Vertebrate Endocrinology 6th Edition by David O Norris, James A Carr ISBN 0128200936 9780128200933

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ISBN 10: 0128200936
ISBN 13: 9780128200933
Author: David O Norris, James A Carr

Vertebrate Endocrinology, Sixth Edition, provides a comprehensive, up-to-date treatment of the endocrine system for college and university students as well as researchers. This book is logically arranged, easily comprehended, and well-illustrated. It covers traditional hormone-based systems and introduces all forms of chemical communication, their implications for the health of humans, domesticated, and wild vertebrates.

Written by two experts who have completed extensive research in comparative vertebrate endocrinology with an emphasis on natural and anthropogenic environmental factors influencing endocrine systems. Collectively, the authors have taught courses in endocrinology at the undergraduate and graduate level for more than 60 years.

After first publishing in 1985, Vertebrate Endocrinology, Sixth Edition, continues to serve as an important resource for graduate students and advanced undergraduates in the biological sciences, animal sciences, and veterinary sciences. Endocrine researchers will also benefit from the book’s relevance in the areas of comparative, veterinary, and mammalian endocrinology.

• Addresses the endocrinology of all vertebrate and non-vertebrate chordates
• The only endocrinology textbook that deals with evolutionary aspects of endocrine systems
• Includes biochemical, cellular, tissue, organismic, behavioral, and environmental aspects of chemical communication

Vertebrate Endocrinology 6th Edition Table of contents:

