiety

Lipolysis in Brown Adipose Tissue

Objectives

Chapter 71: Ketone Body Formation and Utilization

Overview

Why Should one Lipid Fuel be Converted to Another in the Liver?

Ketone Body Utilization

Objectives

Chapter 72: Fatty Liver Syndrome (Steatosis)

Overview

Objectives

Addendum to Section V

Introduction to Section VI

Section VI: Starvation & Exercise

Chapter 73: Starvation (Transition into the Postabsorptive Phase)

Overview

The Insulin:Glucagon Ratio

Glucose Availability

The Initial Postabsorptive Phase of Starvation

Objectives

Chapter 74: Starvation (The Early Phase)

Overview

The Gluconeogenic Phase of Starvation

Objectives

Chapter 75: Starvation (The Intermediate Phase)

Overview

Objectives

Chapter 76: Starvation (The Late Phase)

Overview

Sequence of Body Protein Depletion

Starvation and Death

Starvation vs. Cachexia

The Survivors

Objectives

Chapter 77: Exercise (Circulatory Adjustments and Creatine)

Overview

Circulatory Adjustments to Exercise

Cardiac Adjustments to Exercise

Creatinine and Creatine

Objectives

Chapter 78: Exercise (VO2(max) and RQ)

Overview

Oxygen Consumption

The Respiratory Quotient (RQ)

Alternative Techniques for Determining Fuel Utilization During Exercise

Objectives

Chapter 79: Exercise (Substrate Utilization and Endocrine Parameters)

Overview

Objectives

Chapter 80: Exercise (Muscle Fiber Types and Characteristics)

Overview

Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types

Muscles That Do Not Accumulate an O2 Debt

Muscle Atrophy during Immobilization

Objectives

Chapter 81: Exercise (Athletic Animals)

Overview

Muscle Fatigue

Athletic Animals

Benefits of Conditioning

Objectives

Sections V and VI Examination Questions

Addendum to Section VI

Introduction to Section VII

Section VII: Acid-Base Balance

Chapter 82: The Hydrogen Ion Concentration

Overview

Hydrogen Ion Balance

Non-volatile Acid Production

Non-volatile Acid Input and Loss from the Body

Objectives

Chapter 83: Strong and Weak Electrolytes

Overview

The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation

Objectives

Chapter 84: Protein Buffer Systems

Overview

The Hemoglobin (Hb–) Buffer System

Objectives

Chapter 85: Bicarbonate, Phosphate, and Ammonia Buffer Systems

Overview

The Bicarbonate Buffer System

The Phosphate Buffer System

The Ammonia Buffer System

Objectives

Chapter 86: Anion Gap

Overview

Plasma Anion Gap (AG)

Urinary Anion Gap (UAG)

Objectives

Chapter 87: Metabolic Acidosis

Overview

Effects of Chronic Acidemia on Bone

Objectives

Chapter 88: Diabetes Mellitus (Metabolic Acidosis and Potassium Balance)

Overview

Metabolic Acidosis and K+ Balance

Endocrine Influences on K+ Balance

Objectives

Chapter 89: Metabolic Alkalosis

Overview

Metabolic Alkalosis and K+ Balance

Volume-Resistant Metabolic Alkalosis

Objectives

Chapter 90: Respiratory Acidosis

Overview

Medullary Chemoreceptors

Objectives

Chapter 91: Respiratory Alkalosis

Overview

Mixed Acid-base Disturbances

Objectives

Chapter 92: Strong Ion Difference (SID)

Overview

Plasma Proteins and Phosphates

Free Water Abnormalities

Base Excess (BE) and Base Deficit (-BE)

Example Problem

Objectives

Chapter 93: Alkalinizing and Acidifying Solutions

Overview

Alkalinizing Solutions

Acidifying Solutions

Objectives

Chapter 94: Dehydration/Overhydration

Overview

Hypertonic Dehydration

Isotonic Dehydration

Hypotonic Dehydration

Indicators of Hypovolemia

Overhydration

Expansion of the ECF Volume

Objectives

Section VII Examination Questions

Epilog

Case Studies

Case Study #1: Ethylene Glycol

Questions

Answers

Case Study #2: Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

Questions

Answers

Case Study #3: Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), Endocarditis and Cardiac Ischemia

Questions

Answers

Case Study #4: Portosystemic Vascular Shunt (PSS)

Questions

Answers

Case Study #5: Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

Questions

Answers

Case Study #6: Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease(FLUTD)

Questions

Answers

Appendix

Abbreviations

References

Index

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