The Challenge of Democracy American Government in Global Politics 15th Edition by Kenneth Janda 0357459377 978-0357459379

Part I. Dilemmas of Democracy

Chapter 1. Freedom, Order, or Equality?

The Globalization of American Government

The Purposes of Government

Maintaining Order

Providing Public Goods

Promoting Equality

A Conceptual Framework for Analyzing Government

The Concepts of Freedom, Order, and Equality

Freedom

Order

Equality

Two Dilemmas of Government

The Original Dilemma: Freedom versus Order

The Modern Dilemma: Freedom versus Equality

Ideology and the Scope of Government

Totalitarianism

Socialism

Capitalism

Libertarianism

Anarchism

Liberals and Conservatives: The Narrow Middle

American Political Ideologies and the Purpose of Government

Liberals versus Conservatives: The New Differences

A Two-Dimensional Classification of Ideologies

Summary

Chapter Quiz

Chapter 2. Majoritarian or Pluralist Democracy?

The Theory of Democratic Government

The Meaning and Symbolism of Democracy

The Procedural View of Democracy

A Complication: Direct versus Indirect Democracy

The Substantive View of Democracy

Procedural Democracy versus Substantive Democracy

Institutional Models of Democracy

The Majoritarian Model of Democracy

An Alternative Model: Pluralist Democracy

The Majoritarian Model versus the Pluralist Model

An Undemocratic Model: Elite Theory

Elite Theory versus Pluralist Theory

The Global Challenge of Democratization

Establishing Democracies

American Democracy: Pluralist and Majoritarian

Summary

Chapter Quiz

Part II. Foundations of American Government

Chapter 3. The Constitution

The Revolutionary Roots of the Constitution

Freedom in Colonial America

The Road to Revolution

Revolutionary Action

The Declaration of Independence

From Revolution to Confederation

The Articles of Confederation

Disorder Under the Confederation

From Confederation to Constitution

The Virginia Plan

The New Jersey Plan

The Great Compromise

Compromise on the Presidency

The Final Product

The Basic Principles

The Articles of the Constitution

The Framers’ Motives

The Slavery Issue

Selling the Constitution

The Federalist Papers

A Concession: The Bill of Rights

Ratification

Constitutional Change

The Formal Amendment Process

Interpretation by the Courts

Political Practice

An Evaluation of the Constitution

Freedom, Order, and Equality in the Constitution

The Constitution and Models of Democracy

Summary

Chapter Quiz

Chapter 4. Federalism

Theories and Metaphors

Dual Federalism

Cooperative Federalism

Dual, Cooperative, or Something Else?

Federalism’s Dynamics

National Crises and Demands

Judicial Interpretation

Grants-in-Aid

Professionalization of State Governments

Ideology, Policymaking, and American Federalism

Ideology, Policymaking, and Federalism in Theory

National Intervention in State Functions

Ideology, Policymaking, and Federalism in Practice

Federalism and Electoral Politics

National Capital–State Capital Links

Congressional Redistricting

Federalism and the American Intergovernmental System

Thousands of Governments

Crosscutting Responsibilities

Federalism and the International System

American Federalism, Immigration, and Refugee Policy

Federalism Across the Globe

Federalism, Pluralism, and Majoritarianism

Summary

Chapter Quiz

Part III. Linking People with Government

Chapter 5. Public Opinion and Political Socialization

Public Opinion and the Models of Democracy

The Distribution of Public Opinion

Measuring the Distribution of Public Opinion

Shape of the Distribution

Political Socialization

The Agents of Early Socialization

Social Groups and Political Values

Education

Income

Region

Ethnicity and Race

Religion

Gender

From Values to Ideology

The Degree of Ideological Thinking in Public Opinion

The Quality of Ideological Thinking in Public Opinion

Ideological Types in the United States

Forming Political Opinions

Political Knowledge

Costs, Benefits, and Cues

Political Leadership

Summary

Chapter Quiz

Chapter 6. The Media

The Development of the Mass Media in the United States

Newspapers

Radio

Television

The Internet

Private Ownership of the Media

The Consequences of Private Ownership

The Concentration of Private Ownership

Government Regulation of the Media

Technical and Ownership Regulations

Regulation of Content

Functions of the Mass Media for the Political System

Reporting the News

Interpreting and Presenting the News

Setting the Political Agenda

Socializing the Citizenry

Evaluating the Media in Government

Is Reporting Biased?