1 – An overview of chemical bioregulation in vertebrates

I. The comparative vertebrate approach

II. The origins of bioregulation

III. Categories of bioregulators

IV. General organization of bioregulatory systems

V. Cell and tissue organization of bioregulatory systems

VI. Homeostasis

A. A homeostatic reflex model

B. Endocrine disruption of homeostasis

1. Epigenetic effects during development and transgenerational epigenetic effects of bioregulators a

VII. Organization and goals for this textbook

Study questions

Suggested readings

Mammalian endocrinology

Comparative endocrinology

2 – Methods to study bioregulation

I. The scientific method

A. Controlled experimental testing

B. Representative sampling

C. The dose–response relationship

D. Occam’s Razor and Morgan’s Canon

E. Biological rhythms

II. Methods of endocrine analysis

A. Extirpation-Łobservation and replacement-observation

B. Imaging

C. Radioimmunoassay

D. High-performance liquid chromatography/spectroscopy

E. Immunohistochemistry

F. Techniques for determining the number and characteristics of receptors

III. Molecular biology and bioregulation

A. Genetic and genomic approaches in endocrinology

B. Proteomics

C. Metabolomics

D. DNA methylation and histone acetylation analyses

E. Phylogenetics

IV. Animal models

V. Statistics

Study questions

Suggested reading

3 – Synthesis, metabolism, and actions of bioregulators

I. Amino acids, amines, peptides, and proteins

A. Catecholamine bioregulators

B. Indoleamine bioregulators

C. Peptide and protein bioregulators

1. Translation and posttranslational events

2. Evolution of peptide and protein structure

3. Transport of peptide bioregulators to target cells

D. Receptors for amine, peptide, and protein bioregulators

1. Multiple receptor subtypes

E. The second-messenger concept

1. The cyclic adenosine monophosphate second-�messenger system

2. Inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol as second messengers

3. Cyclic guanosine monophosphate as a second messenger

4. Calcium flux as an intracellular messenger

F. Turning off the response to bioregulators

1. Fate of membrane-bound ligands

2. Receptor and G-protein interaction

3. Fate of second messengers

4. Inactivation in the blood and/or excretion of bioregulators

G. Effects of membrane-bound bioregulators on nuclear transcription

1. Cross-talk

II. Steroid bioregulators

A. Steroid structure and nomenclature

1. Presence of double bonds in the steroid nucleus

2. Common substitutions to the steroid nucleus

3. Stereoisomerism

B. Steroid synthesis

1. Key enzymes in gonadal and adrenal steroid biosynthesis

2. Cytological aspects of gonadal and adrenal steroid biosynthesis

C. Transport of steroid hormones in blood

D. Mechanisms of steroid action

1. A general model of genomic steroid action

2. Membrane receptors for non-�genomic steroid actions

3. Metabolism of steroids prior to receptor interactions in target cells

4. Steroid receptors and the nuclear receptor superfamily

5. Corticosteroid action

E. Metabolism and excretion of steroid hormones

III. Thyroid hormones

A. Structure and synthesis of thyroid hormones

B. Transport of thyroid hormones in the blood

C. Mechanism of thyroid hormone action on target cells

D. Metabolism of thyroid hormones

IV. Eicosanoids

A. Chemical structure of eicosanoids

B. Biosynthesis and actions of eicosanoids

V. Summary

Study questions

Synthesis and metabolism of bioregulators

Mechanisms of bioregulator actions

Suggested reading

Protein, peptide, and amine mechanisms of action

Steroid hormones

Thyroid hormones

Eicosanoids

4 – Organization of the mammalian hypothalamus-pituitary axes

I. The mammalian pituitary

A. Subdivisions of the adenohypophysis

1. The pars tuberalis

2. Pars intermedia

3. Pars distalis

B. Cellular types of the adenohypophysis

1. Cytology of the pars distalis

2. Cytology of the pars intermedia

3. Cytology of the pars tuberalis

C. Subdivisions of the neurohypophysis

II. The mammalian hypothalamus

A. Sexual differences in the hypothalamus

B. Hypothalamic-releasing hormones

C. Control of hypothalamic hormone release

1. Hypothalamic hormones (factors)

D. Paracrine factors in the adenohypophysis

III. Tropic hormones of the adenohypophysis

A. Category 1 tropic hormones

1. LH actions

2. FSH actions

3. TSH actions

B. Category 2 tropic hormones

1. GH actions

2. Prolactin actions

C. Category 3 tropic hormones

1. Melanotropin

2. Corticotropin

3. Lipotropins

4. The endorphins and enkephalins

IV. Regulation of tropic hormone secretion in mammals

A. Regulation of thyrotropin secretion

1. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

2. Other neural factors affecting TSH secretion

3. Feedback effects on TSH secretion

B. Regulation of GTH secretion by GnRH

1. GnRH-1 action

2. Origin of GnRH-1 cells

3. Other neural factors affecting gonadotropin secretion

4. Feedback effects on gonadotropin secretion

C. Regulation of growth hormone secretion

1. GH release-inhibiting hormone (somatostatin)

2. Growth hormone-releasing hormone

3. Other neural factors affecting GH secretion

4. Feedback effects on GH secretion

D. Regulation of prolactin secretion

1. Prolactin release-inhibiting hormones

2. Prolactin-releasing hormones

3. Other neural factors affecting prolactin secretion

4. Feedback and other chemical effects on prolactin secretion

E. Regulation of corticotropin secretion

1. Corticotropin-releasing hormone or factor

2. Other neural factors affecting ACTH secretion

3. Feedback effects on ACTH secretion

F. Regulation of melanotropin secretion

1. Melanotropin-releasing and release-inhibiting hormones

2. Feedback effects on α-­MSH secretion

V. The nonapeptide hormones

A. The biological actions of vasopressins

1. Antidiuresis and blood vascular effects: vasopressins

2. Natriuretic peptides

3. Other factors affecting vasopressin secretion

