The Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease 1st Edition by Nimmy Srivastava, Salam A Ibrahim, Jayeeta Chattopadhyay, Mohamed H Arbab ISBN 1119904757 9781119904755

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ISBN 10: 1119904757
ISBN 13: 9781119904755
Author: Nimmy Srivastava, Salam A Ibrahim, Jayeeta Chattopadhyay, Mohamed H Arbab

The Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease

An accessible overview of the varied microorganisms of the gut

The human gut contains an extraordinary array of microorganisms existing in intricate symbiosis with the body. The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining overall gut health and warding off disease. With up to 15% of the global population suffering from Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) caused by improper composition of gut microbiota, understanding these organisms and their vital contribution to human health has never been more important.

The Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease provides a concise, accessible introduction to gut microbiota and their contribution to human health. It offers not only an overview of the relevant microorganisms and their roles in the body, but also extended discussion of diseases caused by gut dysbiosis. It presents a crucial window into this growing body of research into a critical area of overall human health.

The Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease, readers will also find:

• Detailed analysis of dysbiotic health conditions including obesity, diabetes, and more
• Thorough treatment of molecular techniques for the analysis gut microbial composition
• Discussion of the lowering diversity of bacteria in the gut and the corresponding impact on global health

The Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease is essential for researchers and clinicians working in immunology, gastroenterology, clinical microbiology, and related fields, as well as for clinical dieticians and postgraduate or medical students studying in these areas.

The Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease 1st Edition Table of contents:

1 Structural and Dynamics of Healthy Adult’s Microbiota

1.1 Introduction

References

2 Composition and Diversity of Gut Microbiota

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Composition and Diversity of Gut Microbiota Throughout Lifespan

2.3 Composition of Bacterial Community in the Different Sections of the Gastrointestinal Tract

2.4 Stability, Resilience, and Functional Redundancy

2.5 Interactions in the Gut Microbiota

2.5.1 Microbe–microbe Interactions

2.5.2 Host–microbe Interactions

2.5.3 Colonisation of the Gut Microbiota

2.6 Conclusion

References

3 Factors Affecting Composition and Diversity of Gut Microbiota: A Disease Hallmark

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Composition of Gut Microbiota

3.2.1 Gut Microbiota of Infants and Newborns

3.2.2 Gut Microbiota of Adults

3.3 Factors Affecting Gut Microbiota

3.3.1 Age and Delivery Pattern

3.3.2 Diet

3.3.3 Antibiotics

3.3.4 Oxidative Stress

3.4 Modulation of Gut Microbiota

3.4.1 Probiotics and Prebiotics

3.5 Gut Microbiota Hallmark in Disease Condition

3.5.1 Cancer

3.5.2 COVID-19

3.5.3 HIV

3.6 Conclusion

References

4 Antibiotic-Induced Changes in the Composition of the 
Gut Microbiome

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Gut Microbiota Composition

4.3 Antibiotic-induced Changes in the Composition of the Microbiota

4.3.1 Loss of Bacterial Diversity and Domination of Pathogenic Bacteria

4.3.2 Decrease or Loss of Certain Bacterial Species

4.3.3 Increase in Susceptibility to Infections and Diseases

4.4 Conclusion

References

5 Dysbiosis and its Varied Impacts

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Causes of Dysbiosis

5.3 Dysbiosis, Immune System, and Associated Diseases

5.3.1 Dysbiosis in the Immune-Compromised Host

5.3.2 Intestinal Bowel Disease (IBD)

5.3.3 Rheumatoid Arthritis

5.3.4 Type 1 Diabetes

5.3.5 Dysbiosis of Skin Microbiome in Carcinogenesis

5.3.6 Dysbiosis of Oral Microbiota Impacts Carcinogenesis

5.3.7 Dysbiosis of Urobiome

5.3.8 Pigmented Gallstone

5.3.9 Cholangitis

5.4 Intestinal Colonisation in Neonates and Dysbiosis

5.5 Treatment or Therapeutics

5.6 Conclusion

References

6 Connection between Dysbiosis and Diet

6.1 Introduction

6.1.1 Gut Microbiota and Dysbiosis

6.1.2 Importance of Diet in regulation of Gut Microbiota

6.2 Different Dietary Patterns Resulting in Dysbiosis

6.2.1 Breastfeeding

6.2.2 Carbohydrate-rich Diet

6.2.3 Protein-rich Diet

6.2.4 Fats and Oil-rich Diet

6.3 Future Prospects in Establishing a Healthy Connection between Diet and Gut Microbiota

6.4 Conclusion

References

7 Composition of Gut Microbiota and Clostridium difficile

7.1 Introduction

References

8 Gut Microbiota and Obesity

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Obesity Epidemic: Statistics and General Background

8.3 Gut Microbiota and Obesity

8.4 Adiposity and Gut Microbiota

8.4.1 Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)