Contributions to Democracy

Effects on Freedom, Order, and Equality

Summary

Chapter Quiz

Chapter 7. Participation and Voting

Democracy and Political Participation

Unconventional Participation

Support for Unconventional Participation

The Effectiveness of Unconventional Participation

Unconventional Participation Around the World

Conventional Participation

Supportive Behavior

Influencing Behavior

Conventional Participation in America

Participating Through Voting

Expansion of Suffrage

Voting on Policies

Voting for Candidates

Explaining Political Participation

Patterns of Participation over Time

The Standard Socioeconomic Explanation

Low Voter Turnout in America

Participation and Freedom, Equality, and Order

Participation and Freedom

Participation and Equality

Participation and Order

Participation and the Models of Democracy

Participation and Majoritarianism

Participation and Pluralism

Summary

Chapter Quiz

Chapter 8. Political Parties

Political Parties and Their Functions

What Is a Political Party?

Party Functions

A History of US Party Politics

The Preparty Period

The First Party System: Federalists and Democratic Republicans

The Second Party System: Democrats and Whigs

The Current Party System: Democrats and Republicans

Eras of Party Dominance Since the Civil War

The American Two-Party System

Minor Parties in America

Why a Two-Party System?

The Federal Basis of the Party System

Party Identification in America

Party Ideology and Organization

Differences in Party Ideology

National Party Organization

State and Local Party Organizations

Congressional versus External Party Organizations

The Model of Responsible Party Government

Summary

Chapter Quiz

Chapter 9. Nominations, Elections, and Campaigns

The Evolution of Campaigning

Nominations

Nomination for Congress and State Offices

Nomination for President

Elections

Presidential Elections and the Electoral College

Congressional Elections

Campaigns

The Political Context

Financing

Strategies and Tactics

Explaining Voting Choice

Party Identification

Issues and Policies

Candidates’ Attributes

Evaluating the Voting Choice

Campaign Effects

Campaigns, Elections, and Parties

Parties and the Majoritarian Model

Parties and the Pluralist Model

Summary

Chapter Quiz

Chapter 10. Interest Groups

Interest Groups and the American Political Tradition

Interest Groups and American Democracy

The Roles of Interest Groups

What Interests Are Represented?

How Interests Get Organized

How Do Interest Groups Exert Influence?

Members

Lobbyists

Political Action Committees

Lobbying Tactics

Direct Lobbying

Information Campaigns

Coalition Building

Are Interest Groups Effective?

Legislative

Lobbying Beyond the Legislative Branch

Is the System Biased?

Membership Patterns

Business Mobilization

Citizen Groups

Reform

Summary

Chapter Quiz

Part IV. Institutions of Government

Chapter 11. Congress

The Origin and Powers of Congress

The Great Compromise

Duties of the House and Senate

Electing Congress

The Incumbency Effect

Whom Do We Elect?

How Issues Get on the Congressional Agenda

The Lawmaking Process and the Importance of Committees

Committees: The Workhorses of Congress

Congressional Expertise and Seniority

Oversight: Following Through on Legislation

Majoritarian and Pluralist Views of Committees

Leaders and Followers in Congress

The Leadership Task

Rules of Procedure

How a Bill Becomes a Law in an Era of Partisan Polarization

The Legislative Environment

Political Parties

The President

Constituents

Interest Groups

The Dilemma of Representation

Trustees or Delegates?