4. Vasopressins and corticotropin release

B. Uterotonic and milk ejection activities: oxytocin

C. Nonapeptide neurohormones and behavior

VI. The pineal gland

A. The pineal gland and melatonin

B. Functions of the pineal gland in mammals

1. The pineal and endogenous rhythms

2. The pineal gland and embryonic development

3. Pineal secretions and reproduction

4. The pineal gland and tropic hormones

5. The pineal gland and aging

F. Other factors affecting the pineal

G. Extrapineal sources of melatonin

VII. Clinical aspects of the neuroendocrine system

A. Disorders of the hypothalamus

B. Disorders associated with the pineal gland

C. Disorders of the adenohypophysis

VIII. Summary

Study questions

Suggested reading

Articles

Hypothalamic RHs and RIHs

Gonadotropins

TSH

GH and PRL

POMC derivatives

Endothelins

Nonapeptides

Seasonal cycles

5 – The hypothalamus-pituitary system in nonmammalian vertebrates

I. The hypothalamus of nonmammalian vertebrates

A. The hypothalamus of agnathan fishes

B. The hypothalamus of chondrostean and holostean fishes

C. The hypothalamus of teleost fishes

D. The hypothalamus of amphibians

E. The hypothalamus of reptiles

F. The hypothalamus of birds

II. The pituitary gland of fishes: anatomical and cytological considerations

A. Agnathan (jawless) fishes

1. The myxinoids (hagfishes)

2. Lampreys (petromyzontids)

B. Chondrichthyean fishes

1. Sharks, rays, and skates (elasmobranchs)

2. Ratfishes (holocephalans)

C. Bony ray-finned fishes (actinopterygians)

1. Polypteran fishes (Polypterus and Calamoichthyes)

2. Chondrostean fishes (sturgeons, paddlefishes)

3. Holostean fishes (gars and bowfin)

4. Teleost fishes

5. The lobe-finned fishes (sarcopterygians)

III. The pituitary of tetrapod vertebrates: anatomical and cytological considerations

A. Amphibians

B. Reptiles

C. Birds

IV. Tropic hormones of nonmammalian vertebrates

A. Category 1: gonadotropins and thyrotropin

1. Gonadotropins in agnathan fishes

2. Gonadotropins in chondrichthyean fishes

3. Gonadotropins in bony fishes

4. Gonadotropins in amphibians

5. Gonadotropins in reptiles

6. Gonadotropins in birds

7. Thyrotropin in nonmammalian vertebrates

B. Category 2 tropic hormones: growth hormone, prolactin, and somatolactin family

1. Category 2 hormones (prolactin and growth hormone) in agnathan fishes

2. Category 2 hormones (growth hormone and prolactin) in chondrichthyean fishes

3. Category 2 hormones (growth hormone, prolactin, and somatolactin) in bony fishes

4. Category 2 hormones (prolactin and growth hormone) in the amphibians

5. Category 2 hormones (prolactin and growth hormone) in the reptiles

6. Category 2 hormones (prolactin and growth hormone) in birds

C. Category 3 tropic hormones: the proopiomelanocortin group

1. Corticotropin actions in the fishes

2. Corticotropin actions in nonmammalian tetrapods

3. Melanotropin actions in nonmammals

3a. Melanotropin activity in agnathan fishes

3b. Melanotropin activity in chondrichthyean fishes

3c. Melanotropin activity in bony fishes: teleosts

3d. Melanotropin activity in amphibians

3e. Melanotropin activity in reptiles

3f. Melanotropin activity in birds

4. Endorphins in nonmammals

V. Comparative aspects of hypothalamic control of pituitary function in nonmammals

A. Category 1: regulation of glycoprotein hormones

1. Control of gonadotropin release

1a. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

1b. Kisspeptin

1c. Gonadotropin release-inhibiting hormone

1d. Other factors affecting gonadotropin release

2. Control of thyrotropin release

B. Category 2: growth hormone, prolactin, and somatolactin

1. Control of growth hormone release

2. Control of prolactin release

C. Category 3: the proopiomelanocortin group

1. Control of corticotropin release

2. Control of melanotropin release

VI. Nonapeptide neurohormones of the nonmammalian pars nervosa

A. Nonapeptide functions in nonmammals

B. Evolution of nonapeptide hormones

VII. The epiphysial complex of nonmammals

A. Roles for the pineal in nonmammalian vertebrates

1. Agnathan fishes: cyclostomes

2. Chondrichthyean fishes

3. Bony fishes: teleosts

4. The pineal in amphibians

5. The pineal in reptiles

6. The pineal in birds

VIII. Summary

Study questions and study activities

Suggested reading

General

POMC peptides

Hypothalamic neuropeptides

6 – The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis of mammals

I. Some historical aspects of thyroid physiology

II. Development and organization of the mammalian thyroid gland

III. Synthesis, secretion, action, and metabolism of thyroid hormones

A. Measurement of iodide dynamics

B. Biosynthesis and release of thyroid hormones

1. Hormone release: hydrolysis of thyroglobulin

2. Peripheral deiodination and metabolism of thyroid hormones

3. Bioactive thyroid hormone derivatives

C. Mechanism of action of thyroid hormones

IV. Factors that influence thyroid function in mammals

A. Endocrine factors affecting thyroid gland function

1. The hypothalamus and adenohypophysis

2. Triiodothyronine and thyroxine feedback effects

3. The epiphysial complex

B. Nonendocrine factors affecting thyroid gland function

1. Direct neural control of the thyroid gland

2. Diet

3. Chemical inhibitors of iodide transport by the sodium iodide symporter (NIS)

4. Chemical inhibitors of iodination

5. Specific inhibitors of deiodination and of receptor binding

V. Biological actions of thyroid hormones in mammals

A. Metabolic actions

B. Growth and differentiation

C. Reproduction

VI. Clinical aspects of thyroid function

A. Iodide deficiency and hypothyroidism

B. Goiter

C. Thyrotoxicosis and hyperthyroidism

D. Myxedema

E. Thyroiditis

F. Inherited thyroid disorders

G. Euthyroid sick syndrome

VII. Summary

Study questions

Suggested Reading

Articles

Clinical Articles

7 – The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis of nonmammalian vertebrates

