Understandable Statistics Concepts and Methods 12th Edition by Charles Brase 1337119911 9781337119917

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ISBN 10: 1337119911

ISBN 13: 9781337119917

Author: Charles Brase

UNDERSTANDABLE STATISTICS: CONCEPTS AND METHODS, Twelfth Edition, is thorough, accessible, and designed to help you overcome “statistics anxiety” and master the subject. Clear guidance and informal advice help show you the links between statistics and the real world. Making the material interesting as well as easier to understand, the book integrates real-life data from a variety of sources, including journals, newspapers, and the Internet. Special features and exercises throughout the text let you develop your critical-thinking and statistical literacy skills, and interactive online resources offer you extra study assistance and tutorial support—including step-by-step video solutions—outside of class. The use of graphing calculators, Excel®, Minitab®, Minitab Express™, and SPSS® is covered, although not required.

Understandable Statistics Concepts and Methods 12th Table of contents:

1. Getting Started

Section 1.1. What Is Statistics?

Introduction

Levels of Measurement: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio

Section 1.1. Problems

Section 1.2. Random Samples

Simple Random Samples

Other Sampling Techniques

Section 1.2. Problems

Section 1.3. Introduction to Experimental Design

Planning a Statistical Study

Experiments and Observation

Surveys

Choosing Data Collection Techniques

Section 1.3. Problems

Summary

Important Words & Symbols

Chapter Review Problems

Data Highlights: Group Projects

Linking Concepts: Writing Projects

Using Technology

2. Organizing Data

Section 2.1. Frequency Distributions, Histograms, and Related Topics

Frequency Tables

Histograms and Relative-Frequency Histograms

Distribution Shapes

Cumulative-Frequency Tables and Ogives

Section 2.1. Problems

Section 2.2. Bar Graphs, Circle Graphs, and Time-Series Graphs

Section 2.2. Problems

Section 2.3. Stem-and-Leaf Displays

Exploratory Data Analysis

Stem-and-Leaf Display

Section 2.3. Problems

Summary

Important Words & Symbols

Chapter Review Problems

Data Highlights: Group Projects

Linking Concepts: Writing Projects

Using Technology

3. Averages and Variation

Section 3.1. Measures of Central Tendency: Mode, Median, and Mean

Weighted Average

Section 3.1. Problems

Section 3.2. Measures of Variation

Variance and Standard Deviation

Coefficient of Variation

Chebyshev’s Theorem

Section 3.2. Problems

Section 3.3. Percentiles and Box-and-Whisker Plots

Box-and-Whisker Plots

Section 3.3. Problems

Summary

Important Words & Symbols

Chapter Review Problems

Data Highlights: Group Projects

Linking Concepts: Writing Projects

Using Technology

Chapter 1-3. Cumulative Review Problems

4. Elementary Probability Theory

Section 4.1. What Is Probability?

Interpreting Probabilities

Probability Related to Statistics

Section 4.1. Problems

Section 4.2. Some Probability Rules—Compound Events

Conditional Probability and Multiplication Rules

Addition Rules

Further Examples Using Contingency Tables

Section 4.2. Problems

Section 4.3. Trees and Counting Techniques

Section 4.3. Problems

Summary

Important Words & Symbols

Chapter Review Problems

Data Highlights: Group Projects

Linking Concepts: Writing Projects

Using Technology

5. The Binomial Probability Distribution and Related Topics

Section 5.1. Introduction to Random Variables and Probability Distributions

Random Variables

Probability Distribution of a Discrete Random Variable

Linear Functions of a Random Variable

Linear Combinations of Independent Random Variables

Section 5.1. Problems

Section 5.2. Binomial Probabilities

Binomial Experiment

Computing Probabilities for a Binomial Experiment Using the Binomial Distribution Formula

Using a Binomial Distribution Table

Using Technology to Compute Binomial Probabilities

Sampling Without Replacement: Use of the Hypergeometric Probability Distribution

Section 5.2. Problems

Section 5.3. Additional Properties of the Binomial Distribution

Graphing a Binomial Distribution

Mean and Standard Deviation of a Binomial Distribution

Quota Problems: Minimum Number of Trials for a Given Probability

Section 5.3. Problems

Section 5.4. The Geometric and Poisson Probability Distributions

Geometric Distribution

Poisson Probability Distribution

Poisson Approximation to the Binomial Probability Distribution

Summary

Section 5.4. Problems

Summary

Important Words & Symbols

Chapter Review Problems

Data Highlights: Group Projects

Linking Concepts: Writing Projects

Using Technology

6. Normal Curves and Sampling Distributions

Part 1 Normal Distributions

Section 6.1. Graphs of Normal Probability Distributions

Control Charts

Section 6.1. Problems

Section 6.2. Standard Units and Areas under the Standard Normal Distribution

z Scores and Raw Scores

Standard Normal Distribution

Areas Under the Standard Normal Curve

Using a Standard Normal Distribution Table

Section 6.2. Problems

Section 6.3. Areas Under Any Normal Curve

Normal Distribution Areas

Inverse Normal Distribution

Section 6.3. Problems

Part I Summary

Part II: Sampling Distributions and the Normal Approximation to Binomial Distribution

Section 6.4. Sampling Distributions

Section 6.4. Problems

Section 6.5. The Central Limit Theorem

The x ¯ Distribution, Given x Is Normal

The x ¯ Distribution, Given x Follows Any Distribution

Section 6.5. Problems

Section 6.6. Normal Approximation to Binomial Distribution and to p ^ Distribution