8.4.2 AMPK and FIAF

8.4.3 Bile Acids

8.4.4 Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

8.5 Gut Microbiota Modification

8.5.1 Diet

8.5.2 Age

8.5.3 Antibiotics

8.5.4 Probiotics

8.6 The Microbiota and Obesity Interactions

8.6.1 Immune System

8.6.2 Lipid Metabolism

8.6.3 Satiety Hormones

8.6.4 Nutrient Metabolism

8.6.5 Lymphoid Structures

8.6.6 Microbiota–Adipose Tissue Axis

References

9 Gut Microbiota and Cardiovascular Disease

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Gut Microbiota and CVD

9.2.1 Role of TMAO in Coronary Heart Disease

9.3 Gut Microbiota Composition in Cardiovascular Disease

9.4 Gut Microbiota Function in Cardiovascular Disease

9.5 Gut Microbiota as Therapeutic Strategies for Cardiovascular Disease

9.5.1 Probiotics

9.5.2 Fecal Microbiota Transplantation

References

10 Gut Microbiota and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Intestinal Microbiome in IBD Patients

10.2.1 Dysbiosis in IBD

10.2.2 Genetic Factors of the Host Affecting the Pathogenesis of IBD

10.2.3 Environmental Factors in the Disruption of Gut Microbiota and Development of IBD

10.3 Interventions for the Treatment of IBD

10.3.1 Microbiome-modulating Approach in the Treatment of IBD

10.4 Conclusion

References

11 Gut Microbiota and Diabetes

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Gut Microbiota

11.3 Role of Gut Microbiota in Diabetes

11.4 Alteration in Gut Microbiota Composition in T1 and T2 Diabetes

11.4.1 T1D

11.4.2 Type 2 Diabetes

11.5 Diabetic Complications

11.5.1 Diabetic Retinopathy

11.5.2 Diabetic Nephropathy

11.5.3 Diabetic Neuropathy

11.6 Therapeutic Approaches

11.7 Conclusion

References

12 Novel Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Gut Microbiota to Treat Diseases

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Changes in the Composition of the Gut Microbiota in Patients with T1D

12.3 The Potential Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Development of T1D

12.4 Changes in the Composition of the Gut Microbiota in Patients with T2D

12.5 The Potential Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Development of T2D

12.7 Preventive and Therapeutic Perspectives Including the Gut Microbiota

References

13 Understanding the Role of Microbiota in Cancer

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Role of Microbiota in Cancers

13.2.1 Gastric Cancer

13.2.2 Colorectal Cancer

13.2.3 Liver Cancer

13.2.4 Pancreatic Cancer

13.3 Mechanism in which Microbiota Kill Cancer Cells

13.4 Microbiota that Promote Health Post Cancer Treatment

13.5 Conclusion

References

14 Impact of Gut Microbiota on Mental Health in Humans

14.1 Introduction

14.1.1 Importance of Gut Microbiota

14.1.2 The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis

14.2 Gut Dysbiosis and Mental Health Disorders

14.2.1 Neurodevelopmental Disorders

14.2.2 Mood Disorders

14.2.3 Depression Disorders

14.2.4 Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)

14.3 Psychiatric Medication and the Microbiome

14.4 Probiotic Treatments for Mental Health Disorders

14.5 Future Therapeutic Approach

14.6 Conclusion

References

15 Interaction between Gut Microbiota and Central and Enteric Nervous Systems: The Gut–Brain Axis Concept

15.1 Introduction

15.2 The Neuronal Communications

15.3 Neuroimmune Regulation of Inflammation and Cellular Defence

15.3.1 Involvement of Microbiota in the Development of the Nervous and Immune Systems and Modulation of Inflammation

15.3.2 The Importance of Microbiota for the Development of the Nervous and Immune Systems

References

16 Immune-Modulation and Gut Microbiome

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiome

16.3 Gut Dysbiosis and Diseases

16.3.1 Inflammatory Bowel Disease

16.3.2 Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

16.4 Gut Microbiome-Mediated Immune Modulation

16.4.1 Innate Immunity

16.4.2 Adaptive Immunity

16.5 Gut Microbiome Modulators

16.5.1 Diet

16.5.2 Diet, Gut Microbiome, and Immunity

16.5.3 Short-Chain Fatty Acids

16.6 Prebiotics

16.7 Probiotics

16.8 Galectins, Gut Microbiome, and Immune Modulation

16.9 Conclusion

References

17 Current Molecular Technologies for Assaying the Gut Microbiota: Next-generation DNA Sequencing

17.1 Introduction and Overview

17.2 Research on the Gut Microbiome Using Next-generation Sequencing

17.2.1 Amplicon Sequencing

17.2.2 Shotgun Metagenomic and RNA Sequencing

17.2.3 Comparisons between NGS Methods

17.3 Collection, Storage, and DNA Extraction Methodology

17.3.1 Sample Collection and Storage

17.3.2 DNA Extraction and Quantification

17.4 DNA Sequencing and Post-processing

17.5 Metabolic Modelling of the Human Gut Microbiome

References

18 The Role of Probiotics and Prebiotics in Gut Modulation

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Probiotics and Prebiotics: A Functional Perspective

18.3 Diet and its Effect on Gut Microbiota

18.4 Modification of Intestinal Microbiota by the Application of Probiotics and Prebiotics

18.4.1 Dysbiosis and Human Diseases

18.4.2 How Probiotics Alter the Intestinal Microbiota

18.4.3 Probiotics and Intestinal Immunomodulation

18.4.4 Probiotics and Prebiotics on Intestinal Neuroimmunology

18.5 Prebiotics and Gut Immunity

18.5.1 Effects (Direct and Indirect) of Prebiotics on the Immune System

18.6 Conclusions and Future Research

References

19 Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics: A Potential Source for a Healthy Gut

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Prebiotics

19.2.1 Types of Prebiotics

19.2.2 Functioning of Prebiotics

19.3 Probiotics

19.3.1 Characteristics of Probiotics

19.3.2 Mechanisms of Action of Probiotic Strains

19.3.3 Applications of Probiotics

19.4 Synbiotics

19.4.1 Selection Criteria

19.4.2 Mechanism of Action

19.4.3 Therapeutic Actions

19.5 Conclusion

References

20 Current Status and Efficacy of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Patients Suffering from Irritable Bowel Syndrome

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Donor Selection

20.3 Safety Issues of FMT for IBS

20.4 Possible Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of FMT

20.5 Conclusion and Perspective

References

Index

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Tags: Nimmy Srivastava, Salam A Ibrahim, Jayeeta Chattopadhyay, Mohamed H Arbab, Gut Microbiota, Disease