I. Evolution of the thyroid gland and its functions

A. Invertebrate origins of thyroid hormones and evolution of the thyroid gland

B. Origins of thyroid functions

C. Regulation of vertebrate thyroids

II. Methods for studying comparative thyroid function

III. Comparative vertebrate thyroid physiology

A. Agnathan fishes: cyclostomes

B. Chondrichthyean fishes

1. Thyroid and reproduction in elasmobranchs

2. Thyroid and oxygen consumption in elasmobranchs

3. Thyroid and neural differentiation in elasmobranchs

C. Bony fishes: chondrostean fishes

D. Bony fishes: teleosts

1. Thyroid hormones and development in teleosts

2. Thyroid hormones and growth in teleosts

3. Thyroid hormones and reproduction in teleosts

4. Thyroid and oxygen consumption in teleosts

5. Thyroid hormones and osmoregulation in teleosts

6. Behavioral actions of thyroid hormones in teleosts

E. Bony fishes: sarcopterygians

F. Thyroid functions in amphibians

1. Thyroid hormones and reproduction in amphibians

2. Thyroid and oxygen consumption in amphibians

3. Thyroid and metamorphosis in amphibians

4. Thyroid hormones and growth of amphibians

5. Molting and other skin effects of thyroid hormones in amphibians

G. Thyroid functions in reptiles

1. Thyroid and reproduction in reptiles

2. Environmental temperature and reptilian thyroid

3. Thyroid and oxygen consumption in reptiles

4. Thyroid and molting in reptiles

5. Thyroid and growth of reptiles

H. Thyroid functions in birds

1. Development of thyroid function in birds

2. Thyroid hormones and reproduction in birds

3. Thyroid hormones, thermogenesis, and oxygen consumption in birds

4. Thyroid hormones, carbohydrate metabolism, and growth in birds

5. Thyroid and molting in birds

6. Thyroid and migration in birds

IV. Thyroid hormone interactions with other hormones

A. Prolactin

B. Glucocorticoids

V. Summary

Study questions

Suggested reading

General

Protochordates

Cyclostomes

Bony fishes: nonteleosts

Bony fishes: teleosts

Amphibians

Reptiles

Birds

8 – The mammalian adrenal glands: cortical and chromaffin cells

I. The mammalian adrenal cortex

A. Zonation of the adrenal cortex

B. Additional zonation

1. The fetal zone

2. The mouse X-zone

3. The “special zone”

II. Biosynthesis (corticosteroidogenesis), release, transport, and metabolism of corticosteroids

A. Corticosteroidogenesis

B. Release of corticosteroids

C. Transport of corticosteroids in the blood

D. Metabolism of corticosteroids

III. Actions of glucocorticoids

A. Mechanism of genomic glucocorticoid cellular action

1. Glucocorticoids and metabolism

2. Glucocorticoids and reproduction

3. Glucocorticoids and immunity

4. Adrenal hormones and stress

5. Permissive actions of glucocorticoids

6. Pharmacological actions of glucocorticoids

7. Glucocorticoid feedback on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

IV. Allostasis and allostatic load

V. Aldosterone: the principal mammalian “mineralocorticoid”

A. The renin-angiotensin system and aldosterone secretion

B. Intracellular renin-angiotensin systems

C. Additional factors controlling aldosterone secretion

1. Potassium

2. Natriuretic peptides

3. Neurotransmitters

D. Mechanism of aldosterone action

VI. Clinical aspects of the adrenal axis

A. Glucocorticoid hypersecretion

1. Cushing’s disease

2. Cushing’s syndrome

3. Stress and anxiety disorders

B. Glucocorticoid hyposecretion

1. Addison’s disease

2. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

3. Secondary hypoadrenocorticism

C. Disorders of aldosterone secretion

D. Adrenal excesses in androgen production

E. Side effects of corticosteroid therapy

1. Adverse effects of glucocorticoid therapy

2. Adverse effects of aldosterone therapy

VII. The mammalian adrenal medulla

A. Synthesis and metabolism of adrenal catecholamines

B. Regulation of catecholamine secretion

1. The central nervous system pathway

2. Environmental factors and catecholamine release

3. Corticotropin and glucocorticoids in catecholamine secretion

C. Mechanism of action for adrenal catecholamines

D. Clinical aspects of the adrenal medulla

VIII. Summary