Pluralism, Majoritarianism, and Democracy

Parliamentary Government

Pluralism vs. Majoritarianism in Congress

Summary

Chapter Quiz

Chapter 12. The Presidency

The Constitutional Basis of Presidential Power

Initial Conceptions of the Presidency

The Powers of the President

The Expansion of Presidential Power

The Growth of Formal Powers

The Inherent Powers

Unilateral Action

Congressional Delegation of Power

The Executive Branch Establishment

The Executive Office of the President

The Vice President

The Cabinet

Presidential Leadership

Presidential Character

The President’s Power to Persuade

The President and the Public

The Political Context

The President as National Leader

From Political Values …

… to Policy Agenda

Chief Lobbyist

Party Leader

The President as World Leader

Foreign Relations

Constitutional Ambiguities

Making Foreign Policy: Organization and Cast

Checks on Presidential Power

Summary

Chapter Quiz

Chapter 13. The Bureaucracy

Bureaucracy in a Democracy

Conceptualizing Bureaucracy

Unavoidable Tensions

Bureaucracies at Work

Bureaucratic Roles

Leading the Bureaucracy

Bureaucratic Organization

Government Bureaucracies in Networks

Bureaucratic Decision Making

Bureaucrats as Satisficers

Factors Bearing on Bureaucratic Decision Making

Limits to Bureaucratic Innovation and Cooperation

Representative Bureaucracy

Defining and Applying the Concept of Representative Bureaucracy

Potential Mechanisms at Work

Controlling the Bureaucracy

Executive and Legislative Tug-of-War

Courts and the Bureaucracy

Summary

Chapter Quiz

Chapter 14. The Courts

Organization of the American Judiciary

Entering and Exiting the System

US District Courts

US Courts of Appeals

US Supreme Court

The US Supreme Court at Work

People

Access to the Court

Decision Making on the Supreme Court

National Judicial Supremacy

Emergence of Judicial Review

The Exercise of Judicial Review

Judicial Appointments

Appointing Federal Judges

Supreme Court Appointments

Impact of Appointments on the Composition of the Judiciary

Judicial Policymaking and Politics

Judges as Policymakers

Judicial Restraint and Judicial Activism

Ideology and Judicial Policymaking

Public Opinion and the Supreme Court’s Policy Preferences

The Courts and Models of Democracy

Summary

Chapter Quiz

Part V. Civil Liberties and Civil Rights

Chapter 15. Order and Civil Liberties

The Bill of Rights

Distinguishing Between Civil Liberties and Civil Rights

Applying the Bill of Rights to the States: The Fourteenth Amendment and Due Process

Freedom of Religion

The Establishment Clause

The Free-Exercise Clause

Freedom of Expression

Freedom of Speech

Freedom of the Press

The Rights to Assemble Peaceably and to Petition the Government

The Right to Bear Arms

The Rights of the Accused

Courtroom Procedures

Law Enforcement in the Field

The Ninth Amendment and Personal Autonomy

The Right to Privacy and Abortion

Privacy, Personal Autonomy, and Sexual Orientation

Summary

Chapter Quiz

Key Cases

Chapter 16. Equality and Civil Rights

Competing Traditions and the Struggle for Civil Rights

Conceptualizing Equality

Opportunities to Seize and Legacies to Overcome

Equality for Black Americans

Apparent Freedom Becomes Segregation

Courtroom Efforts to Dismantle Barriers to Full Citizenship

Legislative Efforts to Advance Civil Rights

Women’s Rights

Protectionism

Victory and Defeat in the Amendment Process

Prohibiting Sex-Based Discrimination in the Workplace

Additional Stereotypes Under Scrutiny

Equality for LGBTQ+ People

From Fringe Movement to Mainstream

Marriage Equality

Other Limits and Possibilities

Gender Identity

Pluralism and the Expanding Equality Agenda

Native Americans

Immigrant Groups

Americans with Disabilities

College Students and Affirmative Action

Summary

Chapter Quiz

Key Cases

Part VI. Making Public Policy

Chapter 17. Economic Policy

Theories of Economic Policy

Laissez-Faire Economics

Keynesian Theory

Monetary Policy

Fiscal and Monetary Policies in the 2020 Crisis

Supply-Side Economics

Public Policy and the Budget

The Nature of the Budget

Preparing the President’s Budget

Passing the Congressional Budget

Tax Policies

Reform

Comparing Tax Burdens

Spending Policies

Incremental Budgeting …

… and Uncontrollable Spending

Taxing, Spending, and Economic Equality

Government Effects on Economic Equality

Effects of Taxing and Spending Policies over Time

Democracy and Equality

Summary

Chapter Quiz

Chapter 18. Policymaking and Domestic Policy

Government Purposes and Public Policies

The Policymaking Process

Types of Policies

Public Policy Tools

A Policymaking Model

Fragmentation, Coordination, and Issue Networks

The Development of the American Welfare State

The Great Depression and the New Deal

The Great Society

Retrenchment and Reform

Social Security

Origins of Social Security

How Social Security Works

Social Security Reform

Public Assistance

Poverty in the United States

Welfare Reform

Health Care

Cost and Access

Medicare

Medicaid

Health Care Reform: The Affordable Care Act

Elementary and Secondary Education

Concerns Motivating Change

Values and Reform

Immigration

Benefits and Fairness

Summary

Chapter Quiz

Appendix A. The Declaration of Independence

Appendix B. The Constitution of the United States

Appendix C. Federalist Papers, Nos. 10, 51, & 78

Post-Election Update