Sampling Distributions for Proportions

Section 6.6. Problems

Part II Summary

Summary

Important Words & Symbols

Chapter Review Problems

Data Highlights: Group Projects

Linking Concepts: Writing Projects

Using Technology

Chapters 4-6. Cumulative Review Problems

7. Estimation

Part I Estimating a Single Mean or Single Proportion

Section 7.1. Estimating μ When σ Is Known

Sample Size for Estimating the Mean μ

Section 7.1. Problems

Section 7.2. Estimating μ When σ Is Unknown

Student’s t Distributions

Using Table 6 to Find Critical Values for Confidence Intervals

Confidence Intervals for μ When σ Is Unknown

Section 7.2. Problems

Section 7.3. Estimating p in the Binomial Distribution

Interpreting Results from a Poll

Sample Size for Estimating p

Section 7.3. Problems

Part I Summary

Part II Estimating the Difference Between Two Means or Two Proportions

Section 7.4. Estimating μ 1 – μ 2 and p 1 – p 2

Independent Samples and Dependent Samples

Confidence Intervals for μ 1 – μ 2 ( σ 1 and σ 2 Known)

Confidence Intervals for μ 1 – μ 2 When σ 1 and σ 2 Are Unknown

Estimating the Difference of Proportions p 1 – p 2

Section 7.4. Problems

Part II Summary

Summary

Important Words & Symbols

Chapter Review Problems

Data Highlights: Group Projects

Linking Concepts: Writing Projects

Using Technology

8. Hypothesis Testing

Part I Testing a Single Mean or Single Proportion

Section 8.1. Introduction to Statistical Tests

Stating Hypotheses

Types of Tests

Hypothesis Tests of μ , Given x Is Normal and σ Is Known

The P -Value of a Statistical Test

Types of Errors

Concluding a Statistical Test

Section 8.1. Problems

Section 8.2. Testing the Mean μ

Part A: Testing μ When σ Is Known

Part B: Testing μ When σ Is Unknown

Part C: Testing μ Using Critical Regions (Traditional Method)

Section 8.2. Problems

Section 8.3. Testing a Proportion p

Section 8.3. Problems

Part I Summary

Part II Testing a Difference Between Two Means or Two Proportions

Section 8.4. Tests Involving Paired Differences (Dependent Samples)

Paired Data

Section 8.4. Problems

Section 8.5. Testing μ 1 – μ 2 and p 1 – p 2 (Independent Samples)

Independent Samples

Part A: Testing μ 1 – μ 2 When σ 1 and σ 2 Are Known

Part B: Testing μ 1 – μ 2 When σ 1 and σ 2 Are Unknown

Part C: Testing a Difference of Proportions p 1 – p 2

Part D: Testing μ 1 – μ 2 and p 1 – p 2 Using Critical Regions

Section 8.5. Problems

Part II Summary

Summary

Finding the P -Value Corresponding to a Sample Test Statistic

Important Words & Symbols

Chapter Review Problems

Data Highlights: Group Projects

Linking Concepts: Writing Projects

Using Technology

9. Correlation and Regression

Part I Simple Linear Regression

Section 9.1. Scatter Diagrams and Linear Correlation

Sample Correlation Coefficient r

Development of Formula for r

Computation Formula for r

Section 9.1. Problems

Section 9.2. Linear Regression and the Coefficient of Determination

Coefficient of Determination

Section 9.2. Problems

Section 9.3. Inferences for Correlation and Regression

Testing the Correlation Coefficient

Standard Error of Estimate

Confidence Intervals for y

Inferences about the Slope β

Computation Hints for Sample Test Statistic t Used in Testing ρ and Testing β

Section 9.3. Problems

Part I: Summary

Part II Multiple Regression

Section 9.4. Multiple Regression

Advantages of Multiple Regression

Basic Terminology and Notation

Regression Models and Computers

Example Utilizing Minitab

Testing a Coefficient for Significance

Confidence Intervals for Coefficients

Excel 2013 Displays

Section 9.4. Problems

Part II: Summary

Summary

Important Words & Symbols

Chapter Review Problems

Data Highlights: Group Projects

Linking Concepts: Writing Projects

Using Technology

Chapters 7-9. Cumulative Review Problems

10. Chi-Square and F Distributions

Part I Inferences Using the Chi-Square Distribution

Overview of the Chi-Square Distribution

Section 10.1. Chi-Square: Tests of Independence and of Homogeneity

Tests of Homogeneity

Multinomial Experiments (Optional Reading)

Section 10.1. Problems

Section 10.2. Chi-Square: Goodness of Fit

Section 10.2. Problems

Section 10.3. Testing and Estimating a Single Variance or Standard Deviation

Testing σ 2

Confidence Interval for σ 2

Section 10.3. Problems

Part I Summary

Part II Inferences Using the F Distribution

Overview of the F Distribution

Section 10.4. Testing Two Variances

How to Set up the Test

Section 10.4. Problems

Section 10.5. One-Way ANOVA: Comparing Several Sample Means

Section 10.5. Problems

Section 10.6. Introduction to Two-Way ANOVA

Procedure to Conduct a Two-Way ANOVA Test (More Than One Measurement per Cell)

Special Case: One Observation in Each Cell with No Interaction

Experimental Design

Section 10.6. Problems

Part II: Summary

Summary

Important Words & Symbols

Chapter Review Problems

Data Highlights: Group Projects

Linking Concepts: Writing Projects

Using Technology

11. Nonparametric Statistics

Section 11.1. The Sign Test for Matched Pairs

Section 11.1. Problems

Section 11.2. The Rank-Sum Test

Section 11.2. Problems

Section 11.3. Spearman Rank Correlation

Section 11.3. Problems

Section 11.4. Runs Test for Randomness

Section 11.4. Problems

Summary

Important Words & Symbols

Chapter Review Problems

Data Highlights: Group Projects

Linking Concepts: Writing Projects

Chapter 10-11. Cumulative Review Problems

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