Study questions

Suggested reading

General articles

Renin-angiotensin system

Clinical articles

9 – Comparative aspects of vertebrate adrenals

I. COMPARATIVE ASPECTS OF ADRENOCORTICAL TISSUE

A. Agnathan fishes: cyclostomes

B. Chondrichthyean fishes

C. Ray-finned osteichthyean fishes: actinopterygians

D. Lobe-finned osteichthyean fishes: sarcopterygians

E. Amphibians

1. Anatomical features of amphibian adrenocortical tissue

2. Amphibian adrenocortical secretions

3. Direct regulation of adrenocortical cells by AVT in amphibians

4. Other regulators of amphibian adrenocortical cells

F. Reptiles

G. Birds

II. CORTICOSTEROID RECEPTORS

III. PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES FOR CORTICOSTEROIDS IN NONMAMMALIAN VERTEBRATES

A. Corticosteroids and agnathan fishes: cyclostomes

B. Corticosteroids and chondrichthyean fishes

C. Corticosteroids and bony fishes

1. Mineralocorticoid effects of cortisol in teleosts

2. Glucocorticoid roles in teleosts

3. Corticosteroids and reproduction in teleosts

D. Corticosteroids and amphibians

1. Corticosteroids and stress in amphibians

2. Mineralocorticoid activity in amphibians

3. Corticosteroids and reproduction in amphibians

4. The HPA axis and development in amphibians

E. Corticosteroids and reptiles

1. Corticosteroids and the stress response in reptiles

2. Adrenal hormones and metabolism in reptiles

3. Corticosteroids and ionic regulation in reptiles

F. Corticosteroids and birds

1. Corticosteroids and stress in birds

2. Corticosteroids in development and reproduction of birds

3. Corticosteroids and ionic balance in birds

4. Corticosteroids and metabolism in birds

5. Corticosteroids and migration in birds

IV. RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM IN NONMAMMALS

A. The renin-angiotensin system in fishes

1. The renin-angiotensin system in chondrichthyean fishes

2. The renin-angiotensin system of actinopterygian fishes

3. The renin-angiotensin system in sarcopterygian fishes

B. The amphibian renin-angiotensin system

C. The reptilian renin-angiotensin system

D. The avian renin-angiotensin system

V. NATRIURETIC PEPTIDES IN NONMAMMALIAN VERTEBRATES

A. NPs in fishes

B. NPs in tetrapod vertebrates

VI. EVOLUTION OF CHROMAFFIN TISSUE AND ADRENAL MEDULLARY HORMONES

VII. SUMMARY

STUDY QUESTIONS

SUGGESTED READING

General articles

Fishes

Amphibians

Reptiles

Birds

10 – The endocrinology of mammalian reproduction

I. General features of mammalian reproduction

A. Embryogenesis of gonads and their accessory ducts

1. The gonads

2. Accessory ducts

II. Reproduction in eutherian mammals

A. Puberty

III. Endocrine regulation of reproduction in eutherian males

A. Spermatogenesis

B. Endocrine regulation of testicular functions

C. Actions and metabolism of androgens in males

IV. Endocrine regulation in eutherian females

A. The ovarian cycle

1. The follicular phase of the ovarian cycle

2. Ovulation

3. The luteal phase of the ovarian cycle

B. The uterine cycle

1. The proliferative phase of the uterine cycle

2. The secretory phase of the uterine cycle

3. The postluteal phase of the uterine cycle

C. The pregnancy cycle

D. Birth (parturition)

E. Lactation

F. Menopause

V. Reproductive cycles in selected eutherian females

A. The 4-day cycling rat

B. The ewe

C. Human

D. Elephants

VI. Reproduction in monotremes and marsupials

A. Monotremes

1. Monotreme reproductive patterns

B. Marsupials

1. Marsupial reproductive patterns

VII. Major human endocrine disorders related to reproduction

A. Precocious puberty

1. Precocity with normal endocrinology

2. Precocity and pineal tumors

3. Precocity from ectopic gonadotropins or gonadal steroids

B. Delayed puberty

1. Causes of delayed puberty in males

2. Causes of delayed puberty in females

C. Hereditary disorders

1. Klinefelter’s syndrome (XXY)

2. Turner’s syndrome (XO)

3. Galactorrhea

4. Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome

5. 5α-­Reductase deficiency

VIII. Summary

Study questions

Suggested reading

General articles

Gonadotropins

Lactation

Monotremes and marsupials

Ovary

Pregnancy

Puberty

Testis

Miscellaneous

Clinical articles

11 – Comparative aspects of vertebrate reproduction

I. Some general features of vertebrate reproduction

A. Testicular features in nonmammals

B. Ovarian features in nonmammals

C. Reproductive ducts in nonmammals

D. Endocrine features in nonmammals

E. Sex determination in vertebrates

1. Steroid hormones and sex determination

II. Reproduction in agnathan fishes: cyclostomes

A. Lampreys

1. Male lampreys

2. Female lampreys

3. Endocrine function in lampreys

B. Hagfishes

III. Reproduction in chondrichthyean fishes

A. Male elasmobranchs

1. Endocrine factors in male elasmobranchs

B. Female elasmobranchs

1. Endocrine factors in female elasmobranchs

IV. Reproduction in bony fishes

A. Male bony fishes

B. Female bony fishes

C. Reproductive behavior in bony fishes

1. Breeding behaviors in teleosts

2. Parental behaviors

3. Pheromones and behavior in teleosts

4. Migratory behavior and reproduction in teleosts

V. Reproduction in amphibians

A. Oviparity in amphibians

B. Viviparity in amphibians

C. Reproduction in male amphibians

1. Male urodeles

2. Male anurans

3. Male gymnophionids (caecilians)

D. Reproduction in female amphibians

1. Female anurans and urodeles

2. Female gymnophionids (caecilians)

E. Reproductive behavior in amphibians

1. Pheromones in amphibian reproduction

2. Parental care in amphibians

VI. Reproduction in reptiles

A. Sex determination and gonadal development

B. Male reptiles

C. Female reptiles

D. Environment, behavior, and reproduction in reptiles

E. Parental behavior in reptiles

VII. Reproduction in birds

A. Male birds

1. The avian testicular cycle

2. Leydig cells in birds

3. Sertoli cells in birds

4. Endocrine control of testicular function

5. Sex accessory structures in male birds

B. Female birds

1. Endocrine control of ovarian functions in birds

2. The avian oviduct

3. Incubation patches

C. Androgen-dependent secondary sex characters in male and female birds

D. Reproductive behaviors in birds

E. Parental behavior in birds

F. Migration in birds

VIII. Summary

Study questions

Suggested Reading

Articles

Sex determination in nonmammalian vertebrates

Fishes

Chondrichthyes

Bony Fishes

Amphibians

Reptiles

Birds

12 – Chemical regulation of feeding, digestion, and metabolism

I. Regulation of feeding

A. Peripheral bioregulators controlling feeding

1. Leptin and other anorexigenic bioregulators of feeding from adipose tissue

2. Lipocalin 2, a bone-derived peptide that inhibits feeding by acting at the hypothalamus

3. Ghrelin, an orexigenic factor from the stomach

B. Central bioregulators controlling feeding

1. Central Inhibition of feeding

2. Stimulation of feeding

II. Regulation of digestion

A. The human digestive system

B. Embryonic origin of gastrointestinal endocrine cells

C. Hormonal and neural regulation of gastric digestion

1. The gastrin theory and acid secretion

2. Somatostatin

3. Gastrin-releasing peptide

4. Secretion of pepsinogen

D. Regulation of intestinal digestion

1. Secretin

2. Cholecystokinin

E. Intestinal regulation of gastric secretion

1. Gastric-inhibitory peptide or glucose-Łdependent insulinotropic peptide

2. Peptide YY

3. Calcitonin gene-related peptide

4. Motilin

5. Vasoactive intestinal peptide

6. Enteroglucagons

7. Other gastrointestinal peptides

F. Complex interactions of gastrointestinal peptides

III. The mammalian pancreas

A. Development of the mammalian pancreas

B. Cellular types in pancreatic islets

1. B cells

2. A cells

3. D cells

4. Ghrelin (E) cells

5. PP cells

6. Amphophilic cells

C. Hormones of the mammalian endocrine pancreas

1. Insulin: the hypoglycemic hormone

2. Chemistry and synthesis of mammalian insulins

3. Regulation of insulin release

4. Actions of insulin on target tissues

5. Mechanism of action for insulin in fat and muscle cells

D. Glucagon: a hyperglycemic hormone

1. Chemistry of glucagon

2. Actions of glucagon on target tissues

E. Pancreatic polypeptide: a third pancreatic hormone

F. Somatostatin: a paracrine regulator of pancreatic secretion

IV. Hormones regulating mammalian metabolism

A. Endocrine regulation following feeding

B. Effects of acute and chronic stressors on metabolism

1. Acute stress and metabolism

2. Chronic stress and metabolism

C. Protein anabolic hormones

D. Endocrine regulation of iron metabolism

E. Influences of gastrointestinal microorganisms

V. Clinical aspects of metabolism

A. Diabetes mellitus: a major disorder of pancreatic function

1. Obesity and diabetes mellitus

1. Underlying causes of diabetes mellitus

B. Extrapancreatic tumor hypoglycemia

VI. Summary

Study questions

Suggested reading

Articles

Regulation of digestion

Regulation of metabolism

13 – Comparative aspects of feeding, digestion, and metabolism

I. Hormones and regulation of feeding in nonmammals

A. Orexigenic and anorexigenic agents in fishes

B. Feeding regulation in other nonmammals

II. Hormones and digestion in nonmammals

A. Digestive hormones in agnathan fishes: cyclostomes

B. Digestive hormones in chondrichthyean fishes

C. Digestive hormones in bony fishes: teleosts

D. Digestive hormones in amphibians

E. Digestive hormones in reptiles

F. Digestive hormones in birds

III. Comparative aspects of the endocrine pancreas

A. Anatomical features

B. Pancreatic hormones of nonmammals

1. Insulin

2. Glucagon

3. Pancreatic polypeptide

C. Pancreatic hormone functions in nonmammals

1. Pancreatic functions in agnathan fishes: cyclostomes

2. Pancreatic functions in chondrichthyean fishes

3. Pancreatic function in bony fishes

4. Pancreatic function in amphibians

5. Pancreatic function in reptiles

6. Pancreatic function in birds

D. Other hormones and metabolism in non-mammalian vertebrates

1. Fishes

2. Amphibians

3. Reptiles

4. Birds

IV. Summary

Study questions

Suggested reading

Fishes

Amphibians

Reptiles

Birds

14 – Regulation of calcium and phosphate homeostasis in vertebrates

I. Importance of Calcium and Phosphate

A. Calcium homeostasis

B. Phosphate homeostasis

C. Interrelationship of calcium and phosphate

II. Bone Formation and Resorption In Mammals

III. Endocrine Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Homeostasis in Mammals

A. Parathyroid glands and PTH

1. Parathyroid hormone and related peptides

2. Actions of parathyroid hormone

3. Regulation of PTH secretion

4. Parathyroidectomy effects

B. Parathyroid-hormone-related peptide

C. The C cells, calcitonin, and hypocalcemia

1. Calcitonin (CT)

D. Cholecalciferol (1,25-DHC)

1. Synthesis of 1,25-DHC

2. Actions of 1,25-DHC on calcium homeostasis

3. Other actions of 1,25-DHC

E. Interactions of PTH, CT, and 1,25-DHC

1. Calcium-phosphate regulation in bone

2. Regulation of calcium uptake in the intestine

3. Calcium-phosphate regulation in kidney

4. Other hormones and calcium-phosphate homeostasis

IV. MAJOR CLINICAL DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH CALCIUM METABOLISM

A. Hypercalcemia

B. Hypocalcemia

C. Osteoporosis

4. Paget’s disease of bone

V. CALCIUM-PHOSPHATE HOMEOSTASIS IN NONMAMMALIAN VERTEBRATES

A. Agnathan fishes

B. Chondrichthyean fishes

C. Bony fishes: teleosts

1. Thyroid state and calcium homeostasis in teleosts

D. Bony fishes: lungfishes

E. Amphibians

1. Amphibian ultimobranchial glands

2. Amphibian parathyroid glands

3. Endolymphatic sacs

4. Amphibian calcium-phosphate homeostasis

F. Reptiles

1. Reptilian ultimobranchial glands

2. Reptilian parathyroid glands

3. Calcium-phosphate homeostasis in reptiles

G. Birds

1. Avian parathyroid glands

2. Avian ultimobranchial glands

3. Calcium-phosphate homeostasis in birds

VI. SUMMARY

STUDY QUESTIONS

Suggested Reading

General articles

15 – Environmental endocrinology of vertebrates

I. Natural environmental factors affecting vertebrate endocrine systems

A. Photoperiod effects

1. Mammals

a. Photoperiodic control of seasonal endocrine function in mammals

2. Nonmammals

B. Lunar cycles

C. Anthropogenic effects

1. Anthropogenic climate change

2. Habitat destruction and reductions in habitat quality

D. Some biological factors (behavior, pheromones)

II. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs)

A. Characteristics of endocrine-�disrupting chemicals and their effects on vertebrates

1. Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of endocrine-�disrupting chemicals

2. Dose–response relationships: toxicology results versus endocrine disruption results

3. Additive effects of endocrine-�disrupting chemicals

4. Life stages and timing of exposure to endocrine-�disrupting chemicals

5. Epigenetic changes and transgenerational effects of endocrine-�disrupting chemicals

B. Endocrine-disrupting chemical effects on the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis

1. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals that bind to thyroid hormone receptors and thyroid-hormone binding

2. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals that impact thyroid hormone synthesis

C. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and their effects on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis

D. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and their effects on the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis

1. Estrogen receptor agonists and antagonists

a. Pharmaceutical estrogens: diethylstilbestrol and ethinylestradiol

b. Bisphenol A

c. Other estrogenic endocrine-�disrupting chemicals

2. Androgen receptor agonists and antagonists

a. Phthalates

b. Pharmaceutical androgens

3. Progestogens

4. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals that impact steroidogenesis and aromatase activity

5. Endocrine-disrupting chemical effects at the brain and pituitary on gonadotropin secretion

E. Effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on metabolism: the obesogens

III. Summary

Study Questions

Suggested reading

Environmental Endocrinology

EDC General

EDCs, Epigenesis and Transgenerational Effects

EDCs and HPT Axis of Mammals

EDCs and HPT Axis of Nonmammals

EDCs and HPA Axis of Mammals

EDCs and HPA Axis of Nonmammals

EDCs and HPG Axis of Mammals

EDCs and HPG Axis of NonMammals

EDCs and Metabolism

A – Abbreviations

Abbreviations Part 1

Abbreviations Part 2

B – Vertebrate phylogeny and evolution

Vertebrate phylogeny and evolution

I. The invertebrate chordates: urochordates and cephalochordates

II. The vertebrate chordates

A. Agnathan fishes

B. Placoderm fishes

C. Chondrichthyean fishes

D. Osteichthyes: the bony fishes

1. Osteichthyes: the Actinopterygii

2. Osteichthyes: the Sarcopterygii

III. Amphibia

IV. The amniote vertebrates

A. Reptiles

B. Birds

C. Mammals

Suggested reading

C – Amino acid abbreviations

Amino acid abbreviations

D – Bioassays

Bioassays

I. Gonadotropins

A. Luteinizing hormone

B. Follicle-stimulating hormone

II. Thyrotropin

III. Growth hormone

IV. Insulin-like growth factors

V. Prolactin

A. Fish bioassays for prolactin

1. Sodium-retaining bioassay

2. Xanthophore-expanding bioassay

B. Red eft water-drive bioassay

C. Pigeon crop-sac bioassay for prolactin

D. Mammary gland in-vitro bioassay for prolactin

VI. Adrenocorticotropin

VII. Melanotropin

VIII. Nonapeptides of pars nervosa

IX. Bioassay of glucagon

X. Parathyroid hormone bioassay

XI. Thyroid hormone bioassays

A. Land-drive bioassay

B. Xenopus metamorphosis bioassay

XIII. Estrogen bioassays

A. Yeast estrogen screen bioassay

B. Use of fish bioassays for estrogenic endocrine-�disrupting chemicals

E – Units for measuring hormones

Units for measuring hormones

F – Vertebrate tissue types

Vertebrate tissue types

I. The origin of vertebrate tissues

II. Epithelium

III. Connective tissue

A. Blood- and lymph-forming tissues

B. Connective tissue proper

C. Adipose tissue

D. Cartilage

E. Bone

F. Muscle

G. Nervous tissue

H. General tissue responses

G – Metabolic pathways

Metabolic pathways

I. Major elements of metabolism in vertebrates

II. Intermediary metabolism

A. Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhoff pathway)

B. Tricarboxylic acid cycle and electron transport chain

II. Protein metabolism

III. Lipid metabolism

A. Lipoprotein droplets and lipid transport

IV. Gluconeogenesis

V. Fatty acid metabolism and ketogenesis

VI. Summary

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Tags: David O Norris, James A Carr, Vertebrate Endocrinology